A study of access to nutritious and affordable food appendices

              ,'JL'K' pt
fat.2-
USDA A Study of Access to
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Food and
Nutrition
Service
Office of
Analysis and
Evaluation
Nutritious and Affordable
Food
Appendices
April 1998
5#f8-0:>-"7H«<)
A Study of Access to Nutritious and
Affordable Food
April, 1998
Appendices
Submitted by:
CRP, Incorporated
4201 Connecticut Avenue, NW
Suite 503
Washington, DC 20008
Submitted to:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Food and Nutrition Service
Contract Management Branch
Room 914
3101 Park Center Drive
Alexandria, VA 22302
Project Director: Caroi^. R. Pegram
= =
Project Officers:
=
Sharon Cristofar
Kilolo Kijakazi
This study was conducted under FNS Contract #53-3198-5-080 with the Food and Nutrition Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, under &e authority of the Food Sump Act of 1977, as amended. Points of view or
opinions stated in this report do not necessarily represent the official position of the Food and Consumer Service.
USDA non-discrimination Statement:
"The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and
activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability political
beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all
programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program
information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202)
720-2600 (voice and TDD).
To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-
W, Whitten Building, 14lh and Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call
(202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer."
^GT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. Identification and Retrieval of Secondary Data Sources:
FNS Literature Review Al
B. Bibliography Bl
C. Direct and Indirect Duties/Responsibilities and
Experiences of Respondents C1
D. Notes on the Study Methodology Dl
E. Exhibit 1: Absence of Supermarkets in the Inner Cities-
Selected Examples El
Exhibit 2: Map of Southeast Los Angeles E2
Exhibit 3: Graphical Depiction of Access to Supermarkets and Large
Grocery Stores E3
Exhibit 4: Absence of Supermarkets in the Inner Cities:
The Evidence in Brief E4
Exhibit 5: Absence of Supermarkets in the Inner Cities:
The Evidence in Detail E5
Exhibit 6: Gradual Return of Supermarkets to the Inner Cities:
Selected Examples E6
F. Examples of Supermarket and CDC Joint Ventures Fl
G. Profiles of Field Experiences with Technical Assistance Gl
IT
Appendix A
Identification and Retrieval of Secondary Data Sources: FNS Literature Review
Conceptual Framework
Secondary Data
Sources
Computerized
Databases
FNS Document
Review
- Access
- Social Science Index
- Business Periodicals Index
- ALADIN
- Medline
- Others
Use descriptors
and key words
to guide searches
Institutional
Resources
Compile list of
institutional resources
- Food industry associations
- Food research/policy organizations
- Congressional Committees
and Subcommittees
- Community development organizations
- Other relevant resources
Access and Print
out records Initiate telephone and/or
personal contact
Retrieve and photocopy secondary
data sources
Books
Published reports/proceedings
Journal/magazine articles
Newspaper articles
Monographs
Unpublished papers
Others
A-l
/
Appendix B
U.S. Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service
The Study of Access to Nutritious and Affordable Food
BIBLIOGRAPHY
OTHER DOCUMENTS
Ameritech invests in Peapod, a leading interactive grocery shopping and delivery service,
and outlines expansion plans [News Release]. (1994, September 15). Chicago: Ameritech.
Bardoe, C. (1996). Employment strategies for urban communities: How to connect low-income
neighborhoods with good jobs [Brochure]. Chicago, IL: Center for Neighborhood
Technology.
Big Bear, Inc. Big bear introduces interactive home shopping and home delivery
[News Release]. (1995, August 17). Columbus, OH: Big Bear Food Express.
City of Boston & SuperValue. (1996, February 27). The 1996 NLC-FMI neighborhood
partnership awards. Project nomination: Wollaston's Market [Media Kit]. Boston: Author.
City gardener's guide:... Surviving, and repairing the fruits of our labor, (n.d).
Community Food Resource Center. (1994, May). The supermarket project, community-food
resource center. [Brochure]. New York: Author.
Dohan, M. (1995, January). An analysis of chain supermarkets in Los Angeles County.
Farmers' markets and rural economic development. (1996, February 21). New York:
Farming Alternatives Program, Department of Rural Sociology Cornell University.
Finast Supermarkets Urban Initiative. (1995, January 27). 1995 National League of
Cities-Food Marketing Institute neighborhood awards [Brochure]. Cleveland, OH: Finast
Supermarkets.
Fisher, A. (1994, August 25). Community food security: A food systems approach to the
1995farm bill and beyond. [A policy options paper]. Chicago, Illinois.
Food Marketing Institute. (1996, June 7). HUD officials to discuss empowerment zone
opportunities in Atlanta.
Food Lion, Inc., Community Leaders, & the City of Charlotte, North Carolina. (1996,
February). Bettering Beanies Ford Road [Brochure]. Salisbury & Charlotte, NC: Author.
B-l
-2-
OTHER DOCUMENTS (cont'd)
Food Marketing Institute. (1996, May 24). HUD outlines development opportunities for
supermarkets.
Food From the Hood. (1996, May 1). Foodfrom the hood announces new no fat honey
mustard salad dressing.
German, C. L. (1994). Guide to planning the farm retail market [Brochure]. Newark,
DE: University of Delaware, College of Agricultural Sciences, Agricultural Experiment Station.
Gutman, H. M. (1995, May 8). FMI-editor's briefing. Woodbridge, NJ: Pathmark
Stores, Inc.
Kroger Stores (n.d.). NLC-FMI neighborhood partnership award application.
Local Initiatives Support Corporation. (1996, June). The Retail Initiative: Models for
success [Brochure]. New York: Author.
National Cooperative Business Association, (n.d.). Food cooperatives: Cooperative
Business in the U.S. Washington, DC: Author.
National Cooperative Business Association. (1996, August 5). National cooperative food-buying
survey methods. Washington, DC: Author.
New York City Economic Development Corporation, (n.d.). 125th Street Harlem
Pathmark: Project fact sheet [Brochure]. New York: Author.
Pathmark Stores, Inc., & New Community Corporation. (1995, January). Community
supermarket corporation: Joint supermarket venture in the inner city [Brochure]. Newark &
Woodbridge, NJ: Community Supermarket Corporation.
Peapod. (n.d.). Peapod shopping and delivery service corporate fact sheet. Evanston,
IL: Author.
Proceedings of the Ninety-Ninth Annual Meeting of the Florida State Horticultural Society.
(1986, October 26-28). Miami Beach, Florida.
Project for Public Spaces, Inc. (n.d.). Public market collaborative [Brochure]. New
York, NY: Author.
B-2 3
OTHER DOCUMENTS (cont'd)
Project for Public Spaces, Inc. and Public Market Collaborative, (n.d.). Technical
assistance program [Brochure]. New York, NY: Author.
Project for Public Spaces, Inc. (n.d.). Aboutpps [Brochure]. New York, NY: Author.
Project for Public Spaces, Inc. and Public Market Collaborative, (n.d). About project
for public spaces, inc. - public market collaborative [Brochure]. New York, NY: Author.
Rebuild. LA. (1995, February). RebuildL.A. [Brochure]. Los Angeles, CA: Author.
The Retail Initiative, Inc. (n.d.). A blueprint for inner city retail development. New
York, NY: Author.
Save-a-Lot Stores. (1993, September). Save-a-Lot's winning central Louisiana
partnership [Brochure]. Monroe, LA: Southeast Foods, Inc.
Shoppers Express. (1995, August 29). Columbus' top grocery retailer joins shoppers
express network.
Smart & Final, Inc. (1995, January). 7995 NLC-FMI neighborhood partnership award:
Smart & Final, Inc. [Project Description]. Vernon, CA: Author.
Supermarkets in inner cities - new community partnerships andprograms. Editor's briefing
presentation. (1995. May). FMI Annual Convention.
Sustainable Food Center, (n.d.). Farmers' market workbook: How to start a farmers'
market in your community [Brochure]. Austin, TX: Author.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service. (1995c, September 18).
Conference on access tofood, Session II: Food accessfor public housing residents—Brooklyn, New
York, and Tampa, Florida [Transcription]. Washington, DC: SAG Corporation.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service. (1995b, September 18).
Conference on access to food, Session I: Food access alternatives [Transcription]. Washington,
DC: SAG Corporation.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service. (1995b, September 19).
Conference on access to food, Session VI: Food access alternatives [Transcription]. Washington,
DC: SAG Corporation.
B-3
/
OTHER DOCUMENTS (cont'd)
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, (n.d.). Farmer's market
nutrition program. Washington, D.C.: Author.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Business and Cooperative Development Service.
(1995b, June). Rural economic and community development: Business programs [Brochure].
Washington, DC: Author.
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Block Grant Assistance,
(n.d.). Fact sheet: Section 108 loan guarantees. Washington, DC: Author.
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Block Grant Assistance,
(n.d.). Fact sheet: Entitlement grants- community development block grant program. Washington,
DC: Author.
Warner, S. B. (1987, December). To dwell is to garden: A history of Boston's community
gardens [Brochure]. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Welty. J. D. (1995, June 1). Building local self reliance through pre-order cooperatives:
Reduce every co-op member's grocery bills—Organize a buying club [Brochure], Washington,
DC: National Cooperative Business Association.
Why try direct marketing? (n.d.).
<> B-4
PUBLICATIONS/BOOKS
Baharanyi, N., Tackie, N., Pierce, A., & Woolery, C. (n.d.). The participation of small
farmers and low-income consumers in the Montgomery State Farmers Market. Tuskegee, AL:
Tuskegee University.
Bandy, D. (1992). The economic status of Californiafood cooperatives. Davis, CA: The
Center for Cooperatives, University of California-Davis.
Baum. H., & Spitzer, T. (1995). Public markets and community revitalization.
Washington, DC: Project for Public Spaces, Inc., & Urban Land Institute. (116 pp.).
Burns, A. F., & Johnson, D. N. (1996, June 3). Farmers' market survey report.
Washington. DC: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service,
Transportation and Marketing Division.
Cities and supermarkets: Partners in progress - case studies of successful collaboration
programs. (1995). National League of Cities and The Food Marketing Institute.
Colter, C, Gutknecht, D., & Zimbelman, K. (1993, August). Evolution and revolution:
Organizational growth and change at the Mississippi Market Cooperative. Athens, OH:
Cooperative Grocer.
