Sanitation

              · t-t-ts o~· 'riiE BULLETIN J NA M. GOV'E
<:>\.-\t-1\'€. Ct. I ; ~ C/'Y) j 1 I /1 e_
....c oW.< , ~, . I . '"" ' . ' ffi.3i~8'ftTH ~:ROLINA t'· 31
'f
1 DEPARTMENT Of AGRICULTURE
RALEIGH
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Volume 31. OCTOBER, 1910. Number 10
ANNUAL REPOR~r
OF
FARMERS' INSTITUTES
OY
T. B. PARKER
DIRECTOll OF FARMERS• INS'l'rl'UTES
PUBLISHED MONTHLY AND SENT FREE TO CITIZENS ON 'APPLICATION.
ENTERED AT THF. RALEIGH POST-OFFICE ... AS SECOND-cLASS MAIL MATTER.
J .0
J 0
STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE
vV. A. GRATIA:!.£, Commissioner, ex officio Chairman, Raleigh.
H. C. CARTER................. . Fairfield ... . .... . ....... First District.
K. \V. BAIIXI!:S . ... ....... ....... Lucama ... ..... .... . . . .. Second District.
Wu.LIA~r DuNN .... ..... . ....... Kcw Bern ............... Tllird District.
ASHLEY HOIIXE ... . ...... .. ... . .. Clayton ... ..... . .. . . .. .. Fourth District.
R. W. ScoTr .. .. .. . . ... . ........ Haw Hh·er ............... Fifth District.
A. T. M<.:CALLUM .. .... . ....... .. Tied Springs ............ . Sixth District.
J.P. l\IcHAE ..... · . ..... ......... Luurinuurg .... .. . .... ... Seventh District.
WILLlAl! BLEDSOE .... ........ .. . Gale .. ... . ..... .. ...... . Eighth District.
W. J. SIIUFOUD ...... .. .. ........ Hickory .. ..... ...... . .. • Ninth District.
A. CANNON ........ . ....... . . . .. Horse Shoe. . . . . . . . . . . . Tenth District.
OFFICERS AND STAFF
W. A. GnAIIAM. . ...... . ............ . ..... .. . Commissioner.
ELIAS CAIIR ............ .. ..... . .... . .... . . . ... .. ..... Secretary.
n. W. KILGORE .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . State Chemist, Director Test Farms.
FRANKLIN SIIEHMAN, JR. . . . . . . .. ................ Entomologist.
W. N. HuTT.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... ... . .... Horticulturist .
H. H. DnrMLEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Naturalist and Curator.
T. n. PARKER .. ... .... ... .. ........ . ....... Demonstration Work.
W. JI.I. ALLEN. . . . . . . . ..... ...... .. ........ Food Chemist.
vV. G. Cums-:.rA!'I . . .......... . . ......... . ..... State Veterinarian.
llRONSOX BARLOW . . . . . .. ..... . .. ... ..... . ............. Botanist.
J. M. PrcKEL......... .. . ... . . ... . Assistant Chemist.
W. G. HAYWOOD....... . . ... . . .. .. . .. ..... Fe rtilizer Chemist.
G. l\I. l\IAC~ll>ER ............ . : ..... Feed Chemist and :Microscopist.
L. L. nnr XKLEY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . ...... Assistant Chemist.
S. C. CLAPP ..... . ... . . . .. ......... Nursery and Orchard Inspector.
S. n. SHAW.. . .. Assistant Horticultmist.
Z. P. l\IETCALF. . . . ...... . Assistant Entomologist.
J. A. CO?\ OVER. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. Dairyman.
J. L. llUHGESS. ....... .... . .Agronomist.
E . L. WonTIIE::<I . . .. Soil Investigations.
*W. E. HEARN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . .. Soil Survey.
J. Q. JACKSON...... . . . . . . ..... ..... .. . ... . Assistant Chemist.
W. A. Smnr... . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . Ass istant Chem ist .
w. H. STilO\\'D .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assistant Chemist.
E. \V. TIIOHNTON ........ . .. . . .. Assistant Chemist.
. .. Assistant Dairyman.
. ..... Assistant Veterinarian.
w. H. EATOX .. .