Cooper, D. H, & Mohn, P.O. (1992). The Greenbelt Cooperative: Success and decline.
Davis, CA: Center for Cooperatives, University of California-Davis. (258 pp.).
Economic development in EZ/EC communities. (1995, September 26). U.S. Department
of Housing and Urban Development. Washington, DC: Author.
Fairclough, P., & Herman, S. (1994). Developing successful neighborhood supermarkets
in New York City: A guidefor community-based organizations. New York, NY: Community Food
Resource Center, Inc. (73 pp.).
Fullerton, M. (1992). What happened to the Berkeley Co-op? Davis, CA: Center for
Cooperatives, University of California-Davis.
Hall, C. R. (1990, July). Handbook for establishing and operating farmers' markets.
College Station, TX: Texas A&M University System.
How to start a cooperative. (1985). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Report No. 7.
B-5
£
PUBLICATIONS/BOOKS [cont'd)
Johnson, D. N, & Bragg, E. R. (1994, March). 1994 nationalfarmers' market directory.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service- Wholesale
Market Development Branch, Transportation and Marketing Division.
Johnson, D. N., & Bragg, E. R. (1996, May). 1996 national farmers' market directory.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service- Wholesale
Market Development Branch, Transportation and Marketing Division.
Miller, S. (1983, April). A guide to building consumer cooperatives. Madison, WI:
University Center for Cooperatives, University of Wisconsin-Extension.
San Diego Mercado Associates, (n.d.). Executive summary. San Diego, CA: Author.
Select Committee on Hunger, U.S. House of Representatives (100h Congress, First
Session). (1987, December). Obtaining food: Shopping constraints on the poor hearing.
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. (28 pp.).
Select Committee on Hunger, U.S. House of Representatives (102nd Congress, Second
Session). (1992, September 30). Urban grocery gap hearing. Washington, DC: U.S.
Government Printing Office. (232 pp.).
Singerman, K. J. (1986). Starting out right: Guidelines for organizing a new retail
cooperative. Iowa City, IA: Blooming Prairie Warehouse. (79 pp.).
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service. (1996, February).
Authorized foe d retailer characteristics study, technical report III: Geographical analysis of
retailer access-summary. Calverton, MD: Richard Mantovani and James Welsh.
B-6
*
PROPOSALS
Fisher, A., & Gottleib, R. (1994, October). A community food security act: A proposal
for newfood system legislation as part of the 1995 farm bill. Chicago: Community Food Security
Coalition.
Fisher, A. (1994, August 25). Community food security: A food systems approach to the
1995 farm bill and beyond. A paper presented to the Working Meeting en Community Food
Security, Chicago, IL.
B-7
NEWSLETTERS
The advantages of on-line grocery shopping. (1995. December 25). Food Institute
Report, pp. 2-3.
The Atlanta Project: An opportunity for growth, community empowerment. (1992,
October). Food Market Institute Issues Bulletin, p. 4.
Community development corporations: National partners for supermarkets. (1993,
January). Food Market Institute Issues Bulletin, p. 6.
Ellis, D. & Dudd, J. (1994, June 27). Salad days: High schoolers in South Central L.A.
market food from the hood to raise money for college. People Weekly.
Fisher, A., & Gottlieb, R. (1996, Winter/Spring). Bringing home the broccoli: Innovative
food-related transit programs. Community Food Security News, pp. 1, 4.
FMNP kept expanding in 1995. (1996, May). NAFMNP Newsletter, pp. 1-4.
Food, glorious food...saving money the co-op way. (1979, May/June). Environmental
Nutrition Newsletter, p. 4.
Food banks: New ideas for the 90s. (1995, Fall). Community Food Security News, pp.
1-3.
Groceries online launches supermarkets into cyberspace. (1996, January 29). Groceries
Online, pp. 1-4.
Home shopping more popular for hi-tech baby boomers. (1996, July 8). Food Institute
Report, pp. 4-5.
Inner-city suffers from grocery gap. (1995, May 22). Food Institute Report, p. 10.
Internet interstate customer lauded in Newsweek. (1996, January). New News, Issue II.
News in a minute: Th: kroger company. (1995, November 20). Food Institute Report.
News in a minute: Shaw's supermarkets, inc. (19%, January 15). Food Institute Report.
News in a minute: Shoppers express. (1996, May 13). Food Institute Report.
News in a minute: Pathmark stores. (1995, May 22). Food Institute Report.
B-8
NEWSLETTERS (cont'd)
Pathmark Stores and New Community Corporation: Joint venture helps revitalize Newark.
(1993, January). FM1 Issues Bulletin, pp. 3-5.
And peapod is looking for them. (1996, April 8). Food Institute Report.
Planting seeds, harvesting scholarships: Food from the hood. (1995, May 29). Newsweek.
Private/public partnerships key to more inner-city supermarkets, group finds. (1996.
March). Consumer Affairs Letter, pp. 6-7.
Stevens, K. (n.d.). New stores in Louisiana and Houston's inner-city: Pantry foods
division makes bold moves. Quarterly Newsletter for Management.
Urban supermarket chain to debut. (1994, July 18). Food Institute Report, p. 2.
We're on our way! Community food security bill passes House subcommittee. (1995,
Summer). Community Food Security News, p. 1.
Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc. (1995, December 25). Food Institute Report, p. 5.
B-9
SO
REPORTS
Anderson, J., Smoley, R. A., Morris, J. N., Jr., & Bragg. E. R. (1993, January).
Regionalfarmer's markets: A marketing and design study conductedfor Springfield and Columbia,
MO. Washington, DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service. (13
pp.).
Annual report, city of Hartford Connecticut advisory commission on food policy. (1995,
October). The Hartford Food System. Hartford, CT. (5 pp.).
Ashman, L., de la Vega, J., Dohan, M., Fisher, A., Gottlieb, R, Hippler, R, Romain,
B., and Sinsheimer, P. (1993). Seeds of change: Strategies forfood security for the inner city.
Los Angeles, CA: Southern California Interfaith Hunger Coalition. (379 pp.).
Awareness and image of business cooperatives: A survey of the American public. (1994,
July). The Gallup Organization. Princeton, NJ. (23 pp.).
Becker. G. S. (1992, September 24). Food marketing in the inner city: Trends and
options. Washington, DC: Library of Congress. (6 pp.).
Brown, A. (1992, June 19). Extension urban gardening: The 16 cities experience [Internal
Report]. Beltsville, MD: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library.
Brown, E. E.. Burnette, W.D. & Thompson, J.C. (1982, December). Reducing food
costs with cooperatives. University of Georgia College of Agriculture Experiment Stations,
Research Report No. 411, Athens, GA. (17 pp.).
Burnstein, E , Lynch, L. & Sommer, R. (1986). Economic impact of California's
consumer cooperatives. Davis, CA: University of California (Davis), Center for Consumer
Research.
(72 pp.)
Cotterill, R.W. & Franklin, A.W. (1995, April). The urban grocery store gap. Food
Marketing Policy Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT. (76 pp.).
Dahlberg, K. A. (1992, October). Report and recommendations on the Knoxville,
Tennessee food system. Kalamazoo, MI: Western Michigan University, Department of Political
Science. (15 pp.).
B-10
REPORTS (cont'd)
Dahlberg. K. A. (1993a, March). Report and recommendations on the Saint Paul,
Minnesota food system. Kalamazoo, MI: Western Michigan University, Department of Political
Science. (17 pp.).
Dahlberg, K. A. (1993b, September). Report and recommendations on the Onondaga
County, New York food system. Kalamazoo, MI: Western Michigan University, Department of
Political Science. (17 pp.).
Dahlberg, K. A. (1995, January). Report and recommendations on the Philadelphia,
Pennsylvaniafood system. Kalamazoo, MI: Western Michigan University, Department of Political
Science. (17 pp.).
Dahlberg. K.A. & O'Donnell, J. (1994). Program report: Local food systems project
selects six policy development sites.
Evans, A. M., Lytle, A., & Spohn, R. B. (1982). How to form a pre-order co-op.
Sacramento, CA: California Department of Consumer Affairs, Cooperative Development
Program. (49 pp.).
Fisher, A., & Gottlieb, R. (1996). Homeward bound: Food-related transportation
strategies in low-income and transit-dependent communities. Los Angeles, CA: The University
of California-Los Angeles Pollution Prevention Education and Research Center and the
Community Food Security Coalition. (77 pp.).
A food system that serves all citizens: A values framework for Minnesota state food policy.
(1995, January). Minnesota Food Forum Citizens' Panel - Minnesota Food Association. St. Paul,
MN.
Food Marketing Institute, (n.d.). FMI case study: Joint venture in the inner city -
supermarkets general corporation and new community corporation. Washington, DC: Author.
(11 PP).
Food marketing alternatives for the inner city - a guide to community-based solutions for
urban food problems. (1982). Community Nutrition Institute - The Consumer Division:
Washington, D.C. (89 pp.).
Frohardt, K. E. (1993, February). Case studies of entrepreneurial community greening
projects. New York: American Community Gardening Association. (13 pp.).
Future of public markets in Philadelphia. (1996). David O'Neil.
Spaces, Inc./Public Market Collaborative: New York, NY. (40 pp.).
B-ll
Project of Public
/>L_
REPORTS (cont'd)
Grove Arcade Public Market Foundation. (1995). The grove arcade public market
foundation - new life for the historic grove arcade. (8 pp.).
How to organize a cooperative. (1987). National Cooperative Business Association:
Washington, D.C. (47 pp.).
Korolek, R. D. (1996, November). Report of the Conference on Access to Food,
September 18-19, 1995. Silver Spring, MD: KRA Corporation. [Proceedings]. (15 pp.).
Linneman, R. E., Kirschling, P., & Kochersperger, R. (1995, October). Home delivery:
Are there solid gains or are payoffs yet to come? Philadelphia, PA: Saint Joseph's University.
(14 pp.).
Mongelli, R. C. (1991, July). Proposed farmers' market for northern Kentucky.
Washington. DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Marketing Service. (88 pp.).
Morris, P. M. (1989, January). Gaining ground: A food policy agendafor the rural poor.
Washington, DC: Public Voice for Food and Health Policy. (56 pp.).
Morris, P. M. (1990, May). Higher prices, fewer choices: Shopping for food in rural
America. Washington. DC: Public Voice for Food and Health Policy. (63 pp.).
New competitor or newfrontier? (1996). MasterCard International. (19 pp.).
O'Connor, J. J., & Abell, B. (1992, August 15). Successful supermarkets in low-income
inner cities. Arlington, VA.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service and
O'Connor-Abell, Inc. (61 pp.).
Pelsue, N. H., Jr. (1984, October). Consumers at farmers' markets and roadside stands
in Vermont. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station.
The poor pay more: Food shopping in Hartford. (1984). Citizen's Research Education
Network, Hartford Food System, Church of Good Shephard, Department of Agricultural
Economics, University of Connecticut: Hartford, CT.
The poor pay more....for less. (1991, April). New York City Department of Consumer
Affairs - Advocacy Division: New York City, NY. (43 pp.)
Program impact reportfor the 1995 wicfarmers' market nutrition program. (1996, April).
National Association of Farmers' Market Nutrition Programs: Washington, D.C. (10 pp.).
B-12
Ii
REPORTS (com 'di
Report on the 1994 wic farmers' market nutrition program. (1995, March). National
Association of Farmers' Market Nutrition Programs: Washington, DC. (9 pp.).
Richey, H. L. (1996, July). Virginia Park Community Shopping Plaza: A brief history
of the project. Detroit, MI: Virginia Park Community Investment Associates.
Seyfang, B., Duket, P. & Public Market Collaborative in Cooperation with the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service. (1993, December). Toledo fresh
food public market, a feasibility study for Toledo city parks city of Toledo department of natural
resources. (54 pp.).
Stegelin, F. (1988, June). Determining commercial production and market opportunities
for northern Kentucky farmers: A feasibility study of a regional farmers' market. Lexington, KY:
University of Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. (25 pp.).
Super-marketing: The impact of new supermarket development on existing retail stores in
New York City neighborhoods — Executive summary. (1992, August). New York, NY:
Community Food Resource Center, Inc.
Sustainable Food Center. (1995, March). Access denied: An analysis ofproblems facing
East Austin residents in their attempt to obtain affordable, nutritious food. Austin, TX: Author.
Troutt, D. D. (1993, June). The thin red line: How the poor still pay more. Oakland,
CA: Consumers Union of the United States, Inc., West Coast Regional Office. (88 pp.).
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service. (1997, February). Food
retailers in the food stamp program: Characteristics and service to program participants.
Calverton, MD: Lynn Daft, Katherine Hoffman, Theodore F. Macaluso, and Richard E.
Mantovani.
Weinberg, Z. (1996, February). No place to shop: challenges and opportunities facing
the development of supermarkets in urban America. Washington, DC: Public Voice for Food and
Health Policy.
Weinberg, Z. (n.d.). No place to shop: the lack of supermarkets in low-income
neighborhoods. Public Voice for Food and Health Policy: Washington, D.C. (7 pp.).
WIC farmers' market nutrition program: Report to congress. (1994, June). Food and
Nutrition Service - United States Department of Agriculture: Washington, D.C. (14 pp.).
B-13
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
Allen, J. L. (1994, September 22). Inner-city food stores plan's goal. Chicago Tribune,
pp. 1-2.
Britt, D. (1994, August 26). These teens growing food for thought. Washington Post,
pp. Cl, C4.
Diesenhouse, S. (1993, June 27). As suburbs slow, supermarkets return to cities. New
York Times, pp. 3, 5.
Doerr, B. (1982, March 25). Borman's opens store in city. Detroit News, p. C9.
Doing well: Finast finds challenges and surprising profit in urban markets. (1992, June
8). The Wall Street Journal.
Elderly and poor are victims of ilight of the supermarkets. (1992, November 16). The
Washington Times.
Forgey, B. (1996, February 24). America's bullish on the market: Old-fashioned urban
shopping areas on the upswing. The Washington Post, p. Dl.
Gaiter, D.J. (1992, October 16). Profits with honor: More community-based development
organizations create businesses to serve the urban poor. The Wall Street Journal.
Hicks, J. P. (1995, August 18). Council approves plans for Pathmark in Queens. New
York Times, p. B3.
Hicks, J. P. (1995a, June 23). Harlem Pathmark is stalled, awaiting word from mayor.
New York Times, p. B3.
Hicks, J. P. (1995, August 3). Just reality, mayor says on his Pathmark decision. New
York Times, p. B3.
Hicks, J. P. (1995, August 4). Pathmark's little neighbors have learned to compete. New
York Times, pp. B3, B4.
Hicks, J. P. (1995b, July 18). Queens store finds support in council. New York Times,
p. B3.
Hill, M. (1995, June 15). Report supports need for grocery. The Des Moines Register.
B-14
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES (cont'd)
Johnson, B. (1995, May 19). Detroit hungry for more Black-owned supermarkets.
Detroit News, p. A12.
King, A. G. (1995, February 20). Merchants' land of opportunity. USA Today, pp. Bl,
Cl.
McLaughlin, A. (1994, October 19). Consumer profit as shopping giants return to
forgotten inner city. The Christian Science Monitor.
Mitchell, A. (n.d.). Where markets are never super. New York Times.
Nhan, T. (1996, January 11). A tribute to willpower: Public-private effort overcomes
many obstacles en route to reality. The Charlotte Observer.
Nossiter, A. (1995, April 30). Money saver, east harlem savior. New York Times, pp.
1,37.
Nossiter, A. (1995, April 30). Saving money and offering pride: To East Harlem, more
than just groceries at new Pathmark. New York Times, pp. 1, 37.
Pagan, A. (1995, July 21). Why should New York put Pathmark on the dole? New York
Times, p. A25.
A Pathmark for Queens. (1995, July 18). New York Times, p. A12.
Pina, P. (1995, May 19). City elderly, needy worry over ioss of grocery stores. Press
& Sun Bulletin.
Pisik, B. (1995). Super marketing: D.C. residents often find it's difficult to bring home
the bacon (or the eggs). The Washington Times, p. A14.
Pressler, M.W. (1996, February 19). City store, suburban giant. The Washington Post.
Pressler, M. W. (1995, March 29). Safeway, a pattern of privilege on checks. The
Washington Post, pp. Fl, F5.
Pressler, M. W. (1995b, October 2). Shoppers Express stocks up on talent. The
Washington Post, Washington Business Section, p. 9.
B-15
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES (cont'd)
Pulley, B. (1995, August 12). In store fight, mayor got tough. New York Times,
p. 25.
Purnick, J. (1995, July 17). Another proposed Pathmark and another debate. Metro
Matters, p. B3.
Pyatt, R. A., Jr. (1995b, September 21). It's time to test Giant's commitment to the
district's neglected communities. The Washington Post, p. D13.
Pyatt, R. A., Jr. (1995, May 22). Models of commitment to feed a neighborhood
demand. The Washington Post, pp. 3, 35.
Ransom, T., & The Washington Post. (1995, May 21). Feeding the urban family.
Saginaw News, pp. Dl, D3.
Ravo, N. (1993, April 14). The high-tech way to grocery shop. New York Times.
Reid, S. A. (1995, July 13). Produce marketer asks churches to take role in distribution.
Atlanta Constitution, p. 2.
Revkin, A. C. (1995, April 30). A market scores a success in Newark. New York Times,
p. 39.
Robinson, H. (1994, May 27-June 2). Linwood Square is national model. Kansas City
Globe, pp. 1,5.
Rowan, C.T. (1995, July 2). Food store gap separates inner city, suburbs. Chicago Sun
Times.
Schwadel, F. (1996, July 2). Poverty's cost: Urban consumers pay more and get less, and
gap may widen. The Wall Street Journal, pp. Al, A10.
Smith, D. (1994, November 13). Creating a lively splash amid the towers. Charlotte
Observer.
Snook, D. (1996, February 18). The best market puts community first. The Plain
Dealer.
South-central's garden of pride. (1994, January 3). Los Angeles Times: Editorial Page.
B-16
'
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES (cont'd)
Spinner, J. (1995, August 21). Food for thought: Grocery shopping from home. The
Washington Post, Washington Business Section, p. 5.
Toy, V. S. (1995, July 19). Council votes clear way for Pathmark. New York Times, pp.
B1.B2
Vobejda, B., & Cohn, D. (1995, May 17). Survey finds inner city grocery gap: D.C.
fares better than other cities. The Washington Post, pp. Fl, F2.
Walsh, J. (1995, May 31). When groceries aren't next door. Minneapolis Star-Tribune,
pp. Bl, B6.
White, G. (1995, June 14). Ralph's to cut prices at its South Central supermarkets. Los
Angeles Times, pp. Dl, D7.
Wiener, E. (1992, July 9). The crumbling co-op. The Washington Post.
Zimmerman, S. (n.d.). Some areas seeing return of big stores. Foodfor Thought.
Zimmerman, S. & Fields, R. (1995, June 11). Food stores survey finds poor pay more.
Ft. Lauderdale Sentinel.
B-17
/
MAGAZINE ARTICLES
A&P opens superstores in format expansion. (1995, July 10). Supermarket News, pp.
1,46.
Alpert, M. (1991, July 29). The ghetto's hidden wealth. Fortune, pp. 170-174.
Andrews, W. (1996, February 5). New possibilities for home delivery. Supermarket
News, pp. 9, 12.
Armstrong, L. (1994, May 9). From riot and ruin, a surprising harvest. Business Week,
p. 38.
Bennett, S. (1991, November). Making it work in the inner city. Progressive Grocer,
pp. 22-24, 26.
Bennett, S. (1992, December). Combining good business and good works. Progressive
Grocer, pp. 65-68, 70-74.
Blalock, C. (1993, February). Commitment can spell success in urban grocery marketing.
Grocery Marketing, pp. 14-16.
Bookout, L. W. (1993, May). Inner-city retail opportunities. Urban Land, pp. 16-18.
Chandler, S. (1995, September 11). The grocery cart in your PC. Business Week, p. 64.
Click, clunk, shop. (1995, March 4-10). The Economist, p. 17.
Dell, W. F. (1996, February). Home delivery gets a reality check. Grocery Marketing,
pp. 36-37.
Edwards, A. (1978, July). Let them eat stale cake. Black Enterprise, pp. 39-43.