E. P. WooD . ... . .
R. W. ScOTT, Jn., Superintendent Edgecombe Test Farm, Hocky l\Iount, N. C.
F. T. l\IEACJIAU, Super intendent Iredell Test Farms, Statesvi ll e, N. C.
JouN H. JEFFEIUES, Sup.erintendent Pender Test Farm, Willard, N. C.
R. ,V. CoLLET, Superintendent T1'ansylvania and Duncombe Test Farms, Swan­nanoa,
N. C.
• Assigned by tbe B.ureau of Soil•. United States Department oi Agriculture.
11
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I I
Martha Blaken('y Hodges
SPF.CIALCOU.ECfiONS & UNIVERSITY ARCHIVES
W .u .TEK CLI N T ON ) Ac ~r.: soN Lt BII: A II:Y
T H I! U NtVI! KSIT Y or N o RT H C A&O LI N A AT G ll i!I!NliBo wo
HOME E CONOMICS PAMPHLETS COLLECTION
RALEIGII, October 25, 1910.
Sm :-I herewith hand to you my report of the Farmers' and
Women's Institutes for the current year and recommend the same be
used for the October BuLLETIN.
Respectfully submitted,
T. B. PARKER,
State Director Farmers' Institutes.
To R oN. W. A. G RAHAM,
Commissioner of Agriculture.
CONTENTS.
REPORT OF FARMERS' INS'l'l'l'UTE WORK, 1910 ..
Institute Lecturers and Subj ects ... .. .
Farmers' Institutes ........... . .. .
County and Local Men's Organizations ..
Chairmen of County and Local Farmers' Institute Committees ..
WoMEN'S INSTITUTES, 1910 .. ... . .. ... .. . .... .
County and Local Women's Organizations ....
Chairmen of County and Local Women's Institute Committees . . .
DEMONSTRATION RAIL WAY CARS ..•.
ORCHARD SPRAYING DEMONSTRATIONS ..
SOME OF THE LECTURES DELIVERED AT WOMEN'S I NSTITU'fES:
Sanitation. By Miss Minnie L. Jamison . ..... .. . . . . .... .
PAGE
8
10
15
15
20
26
26
29
30
~I
The Importance of a Properly Selected Diet for the \ oung Child. By
Mrs. F. L . Stevens .. . ... . . . ..... . . ........ . ... .
The Blood. By Airs. W. N. Hutt . .. . .
v-fTints on Bread and Bread Making. By Miss Lillie H. J amison ..
The Country Schools. By Miss Edna Reinhardt . ... ....... .
. . .... .. 34
37
39
42
STATE FARMERS' CONVENTION (ROUND-UP I NSTITUTE). . ... . . . . . . . . . . 46
President Thomas W. Blount's Address at the Convention .. . 48
The Twentieth Century Farmer. By .A. L. French. 52
Does It Pay to Fertilize? By B. W. Kilgore... 54
FARMERS' INSTITUTE L ECTURES:
Home-mixed Fertilizers. By T. Franlc Pa1·ke-r·. . . 58
Preparation of the Soil and Production of Corn. iJy A. Cannon. . . 62
Reforms Needed on the Farm. By E. S . Millsaps... . . . . . . . .. .. 63
Peanuts. By Hartwell Sca.·bo1·o~tg h.. . .. ..... 66
Improved Farm Methods as Preventative for Insect Pests. iJy F'rank-lin
Sherman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Diseases of Plants (Illustrated). iJy Dr. F. L. Stevens . . 70
Seed Selection. By J. IJ. Burgess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Live Stock for North Carolina. By A. L. French.. 79
Live Stock. By John W. Robinso·n....... . ....... . ... . •. 80
Types, ·Breeds and Breeding of Farm Animals. By Dr. (} . .A. lloberts. . . 82
Some of the Common Diseases of Live Stock. By D1·. W. G. Chrisman ... . 86
Home Canning of Fruits and Vegetables. By S. B. Shaw..... . .. .. 88
Tobacco Improved .by Means of Seed Selection. By Frank Blackford . . 89
..
+Location of Men's Institutes.
SLocation of Men's and Women's Institutes.
1910 Map Showing Location of Farmers' Institutes for Men and Women Held Under the Auspices of the State Board of Agriculture.
T. B. PARKER, Director of Institutes.
• cA'-4' ~
'!J
.,
•
REPORT OF FARMERS' INSTITUTE WORK, 1~10.