Emert, C. (1995, October 16). Partnerships help startups: Experts. Supermarket News,
pp. 5, 62.
Epmeier, J. (1995, March). Sparkling Kessel store adds shine to city neighborhood.
Store Equipment & Design, pp. 1, 12.
Fox, B. (1994, October). For Peapod, fulfillment is key to success. Chain Store Age
Executive, pp. 33-34.
ft
B-18
MAGAZINE ARTICLES (cont'd)
Francella, B. G. (1996, February 12). Online shopping: Friend or foe? Convenience
Store News, pp. 49-50.
Galen, M. (1994, September 26). How business is linking hands in the inner cities.
Business Week, pp. 81, 83.
Garry, M. (1993, May). Rising from the ashes. Progressive Grocer, pp. 54-59.
Garry, M. (1995a, September). Home shopping comes of age. Progressive Grocer, pp.
81-82, 84.
Garry, M. (1995a, September). Back to the cities. Progressive Grocer, pp. 73-78.
Gibson, E. (1990, April). Fresh from the farm. California Grower, pp. 32-33.
Heufelder, B. (1996, April). Finding ways to refine, expand home shopping among
supermarkets. Tri-State Food News, p. 5.
Home shopping (Part I - Retail Systems Consulting). (1994, April). In-store, p. 6.
Home shopping (Part II - Retail Systems Consulting). (1994, May). In-store, p. 5.
Ingram, B. (1993, January). Blessed are the righteous. Especially in Baltimore.
Supermarket Business, pp. 19, 22-23.
The inner-city supermarket: Opportunities and obstacles. (1996, April). News & Views,
pp. 9-13.
Lenius, P.N. (1995, December 11). Computerized shopping riches mined by jewel.
Supermarket News.
Miller, C. (1994, January 17). Rediscovering the inner city. Marketing News, pp. 1-2.
Moore, L.,& Barrett, P. (1996, January 19). A hard day at the shops? SuperMarketing,
pp. 14-15.
Old idea, new technology merge together: Home delivery. (1995, January). Store
Equipr;nt & Design, p. 21.
Peapod computer shopping Part 2: Benefits for retail partners—Sales, customer service,
help on out-of-stocks. (1995, September). Grass Roots, pp. 1-2, 5.
B-19
2*
MAGAZINE ARTICLES (cont'd)
Peapod doesn't sell groceries, it sells time. (1995, February). National Scope, p. 5.
Planting seeds, harvesting scholarships: Food from the hood. (1995, May 29). Newsweek.
Porter, M. E. (1995). The rise of the urban entrepreneur. The State of Small Business,
pp. 106-118.
Professors refute claims that produce paces off-premises shopping. (1996, July 19).
Supermarket Business Week, p. 3.
Profitable hopes sprout in inner cities. (1994, November 14). Advertising Age.
Publix plans 'urban' prototype; cities record mid-year pace. (1996, July 19). Supermarket
Business Week.
Ratta, A., & Smit, J. (1993, Summer). Urban agriculture: It's about much more than
food. Why Magazine, pp. 26-29.
Rebinstein, E. (1995, September 18). Peapod picks, delivers groceries ordered by pc.
Retailing on the Internet.
Robaton, A. (1996, May 8). Retail helps revive nation's inner cities. Shopping Centers
Today Convention Daily, pp. 1, 27.
A sip of something good. (1992, October 10). The Economist, pp. 30-31.
Stewart, A. (1995, May 8). Pathinark to open Harlem store. MMR.
Targeting home delivery: Growth of shoppers express points to success. (1991, May).
Chain Store Age Executive, pp. 146, 148.
Targue, B. et.al. (1992, February 24). Where the food isn't. Newsweek.
Topp, M. (n.d.). On-line food retailing's future. Newsweek.
Veverka, M. (1994, July 11). New stores planned for inn^r city. Advertising Age, p. 29.
Zwiebach, E. (1992c, August 24). Food 4 Less Market helping rebuild L.A.
Supermarket News, p. 10.
B-20
MAGAZINE ARTICLES (conCd)
Zwiebach, E. (1992b, July 27). Lucky pursues post-riot strategy. Supermarket News,
pp. 1, 14.
Zwiebach, E. (1992a, August 3). Vons plans 10-12 stores in inner-city L.A.
Supermarket News, pp. 4, 45.
B-21
JOURNAL ARTICLES
Anliker, J. A., Winne, M., & Drake, L.T. (1992, July/August). An evaluation of the
Connecticut Farmers' Market Coupon Program. Journal of Nutrition Education, 24(4), 185-190.
Association meets to discuss farmers' markets. (1994, October 7). Nutrition Week.
Baharanyi, N., Tackie, N., Pierce, A., Woolery, C, Zabawa, R., and Hopkinson, R.
(1992, Spring/Summer). Increasing low-income family participation in the Montgomery State
Farmers' Market. Tuskegee Horizons, 5(1), 23.
Baharanyi, N. (1991, Fall). Marketing a market. Tuskegee Horizons, 2(2), 14-15.
Bonham. J. B., Jr. (1990, April). Philadelphia green. The Public Garden, 5(2), 25, 34.
Cain. J. L., et al. (1995, February). Planning for the retail farm market. Journal ofFood
Distribution Research, 26(1), 82-87.
Columbia, mo. farmers' market gets community's full support. (1987, Winter). Rural
Enterprise.
Communities experiment to address food security. (1995, September 22). Nutrition Week.
Community farm links urban & rural neighbors. (June 24). Nutrition Week.
Community farming unites farmers and consumers. (1992, October 30). Nutrition Week.
Community food planning: The Hartford food system. (1994, September 23). Nutrition
Week.
Community food security: Advocates meet to assess challenges and opportunities. (1996,
February 9). Nutrition Week.
Cotterill, R. (1981, Spring). Economies of size and performance in preorder food
cooperatives. Journal of Retailing, 57(1), 43-65.
Degner, R.L. (1993, May-June). Outlook for the Florida state farmers' market system.
Florida Food and Resource Economics: No. 112.
Dickhut, K. (1989). The changing political environment. Journal of Community
Gardening, 7(3), 6-7.
B-22
ZU3
JOURNAL ARTICLES (cont'd)
Estes, E.A. (1985, June). Community farmers' markets in North Carolina - a survey of
consumers and sellers in 1981. The North Carolina Agricultural Research Service.
Farmers' market nutrition program to gain status. (1992. March 13). Nutrition Week.
Farmers' market program boosts food stamp use. (1993, March 26). Nutrition Week.
Farmers' market program fulfilling its dual mission, national ourvey indicates.
(1995, April 28). Nutrition Week.
Farmers' market program sees state double in 1994. (1994, Jp'y 15). Nutrition Week.
Farmers' market shut out of ebt delivery systems. (1995, December 8). Nutrition Week.
Field, C. R., & Sommer, R. (1982). Regional-seasonal patterns in produce consumption
at farmers' markets and supermarkets. Journal of Ecology ofFood and Nutrition, 12, 109-115.
Food empowerment zones would spur development of inner-city supermarkets.
(1996, March 8). Nutrition Week.
Food security act would support local initiatives. (1995, April 28). Nutrition Week.
Food stamp recipients are near retailers, report says. (1996, May 10). Nutrition Week.
Fund to revitalize inner-cities with supermarkets. (1995, June 20). Nutrition Week.
Goosman, G. (1990, April). Community gardening in Cincinnati. The Public Garden,
5(2), 24.
Grantmakers shift toward community food security. (1996, May 3). Nutrition Week.
How the community development corporation works. (1986, October). Corporate Report.
Local farm project grows food security solutions. (1995, September 1). Nutrition Week.
Local food policy initiatives launched; hopes to spark sustainable food systems.
(1994, August 19). Nutrition Week.
Local initiatives support corporation. (1996, April). Nutrition Week.
B-23
\
JOURNAL ARTICLES (cont'd)
Low-income urban grocery ga^ docun ited, costs programs up to $1 billion.
(1995, May 19). Nutrition Week.
Magnello, D. (n.d.). Kansas City pitches in to recycle outfield. Journal of Community
Gardening, 7(2), 13.
Major changes on the horizon for supermarket industry. (1995, June 5). Jonessee
Supermarket Foodservice Journal, 3, 6.
Malakoff, D. (1994). Final harvest? Community Greening Review, 4, 4-12.
Market outlook is bright for farm-fresh produce. (1987, Winter). Rural Enterprise.
Mauldrew, L. (1985, December 8-10). Steps in organizing a small farmers' market
strategy for survival of small farmers. Professional Agricultural Workers Conference -
Proceedings, 1984.
Merrill-Corum, V. (1987, Fall). California farmers apply fun and quality in direct
marketing. Rural Enterprise.
Mobley, J. (1986). We will find a way. Corporate Report.
Myers. C. (1991, March/April). What's ahead tor farmers' markets? Small Farm News.
New coalition proposes to recast farm policy around community food security.
(1995, January 27). Nutrition Week.
New farmers' market planned for Atlanta's auburn avenue. (1988, Fall). Rural
Enterprise.
New states are shut out of farmers's market program. (1996, January 19). Nutrition
Week.
Noller, J. & Ratchford, C.B. (n.d.). Essential elements of managing a food cooperative.
University of Missouri-Columbia Extension Division.
Peck, K., Voss, R. E., Grieshop, J. I., Wright, J., & Stiles, M. (1993, March-April).
Popularity has spawned diversity—and rules—at certified farmers' markets. California
Agriculture, 47(2), 30-31.
B-24
JOURNAL ARTICLES (com >d)
Rabinovich, S. (1985, Summer). Long-term lease protection. Journal of Community
Gardening, 4(2), 14.
Ratchford, C.B., Noller, J. & Mahfood, B. (1981, March). Introduction to consumer
food cooperatives. University of Missouri-Columbia Extension Division.
Roseman, J. I. (1990). Massachusetts sponsors the first statewide farmers' market coupon
program for elders. Journal rf Nutrition for the Elderly, 9(2), 41-50.
Schantz, F. (1994, February/March). Grass roots: A sense of community grows with
collective gardening. The Neighborhood Works Journal.
Schiferl, E. A., & Boynton, R. D. (1983, Winter). A comparative performance analysis
of new wave food cooperatives and private food stores. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 17(2),
336-353.
Schrieber, P. (1986, Summer). Making Philadelphia green. Journal of Community
Gardening, 5(2), 4.
Shelby, N.C. (1987, Summer). Revives uptown with indoor farmers' market. Rural
Enterprise.
Sommer, R. (1984). More than cheap cheese: The food co-op movement in the United
States. Research in Social Movements, Conflict and Change, 7, 71-94.
Sommer, R., Becker, F., Hohn, W., & Warholic, J. (1983, Summer). Customer
characteristics and attitudes at participatory and supermarket cooperatives. Journal of Consumer
Affairs. 77(1), 135-148.
Sommer, R., Hohn, W. E., & Tyburczy, J. (1981, Winter). Motivation of food
cooperative members: Reply to Curhan and Wertheim. Journal of Retailing, 57(4), 114-117.
Sommer, R., Wing, M., & Aitkens, S. (1980, Winter). Price savings to consumers at
fanners'markets. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 14(2), 453-461.
Special report. The inner-city supermarket - opportunities and obstacles. (1996, April).
News & Views, American Planning Association.
Stegelin, F.E. (1989). Using sense appeal in direct marketing. Rural Enterprise. (Vol.
3, No. 3).
B-25
J2>
JOURNAL ARTICLES (cont'd)
Stegelin, F. & Williamson, L. (n.d.)- Cooperative food buying organizations. The
Farmers' Cooperative Yardstick.
Stock sales help finance market in James city, VA. (1988, Fall). Rural Enterprise.
Successful urban center supermarkets - how do they do it? (1996, April). News & Views,
Economic Development Division.
Supermarkets in the year 2000: Fresh food marts with services. (1992, Winter). Rural
Enterprise.
Texas expands programs on rural diversification. (1987, Summer). Rural Enterprise.
Torrence, N. (1989). How Lynchburg, Virginia renewed its farmers' market. Rural
Enterprise. (Vol. 3, No.3).
Traub, J. (1995, May 29). The political supermarket. The New Yorker.
Urban agriculture can reduce hunger, poverty. (1993, May 21). Nutrition Week.
Zimmerman, S. & Fields, R. (1995, June 11). Food store survey finds poor pay more.
Foodfor Thought.
B-26
Appendix C
Direct and Indirect Duties/Responsibilities and Experiences of Respondents
Nonprofit agency executives—directors, managers, coordinators, chief executive officers,
and other administrators in grass roots organizations, community development corporations,
nonprofit agencies, and farmers' markets—formed the largest subgroup of respondents (43%).
These individuals reported a vast array of duties and experiences. Their direct responsibilities
included involvement in supermarket and farmers' market development, the administration of
public markets and food assistance programs (i.e., food stamps), and fresh food sales. Their
indirect duties and experience included work in the areas of food access program policy and
design, supermarket real estate development, food access advocacy and training, and grant writing
and other funding assistance for food access improvement efforts.
Federal government administrators represented 12% of the sample. These administrators
worked in such agencies as the USDA, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
(HUD), the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and the U.S. House of
Representatives. Typically, their food access duties and experiences were indirect in nature,
limited primarily to the oversight of grant programs aimed at improving food access in
underserved communities.
Academicians comprised 11% of the sample. Faculty from institutions such as Rutgers
University in New Jersey, Tuskegee University in Alabama, the University of Connecticut, and
the University of California-Los Angeles were represented. Their direct duties and experiences
in the area of food access included food policy research, administration of projects such as
community gardens, and development of transportation programs. Their indirect duties and
experiences included teaching about food access issues, performing community outreach and
service related to these issues, and engaging in food access improvement collaborations with
nonprofit organizations and local governments. Other university faculty duties and experiences
of an indirect nature included involvement in research projects focusing on the assessment of
farmers' markets, a major study of food access in underserved communities, and an examination
of food access disparities in low- and high-income areas.
Supermarket chain executives (district managers, company presidents, and vice-presidents)
from major food retailers such as Krasdale Foods, Covington Foods, the Hartford Food System,
Pathmark Stores, Finast Supermarkets, and Winn-Dixie represented another 11% of the
respondents. All of the duties and experiences they noted were directly related to food access
including operating supermarkets in underserved areas, controlling store expenses, and managing
employee relations. In addition, some of these executives indicated involvement in developing
community farms and gardens, managing food buying clubs, handling customer service, and food
merchandising.
Local government administrators who worked in municipal departments such as human
services, planning and development, and mayors' offices reflected 9% of the respondents. Their
C-l
indirect food access duties and responsibilities were linked to the administration of federal
programs such as empowerment zones and economic community programs. Their direct duties
and experiences included involvement in grocery store development.
Seven percent (7%) of the respondents were food cr related industry association executives,
including representatives from the National Cooperative Business Association, the Food Marketing
Institute, the American Public Transportation Association, the Minnesota Food Association, and
the Community Transportation Association. These respondents shared insights on their food
access duties and experiences which included activities of an indirect nature such as food access
improvement-related program development, educational program administration, resource
development, public relations, technical assistance, and transportation enhancement. Among their
direct duties and experiences in the area of food access improvement were efforts to establish food
cooperatives, build sustainable food systems, and provide elderly community residents with
transportation to food sources.
Seven percent (7%) of the respondents were private consultants with duties and experiences
in the food access field. Most of these were indirect in nature and focused on research initiatives
such as an examination of retail management and a study of supermarkets in low-income
communities.
^
C-2
Appendix C
Direct and Indirect Duties/Responsibilities and Experiences of Respondents
Type of
Respondents
Position Mean
Yrs
Duties/Responsibilities Experience
Direct Indirect Direct Indirect
ACADEMIC
Department of
Nutrition & Food
Services
Management
Professor
14
• Teaching
• Research
• Food security &
food systems
Western Michigan
University
Professor
30
• Teaching
• Research
• Community service
* Worked with non-profits
including
food issues
• Addressed anti-hunger
in urban
areas
Rutgers University Associate
Professor
13
• Worked on projects
related to food
security
• Teacher
• Researcher
• Administers
programs
related to food
access such as
student organic
farms and
community
gardens
University of
California at Los
Angeles
Director,
Community
Food Security
Project
4
• Teaching
• Community
outreach
• Completed major
study on food
access
C-3
J"o
Duties/Responsibilities Experience
Type of
Respondents
Position Mean
Yrs
Direct Indirect Direct Indirect
ACADEMIC (con-,)
University of Professor/ • Conducted a study
Connecticut Agricultural
15
on disparity of
Economics stores in low/high
income areas
Tuskegee Associate • Coordination • Developed • Program
University Professor &
Coordinator of
Agricultural
Economics 10
• Teaching coupon and
transportation
programs
development and
assessment of
farmers' market
• Initiated
networking
between local govt.
and community
organizations
ASSOCIATION EXECUTIVE
National Director of • Writing • Provides a • Produce video
Cooperative Communicatio • Editing package on food • Provide TA
Business n 9 • Video production coops
Association • Responding to the
press
C-4
3/
Type of
Respondents
Position Mean
Yrs
Duties/Responsibilities Experience
Direct Indirect Direct Indirect
ASSOCIATION EXECUTIVE («,„,)
American Public
Transit Association
Executive
Director
12
• Program director
for seminars and
workshops
• Work with alcohol
and drug relations
and compliance
• Promote public
transportation as a
factor in
supermarket
development
Minnesota Food
Association
Executive
Director 13
• Overall
management
• Program
development
• Focused on
building a
sustainable food
system
• Advocacy for
jobs/wages
Community
Transportation
Association
Associate
Director
9
• Oversee federal
programs
• Directed rural
transpoitation
programs that
provide rides to
senior nutrition
program and to
stores
C-5
3x.
Type of
Respondents
Position Mean
Yrs
Duties/Responsibilities Experience
Direct Indirect Direct Indirect
FEDERAL ADMINISTRATION
USDA Community
Rural
1
• Economist
• TA and general
information to
EZs/ECs
• On task force of
farmers' market
• Interacts with food
gleaning
association
• Links farmers'
market to USDA
task force
USDA Agricultural
Economist
16
• Conduct research
on food safety and
staff
• Examines changes
in the number of
supermarkets
• Provide
information for
congressional
hearings on inner-city
food retailing
U.S. House of
Representatives
Deputy
Democratic
Council
7
• Legal and policy
issues related to
nutrition and food
stamp program
HUD Deputy
Director
37 • Administers several
national programs
• Provides advice
and TA
C-6 S3
Type of
Respondents
Position Mean
Yrs
Duties/Responsibilities Experience
Direct Indirect Direct Indirect
FEDERAL ADMINISTRATION m%
Office of
Community Service
-HHS
Director,
Division of
Discretionary
Programs
7
• Administers
discretionary grants
program
• Funds construction
projects including
grocery stores
HUD Senior Advisor
of Grant
Programs
25
• Administers grant
programs
• Provides
entitlement funds
to over 900 cities
USDA Director 4
LOCAL ADMINISTRATIVE; GOVERNMENT
Department of
Human Services
Executive
Director
2 '/*
• Responsible for
overall operations
• Monitors funding
and fiscal
operations
• Distribute
emergency food
boxes
Department of
Planning &
Development
Project
Coordinator 3
• Administers
Federal EZ project
in Chicago
Denver
City/County
Government
Senior City
Planner 7
• EC Coordinator
C-7
3i
Type of
Respondents
Position Mean
Yrs
Duties/Responsibilities Experience
Direct Indirect Direct Indirect
LOCAL ADMINISTRATIVE; GOVERNMENT («»,■»)
EC Coordinator Director of EC
1
• Coordinates
activities around
strategic plan
• Researches
opportunities
• Trying to bring
a grocery store
to area
• Issuing of a
historic
preservation vs.
grocery store
• Cultural ethnic-grocery
center as
an option
Atlanta City
Government
Assistant to the
Mayor
3
• Works with
businesses
• Liaison to EZ
• Works with EZ
to expand access
to food via
farmers'
markets,
community
gardens, food
coops and food
buying clubs
MANAGEMENT/CONSULTANT (cont)
Econometrics, Inc. President
21
• Runs the company
• Conducts research
• Works with
access social
services
C-8 3*
Type of
Respondents
Position Mean
Yrs
Duties/Responsibilities Experience
Direct Indirect Direct Indirect
MANAGEMENT/CONSULTANT (con *)
Macro International Technical
Director
5
• Manages various
client areas and
proposals
• Supervises
research/evaluation
studies
• Study, examines
retailer
management
• Addresses food
access and
availability
Thompson
Associates
President
1
O'Connor - Abell Partner
12
• Published a study
on successfully
locating
supermarkets in
low-income
communities
NON-PROFIT EXECUTIVE tam%
Food from the
Hood
Program
Administration 4
• Oversees the
program
• Works with kids
• Farmers' market
• Donated food to
food bank
• Natural product
exposure
C-9
36
Type of
Respondents
Position Mean
Yrs
Duties/Responsibilities Experience
Direct Indirect Direct Indirect
NON-PROFIT EXECUTIVE (cm;,
Dinch Cooperatives CEO
15
• Runs the company
and all operations
• Works with
communities to
set up
cooperatively
bound stores
• Building
shopping
centers because
residents want
access to
supermarkets
Arkansas
Enterprise Group
Loan Officer
1
The Retailer
Initiative
Vice President
2
• Analyzes
negotiates and
facilitates
supermarket
development
• Investing capital in
supermarket
facilities (doesn't
get involved in
food issues, just
the financial
aspect)
Arkansas
Enterprise Group
Loan
Representative
1.5
• Handles agriculture
loans
C-IO 2?
Type of
Respondents
Position Mean
Yrs
Duties/Responsibilities Experience
Direct Indirect Direct Indirect
NON-PROFIT EXECUTIVE (ami,
St Louis
Development
Corporation
EC
Administrator 1
• Administration of
overall program of
the enterprise
• Involved with
food pantry
services
Sustainable Food
Center
Executive
Director
3.5
• Program policy and
design
• Directed a food
assistance
program
• Policy work
• Conducts projects
• Designed
publications to
educate other
communities
Share Our Strength Program
Officer
3
• Reads grant
proposals for food
access and food
programs
• Working with
organizations (i.e..
Public Voice)
• Helps them to get
farmers' markets
• Provides financial
assistance
Food Resource &
Action Center
Director of
Child Nutrition
Prograi.i
Policy
18
• Coordinates/
supervises work on
projects
• Training and
conferences to end
hunger among
U.S. children
Greater Christ
Baptist Church
Minister 15
• Heads the church
C-ll
3f
Type of
Respondents
Position Mean
Yrs
Duties/Responsibilities Experience
Direct Indirect Direct Indirect
NON-PROFIT EXECUTIVE umt)
Inner City Food
Access Program
Director
1
• Supermarket
development
• Farmers' market
development
• Nutrition & food
market advocacy
• Administered
food programs
• Supermarket
development
• Food assistance
programs
• Commodity
programs
New Community
Corporation
Assistant
Director of
Development
9
• Real-estate
development
First group in
Newark to bring
back supermarkets
Abyssinian Church
Development
Corporation
Director of
Real-Estate
Development 2
• Monitors real-estate
• Deals with legal
and policy issues
related to nutrition
and food stamp
program
C-12 3'/
Type of
Respondents
Position Mean
Yrs
Duties/Responsibilities Experience
Direct Indirect Direct Indirect
NON-PROFIT EXECUTIVE «m%
Greenmarket Project
Coordinator
15
• Organizes
educational
materials
• Consumer
Education
• Public Relations • Establishes/
maintains
market
• Works with kids
to have access
to fresh food
• Promotes use of
coupons
Taicolcy Economic
Development
Corporation
Chief
Operating
Officer 2
• Writes grant
Proposals
• Assists in moving
development
projects along
• Public speaking
• Experience limited
to Tacolcy
Reading Terminal
Farmers' Market
Nutrition
Educator
3
• Provided
educational
programs on
access to fruit and
vegetables
• Helped to set up a
community market
• Sells fresh food
to community
• Outreach with
community
organizations
• Helps
community
groups start a
market
C-13
yt'
Type of
Respondents
Position Mean
Yrs
Duties/Responsibilities Experience
Direct Indirect Direct Indirect
NON-PROFIT EXECUTIVE «m'n
Food Marketing
Institute
Manager of
Community
Relations
6
• Manages
information
resources programs
• Works with store
development issues
• Address issues
faced by food
retailers
• Works with
organizations to
increase awareness
of funding for
supermarkets
• Liaison between
organizations,
supermarket and
government
• Bringing in a major
supermarket
Marshall Heights
Development
Corporation
CEO
16
• Resource
development
• Oversees the
corporation
• Supervises top
management staff
• Made site available
• Recruited/screened
potential
employees
C-14
W
Type of
Respondents
Position Mean
Yrs
Duties/Responsibilities Experience
Direct Indirect Direct Indirect
NON-PROFIT EXECUTIVE (cm-,
Farmers' Market Market
Manager
4
• Administration of
markets
• Promotion
• Rental
• Works with a
historical market
that lost its food
supply
• Assist with
transportation
Pike Place Market Executive
Director
6.5
• Oversees
operations of
public market
• Farmers'
markets
throughout
urban and rural
areas
• Farmers' market
inside Senior
citizen complex
• Social service
programs which
recycle fresh foods
from farmers
Grove Arcade
Public Market
Foundation
Executive
Director 5
• Head of non-profit
organization
• Establishing public
markets
• National consultant • Public market
geared toward
local population
• Creates jobs for
community
residents
C-15
y^
Type of
Respondents
Position Mean
Yrs
Duties/Responsibilities Experience
Direct Indirect Direct Indirect
NON-PROFIT EXECUTIVE tam>)
Anacostia
Economic
Development
Corporation
Financial
Analyst
• Assists the
president
• Handles financial
matters
• Worked with
Safeway and
DC
government to
make the Good
Hope Market a
reality
Northeast Louisiana
Delta Enterprise
Community
Executive
Director
.5
• Supervises staff
• Grant writing;
implementing
strategic plan
• Program
development
• Planning a
farmers' market
which
distributes
packaged goods
• Prepared proposals
related to
community garden
and farmers'
market to USDA
Rebuild LA Chief
Financing
Officer 3
• Launch training
programs
• Working with an
industry involved
in textile industry
SUPERMARKET CHAIN EXECUTIVE
Krasdale Food, Inc. General
Counsel 16
• Legal, public
affairs
• Government
relations
• Very substantial
SUPERMARKET CHAIN EXECUTIVE (tml)
C-16
</S
Type of
Respondents
Position Mean
Yrs
Duties/Responsibilities Experience
Direct Indirect Direct Indirect
Covington Food President
38
I
• Responsible for
sales, profits and
expense control
• Operates
supermarkets in
small
underserved
communities
• Works with
communities to
set-up
cooperatively
bound stores
• Building
shopping
centers because
residents want
access to
supermarkets
Winn Dixie Stores District
Manager
24
• Hiring,
termination, and
merchandising
• Takes care of
customers
• To have
merchandise at
the right place
C-17
Duties/Responsibilities Experience
Type of
Respondents
Position Mean
Yrs
Direct Indirect Direct Indirect
SUPERMARKET CHAIN EXECUTIVE icon't)
Hartford Food Executive • Oversees • Developed. • Association for
Systems Director
17
operations managed
community and
commercial
farms, food
coops, food
buying clubs,
and community
gardens
small grocers
• Policy initiatives
Finast Supermarket Executive Vice
President
6
• Administers labor
relations, employee
training, payroll,
etc.
• As a supermarket
executive, faced
problems of land
acquisition and
high insurance
costs when
operating
supermarkets
Pathmark Stores Vice President,
Public Affairs
29
• Operates a chain
of supermarkets
in the inner
cities
C-18 Y$
Appendix D
NOTES ON STUDY METHODOLOGY
In the qualitative tradition, data collectors played a subjective role in observing, collecting,
analyzing, and interpreting the data. These individuals were skilled in these techniques,
knowledgeable of the subject matter, and in tune with the contextual dynamics of the data. The
data process proceeded primarily through their perceptions—the most critical "research
instrument." The following criteria were used for selection of the data collectors:
o familiarity with issues related to food access and programmatic
interventions;
o strong conceptual and investigative skills;
o familiarity with the multidisciplinary approach; and
o ability to engage others in effective, insightful communication
exchange.
The training of data collectors was achieved during four to six hour-long sessions in which
the goals and objectives of the study were outlined and discussed; the general philosophy and
aims of the data collection plan were reviewed; views and perspectives on the data collectors'
roles were spelled out; definitions of terms were shared; critical elements of the literature and
document review were outlined; questions, interview schedules, forms, and guides were
discussed; and methods of notetaking, observation, recording, and data synthesis were
reviewed.
Upon collection, the various categories of data were standardized to the greatest degree
possible. The objective was to have all of the data coders categorize their data in the same
way; therefore, the individuals responsible for synthesizing and categorizing the data into
themes and patterns were trained to achieve a high rate of agreement (e.g., 70% and above).
With regard to observations, observers were required to keep four separate sets of notes: short
notes written at the time of observation, expanded notes written directly after each field
session, a fieldwork journal to record problems and ideas that may arise, and a provisional
running record of analysis and interpretation. This approach helped systemize the collecting of
field notes, thereby improving their reliability.
As for validity, the general approach was to triangulate the data (e.g., interviews, document
review, and observations). When respondents were less than clear during the course of an
interview, they were encouraged to validate their responses; that is, they were asked to
rephrase their answer or to state concurrently or respectively how that answer was derived.
D-l i{\>
Appendix E
EXHIBIT 1
Absence of Supermarkets In the Inner Cities: Selected Examples
Example A
■Los Angeles, California
Eamplf P
■Charlotte, North Carolina
Description
/ From 1970 to 1992, Los Angeles lost 374 or 35 percent of its 1,068
supermarkets.
/ In inner city Los Angeles, the number of supermarkets declined from 44 stores
in 1975 to 31 in 1991.
/ No major food retailers were operating in the Watts section of Los Angeles in
1988.
/ From 1963 to 1996 Vons Stores experienced a 25 percent decline in the stores it
operates in Greater South Central Los Angeles. However, in San Fernando Valley,
the company experienced a 64 percent increase in the number of stores.
/ In 1990, Greater South Central's population of 819,000 was served by an
average of one Vons store for every 273,000 people. The San Fernando Valley's
population of 1,335,000, in contrast, was served by one Vons for every 75,000
residents.
/ In 1963, Vons and Safeway combined had 17 stores in Greater South Central Los
Angeles. By 1975, that number had dropped to eight. Collectively, between
1963 and 1991, Vons and Safeway lost 82 percent of their stores in South Central
compared to only a 25 percent loss in the San Fernando Valley.
• The current ratio of supermarkets in inner city Los Angeles is one for every
27,206 persons compared to a county average of one supermarket for every
16,505 individuals.
Description
Prior to the opening of a Food Lion Supermarket in December, 1995, the
residents of Charlotte's University Park, had been without the services of a full
service supermarket since the 1970s. University Park is an inner-city
neighborhood in the city's economically disadvantage Northwest Corridor. The
Northwest Corridor is a 4.5 square mile area which includes 12 neighborhoods
in central Charlotte. Except for a few remaining convenience stores, there was
no nearby source of groceries. Many low-income, elderly residents of mostly
African American University Park had to hitch a ride or walk several miles to
buy food for their families.
Appendix E
EXHIBIT 2
E-l m
Appendix E
EXHIBIT 2
Southeast Community
Los Angeles Study Area
r"~rA
$. Palmdak)
1 i i The location of the Southeast
Community component of the
Los Angeles Study Area is
shown in this ZIP Code map.
XX ZIP Codes
y^\ Highways
. Streets
/\ Railroads
/s> Study Area
Appendix E
EXHIBIT 3 Southeast Community
Los Angeles Study Area
E Recipients Beyond 1/4 Mile
0 All Other Recipient Households
ZIP Codes
Highways
Study Area
Appendix E
EXHIBIT 4
Absence of Supermarkets In the Inner Cities: The Evidence in Brief
Ciiy.
Austin, TX
Baltimore, MD
Binghamton, NY /
Boston, HA /
Chicago, IL /
Cleveland, OH /
Des Moines, IA /
Detroit, Ml /
District of Columbia /
Ft. Lauderdale, FL /
Hartford, CT /
Hollywood, FL /
Miami, FL /
Newark. Nj /
New York, NY /
Oakland, CA /
Pittsburgh, PA /
San Francisco, CA /
West Palm Inch, FL /
Synopsis of the Evidence
After three small supermarkets closed in 1994, East Austin's 24,000 low-income residents
were left with 38 convenience stores as their primary food shopping options.
Since the 1970s, the center city has lost a disproportionate number of supermarkets
compared to the suburbs.
This city's only downtown supermarket was scheduled to close in mid-1995.
Large supermarket chains have been leaving the city since 1970.
Beginning in 1970, this city lost about half of its supermarkets.
No major retailer invested in Cleveland between 1972 and 1987.
There are no full-service grocery stores in the inner city.
An area of the inner city devastated by the 1967 riots was without a full-line supermarket
until 1982.
One supermarket chain is expanding in the suburbs, but it has not opened a store in the
District since 1979.
This city's lowest income neighborhood is without a food chain store.
In 1994, this city had two supermarket chains compared to 13 in 1968.
This low-income community lost its only supermarket in 1992.
The Liberty City community of 32,000 residents is served by only one large supermarket.
Residents of this city's Central Ward were without a major supermarket for over 25 years.
Low-income neighborhoods in Brooklyn, the Bronx and Manhattan have disproportionately
fewer supermarkets than middle-to-high income areas.
Low-income communities of Rockridge and Fruitvale are severely supermarket deficient.
Residents of this city have been undeserved by supermarkets since the 1980s.
Due to the lack of supermarkets, low-income residents of Bayview/Hunters Point and the
Tenderloin communities have critical unmet food needs.
This city's poorest neighborhood has only one supermarket.
E-4 5o
Appendix E
EXHIBIT 5
Gradual Return of Supermarkets to the Inner Cities: Selected Examples
Boston, Massachusetts /
/
New York City, New York /
Description
A Stop & Shop store, to be built in an abandoned Sears, Roebuck warehouse, will be the
first supermarket chain to open in downtown Boston in at least 20 years.
Purity Supreme is planning a large superstore in the underscored Jamaica Plains section of
Boston.
Wollaston's Market serves more than 5,700 households in Boston's South End
neighborhood. In November 1994, the independent operator became the second
independent supermarket to seize on the opportunities left behind by the closing of A&P's
last market in the Boston area.
In the 1990s, Pathmark has either opened or is in the process of developing six stores in
metropolitan New York and New jersey, including two stores in Newark that opened in
1990; one that opened in Mt. Vernon in 1993; and a store in the Bronx to be built. The
company is also considering other sites including Queens, another in the Bronx and
another in Bedford-Stuyvesant. The chains most recent addition is anticipated to be the
$12 million, 53,00 square-foot store in East Harlem, scheduled to open in the Fall of 1996.
New York City's fast growing ethnic marketplace was the driving force behind the
establishment of Bravo, a chain of primarily minority, independent owners. The first 16
Bravo markets opened in 1991 and within two years, an additional 32 outlets had been
established in the metropolitan area, including 17 in the Bronx, 13 in Manhattan, 12 in
Brooklyn and 5 in Queens. Bravo was developed with the assistance of Krasdale, a
wholesaler The company states that African American and Hispanic communities are
largely underserved by main stream retailers.
In May 1990, a 60,000 square-foot outlet of the Waldbaum supermarket chain opened in
one of the most severely underserved areas of the Bronx. The supermarket anchors the
Concourse Plaza Shopping Center, a $150 million project. According to materials
reviewed, the store had over $250,000 in sales to 10,000 customers in its first day of
operation.
Sources of Information: Boston & New York City
E-5 b\
Appendix E
EXHIBIT 6
Gradual Return of Supermarkets to the Inner Cities: The Evidence in Brief
m
Alexandria, LA /
Atlanta, GA /
Austin, TX /
Baltimore, HD /
Charlotte, N( /
Chicago, IL /
Cleveland, OH /
Dallas, TX /
District of Columbia /
Detroit. Ml /
Flint. Ml /
Hartford, CT /
Houston, TX /
Los Angeles, CA /
Louisville, KY /
Mt.Vernon.NY /
Newark, Nj /
San Antonio, TX /
San Diego, CA /
SwopiitpftticEyidcntt
A Save-A-Lot grocery store opened in downtown Alexandria in 1993.
The Kroger chain has opened three new inner-city stores.
Fiesta Mart has plans to expand into this city.
The nation's largest minority-owned food retailer has opened stores.
Until 1995, residents of University Park had been without the services of a full-service supermarket since
1970.
Dominick and Delray Farms are leading the return of supermarkets into Chicago.
Finast's developed nine supermarkets in inner-city neighborhoods, as a result of its "Urban Initiative."
Finast Mart is rapidly expanding into the inner city.
Safeway is scheduled to open the Good Hope Marketplace in the Anacostia neighborhood in Fall 1996.
One of the largest stores in the AS P chain was scheduled to open in July I99S.
In 1994, Kessel Food Markets opened a 72,400 square foot store on the city's North side.
A new supermarket opened on Hartford's West Side in 1994.
Fiesta Mart and Pantry foods both plan to open stores in this city.
Smart & Final, Vons Companies and Lucky Stores have initiated large scale expansion programs in the city.
Kroger will be expanding into Louisville during the 90s.
Pathmark, a supermarket in the inner city, opened in 1993.
The Pathmark, which opened in 1990, was the first supermarket in this city's Central Ward in over two
decades.
Kroger plans to enter into this city's market.
A large segment of this city's and county's Hispanic population will be served by a supermarket-anchored
shopping center scheduled to begin operations in late 1996.
E-6 5^
Appendix F
Examples of Supermarket and CDC Joint Ventures
Community Action Agency,
Bethlehem, PA.
This CDC's interest in supermarket development was inspired by the Newark-based New Community Corporation, a supermarket
joint venture. Meetings have been held with a store representative and surveys of urban residents and price differentials have
been conducted. Only five (5) of SI supermarkets are in urban areas.
Greater Roseland Community
Development Corporation (GRCDC),
Chicago, IL
For over a year, GRCDC has been negotiating the acquisition of 18.5 acres of privately held property to develop a shopping center
with a major grocery store as an anchor tenant. The shopping center complex will be located on the far south side of Chicago in a
low-to-moderate income community that is grossly underserved.
P.O.W.E.R. Community Development
Corporation, Wichita, KS
In response to the need to encourage economic revitalization and job creation, P.O.W.E.R. CDC is seeking to establish a full-service
supermarket and develop retail centers. Service delivery area is predominantly African American; 42 percent of
households have incomes of less than $10,000 and one-third of households are headed by females.
Omaha Economic Development
Corporation, Omaha, NE
Preliminary planning is in progress to develop an 80.000 square foot supermarket and a 30,000 square foot retail center in a
racially mixed area.
Lee County Employment and
Economic Development Corporation,
Ft. Myers, FL
Design work is underway to develop a five-acre neighborhood shopping center expected to serve a community of 35,000 low- to-moderate
income African Americans.
Southeast Raleigh Community
Development Corporation, Raleigh,
NC
This CDC is interested in supermarket retail development in a predominantly African American community with significant
numbers of unemployed youth, elderly residents and single, female heads of household.
Sacramento Housing and
Redevelopment Agency, Sacramento,
CA
This CDC has proposed a supermarket as part of a property revenue-producing retail development effort for a multi-ethnic, low-income
area.
Citizen's Committed to Community,
Portland, OR
A feasibility study has been completed by this CDC which expressed "great interest" in retail development for a service area of
approximately 3,005 low-to-moderate income households.
Southeast Chicago Development
Corporation, Chicago, IL
A planned 90,000 square-foot shopping center is expected to be the centerpiece of this CDC's business revitaliation activities.
Supermarket retail development is of particular interest to the agency's racially mixed, low-to-moderate income service delivery
area and the neighborhood business district it manages.
*~3 F-l
Appendix G
PROFILE FIELD EXPERIENCES WITH TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE (TA)
TA Description Aims/Objectives Activities/Task
Usefulness Why Useful
Yes No Comments
The 23-cities program
funded by USDA
° To promote the
development of
community gardens
in low-income areas
(in 23 cities)
o Horticultural agents
worked with low-income
communities
in planning and
developing
community gardens
•
o Low-income
residents provided
with effective
alternatives to
supermarkets as a
source of fresh
foods
Food Bank System o Provide food
resources to low-income
people
o Operates on a
distribution network
Establish farmers' market ° Disseminate
knowledge that
empowers people to
change their
communities
° Works with people to
understand what they
need
o Teaches the process
so they can provide
for themselves
Hands-on TA provided
by Isles, Inc.
° Provide assistance to
residents on
community gardening
development
° Trains residents on
how to create a
community garden •
o More lesidents are
able to develop their
own community
gardens
Private consulting ° Establish a farmers'
market
■ Evaluate potential
o Find good/affordable
locations
•
G-l
TA Description Aims/Objectives Activities/Task
Usefulness Why Useful
Yes No Comments
Basic information on how
to start a community "
garden, etc.
° (iet project running
and make it self-supporting
° Empower participants
in the community
° Research past
projects
° Prepare a proposal •
° Avoid reinventing
the wheel
Dissemination of
information about
supermarkets (provided
by the Food Marketing
Institute)
° Assist supermarkets
to develop and
expand
° Assist supermarkets
in operations and
management
• Disseminate materials
and information on
supermarket/ grocery
retail industry •
° Serves as an
information resource
to the member stores
Grant funding for store
start-up (provided by The
Retail Initiative)
1 • Ensure that
supermarket entities
can be developed
° Partnering with
community
organizations and
retail operators
•
o Assists in forming
key public-private
partnerships
Meeting with grocery
associations
o Get markets to
recognize their need
to belong to the
communities
o Code of conduct
posted throughout the
store and community •
o Places a clear
responsibility on the
business
Resource development o Provide money and
people to develop and
implement program
0 Proposal writing
o Participation in
farmers' market
groups
•
o Provides a very
needed inpui to the
process
Research o Develop information
on targeted
communities
° Conduct surveys •
o We know pretty well
the communities we
work with
Program development
and assessment
o Pilot program to
determine what
works and what does
not
o Develop
transportation and
coupon programs • •
° Communities
participated
o Difficult to sustain
3* G-2
TA Description Aims/Objectives Activities/Task
%efu^R Why Useful
Yes No Comments
Education o Provide information ° Present workshops
on nutrition and other
food aspects
•
Total management
services
o Explain how to
operate a store
° Produce quality food
o Provide Financial
assistance
o Explain how to
market, which foods
to carry
o How to market what
kind of goods to
carry
o Mow to operate a
store •
General TA o University tests
affects of home
delivery; greenhouse
effects
•
° Have very gooc
equipment and s.aff
that has been helpful
Economic Development o Build strong
economy
° No response
Obtain demographic
information on a
particular community
° For supermarket
chain to gain a better
perspective for
developing in certain
areas
o Gather information to
complete a form so
that a supermarket
chain can understand
it
•
o Provided better
insight for site
development
Create a relationship
between the CDC and the
supermarket chain
° Communicate
effectively •
° Better level of
understanding
between needs and
wants
Identify development
firms with expertise
(CDCs)
o Provide supermarket
chains with
expertise/knowledge
in the development/
negotiation process
of deals
° Identify and provide
supermarket chain
with a CDC •
o The development
can be completed in
its entirety
S*
G-3
TA Description Aims/Objectives Activities/Task
Usefulness Why Useful
Yes No Comments
Cost-benefit analysis of
business services
° Evaluation of the
demonstration
program
° Research program
based on home
interviews
•
Provide 5-year plan to
guide operation
o Provide a plan ° Create inventory of
all transportation
services in area •
o Created a solid
decision making
structure for local
politicians
Research ° Gather data using
survey research
•
° Provided a higher
level of in-depth
information than
was previously
available
Offer suggestions to gain
access to food
° Increase awareness of
economic
development issues
° Work on
transportation
° Work with agencies
• Provide funding
research
• Obtain financing
• Provide proposal
wri'.ing assistance
° Get funding
° Get required research
° Research
o Writing the proposal
•
Provide all levels of
education
o Provide needed
education and
experience
o Provide board
education; what are
the different aspects
of the business
•
Convene and coordinate
meetings
° Organize people o Call general meetings
o Organize focus
groups
o Conduct strategic
planning
•
o Brought people
together who had
never discussed the
issue
$'? G-4
TA Description Aims/Objectives Activities/Task
Usefulness Why Useful
Yes No Comments
Gardening classes ° Disseminate
knowledge that gives
power to change the
o Work with people to
understand whal they
need
° More food was
grown
o Gained nutrition
community o Teach the process so • education
thcv can do it ° Learned how to
themselves negotiate with city
to get what is
needed
Business training ° Disseminate
knowledge that
empowers people to
change the
community
° Work with people to
understand what they
need
o Teach the process so
they can do it
themselves
Nutrition education ° Disseminate
knowledge that
empowers people to
change the
community
° Work with people to
understand what they
need
o leach Ihe process so
they can do it
themselves
Social service agencies ° Establish advocacy
groups for healthy
eating
Electronic debit card ° Pood stamp
allocation to replace
food stamps
•
o Budget
Leadership development o Prepare community ° Provide leadership ° Program created a
program directed by NC residents to assume and skills pool of leaders in
A&T University leadership roles development training • community
activities for ° Empowered them to
minorities take a task from start
to finish
G-5
sf
TA Description Aims/Objectives Activities/Task
Usefulness Why Useful
Yes No Comments
Developing a strategic o Establish consensus o Identify common ° Caused residents to
plan among residents on goals realize common
needs/problems to o Instill grass roots interests
address orientation • ° Forced prioritization
° Involve local
residents
o Hold well-publicized
meetings
Create contacts with o Get people to the ° Keep resources up to
organizations that have right people date •
expertise
Identify rural areas with o Identify reasons for ° Gather data on food ° Helped to identify
low food store lack of supermarkets retailers and areas; there will be
accessibility information about some type of
population, income • intervention that
levels, use of hasn't
couponing, etc.
Flyers on food o Establish coops o Provide general o Provided a lot of
cooperatives and how to information, advice. direction
start them and how-to videos
Provide a video for sale ° Provide information
on sources of hands-on
technical
assistance
•
Help with community o Discover which ° Conduct door-to-door o Raise awareness of
surveys issues are most surveys using resident issues
important students
o Sponsor community
meetings
•
G-6
TA Description Aims/Objectives Activities/Task
Usefulness Why Useful
Yes No Comments
Develop strategic plans
for the community
o Determine how
churches can better
serve communities
o Build a bridge
between churches
and communiti s
° Organize a nonprofit
entity; have them
indicate an
incremental plan
•
o See how the
residents would like
to see the church's
rates
Local initiative support
cooperation
° Provided funding
° Hired consultants • o (iet tasks done in a
timely fashion
Strategy development
program
° To identify food
access as a problem
° Needs identification •
Set up business structure o Position themselves
to apply for funds
° Obtain lawyer and
tax forms
o Develop board policy
and mission
statements
•
o Provided expert help
in accessing monies
Food purchasing
procedures
° Help people learn
how to buy good
food at reasonable
prices
° Conduct interviews
and surveys
° Complete food
purchase orders
•
° Directly ask people
what they want and
how much they want
to pay
Train community women
to teach others how to use
fresh food
° Encourage residents
to buy more fresh
foods
° Work with residents
to develop recipes •
o Like learning to
cook different things
Market research studies ° Assess market
feasibility for new
supermarket
° Conducted surveys
•
° Documented the
need and
profitability
potential for
supermarkets
Sharing experiences ° Make residents aware
of happenings outside
their community
° Guided discussions
•
o People had a better
feel for what's going
on
6*
G-7
TA Description Aims/Objectives Activities/Task
Usefulness Why Useful
Yes No Comments
Real estate requirements o eliminate deals which
did not meet
requirements
° Determine land site
zoning requirements •
Write grant for SBA ° Give support to start-up
businesses
° Conducted seminars
•
° Some people are not
businessmen; they
learn to budget
Advisory groups of food
chain representatives,
local grant officials, and
community leaders
° Stimulate interest in
store development
° Maintain strong
community presence
° Address a variety of
food access issues
o Informal technical
assistance consisting
of business round
tables and economic
development task
forces
•
° Shows
aggressiveness of
local community
which benefits the
government and
residents
Business development
consulting
° Givr individual
residents/
organizations models
to review
° Conducted store site
visits
° Take pictures of store
interior
•
o Get a better idea of
space requirements
Arrange meetings with
community leaders
° Rxpand number of
options available for
securing financing
° Conduct research on
land parcels
o Conduct title
searches
o Conduct interviews
•
WIC nutritionist o Teach clients about
healthy eating
° How to purchase
what, how much
° Small group activities
o One-on-one shopping
6/ G-8
TA Description Aims/Objectives Activities/Task
Usefulness Why Useful
Yes No Comments
Coop Extension Program ■ Establish individual
farmers coop growing
methods
° Purchase new seeds
° Send out information
o Describe Coop
diseases
° Conduct
experimental/research
project
° Provide direct TA
° Present training
sessions (urban
partners)
° Explain use of
chemicals
° One-on-one sessions
Assistance for starting a
business
° Show how to begin
the business
° Develop retail
strategies and provide
opportunities for
financing
•
° Provided the right
information
Policy development ° At local level
Assist in structuring a
visible concept and
program
° Explain what crops
are grown, consumed
° Explain the feasibility
of the project
° Ask city for a plot of
land; have local high
schools adopt the
garden and operate
Specialized study by
Food Marketing Institute
(FMI)
° Conducted study of
CDCs working with
supermarkets
° Conduct case studies
•
o However, study
should have been
confirmed with
technical assistance
USDA Nutrition
Programs
° Educate adults and
children on
importance of healthy
and nutritious diets
° Work primarily with
schools and health
departments
•
° Effective in working
with schools and
health departments
° Program needs to
work more with
churches,
community centers
and CEOs
G-9
TA Description Aims/Objectives Activities/Task
Usefulness Why Useful
Yes No Comments
HUD's College of
Experts Programs
° Provide technical
assistance to
communities to
address community
and economic
development needs
o Pool of experts
available to assist
communities craft
ways to meet
community and
economic
development
challenges
•
o Provides a resource
of experts to
communities
Information referral
resource
° great and willing TA
u
G-10