T. B. PARKER, DIRECTOR.
Dnring the Institute year from December l~t, 1!)0!), to November
1st, 1 ()10, there haYe been held 3()2 institutes under the dit·cction of
the State Department of Agricultme. Of this number lDG were
regular Farmers Institutes for men, 173 were institutes for women,
17 orchard demonstmtion institutes, 5 corn institutes, and one three
· days' Hound-up Institute or Farmers' Comention. During the year
institutes were held in DG of the !)8 counties in the State, Dare and
Carteret only not having institutes.
The growth of institutes in the State is shown in the follow­ing
table:
18D8- 28 insti tntes Ill 27 counties.
1!)03- 17 institutes Ill lG counties.
1!)0-!:----- 58 illSti tntes Ill 58 counties.
1!)05- 7!) institutes Ill 7G counties.
HlOG-l:JG institutes Ill !)1 counties.
1D07-lGD institutes 1n !)3 counties.
1!)08-23 L~ i nsti t11 tes 111 !)5 counties.
1!)0!)-247 institutes 111 93 counties.
1!)10-3!)2 institutes 1n DG counties.
There were applications for seYeral more institntes, but they came
largely from counties in which seYeral had already been provided "for.
In addition to the above there have been two institutes held for
colored farmers. Interest in institute work has been more manifest
among the farmers this yrat· than e1·er before.
In onr institnte "·ork the newspapers of the State have giYen to
us unstinted co-operation and assistance, by announcing places and
dates of the meetings, printing tho progrnms in full and urging their
renders to attend them. At each institute for men a premium of
one dollnr was offered for the best fh·e ears of a pme bred corn and
a like smn was offered at the women's institntes for the best loaf of
bread Laked and exhibited by a girl or womnn living on the farm.
Many of the newspapers of the State snpplemented those premiums
by gil'ing a year's s11bscription to tho mnn or woman exhibiting the
best :fh·e cars of corn and the best loaf of bread at tho insti tntcs in
their county. The P1·orpess-ive Farme?· mnt1e a special offer of a
yea r's snbscription to that paper to any gil'! or woman exhibiting
the best plate of biscnits at any institnte. It affords me plcasnre to
make this pnblic acknowledgment of the unstintcd helpfulness of
the editors of the State press in this work .
8 TnE BuLLETIN.
LECTURERS AND SUBJECTS.
~
.;; .
INSTITUTE LECTURERS. ~~
o-<C
Z<
8 U BJ FlC'J'S.
I 0 :§
------------------·-------- 1-----------------~---
Miss BESSIE BATES .... ----·---·-··--·------·--1 Bread Making.
Household Economy.
FRANK BLACKFORD ---- - ----- - -----­Ohio.
- ·-- ------· ' 19 J Tobacco Culture.
Mistakes on t he Farm .
ture. I
. J. A~r~n';,~i~:~-sia-~- -Dep~~t~;;~;.- ·o-r·A.·,_i;;;,~~~- ~ 49
,
A. CANNON _____ _____ ______ , _____ _____ __ ______ ___ 14
on. w. G. CHnisMAN ... ---·--- -·- ------------- -138
State Veterinarian.
J. ;,;lg0E~;.~~;;.· cb.e:;g-.; "Or" :o~;~_y.-De~~;.;,t,~;;,~ -124
tlon Work in North Carolina for the State
and United States Departments of Agri­culture.
W. T . EATON, Assistant to Mr. Conover _______ 19
A. L. FRENCH------ ---- ------- ------- --- --·----- 25
Farmer.
Mns. SuE V. HoLLOWELL- ---- -- ---·- - ---·----- 33
w. N. HUTT ________ __ __ ________________________ 19
Horticulturist, State Department of Agricul­ture.
Mns. W. N. HuTT. --- ---- -------- ----·- ---- - --- 39
MISS M. L. JAMISON _____ ___ _______ _______ __ ___ 21
Director Domestic Science, State Nor mal
and Industrial College.
MISS L. H . JAMISON ____________________ _______ 25
Teacher of Domestic Science, Durbam High
School.
J . S. J EFFREY-- ------- -- ------------------------ 26
Poultryman, North Carolina Agricultural
Experiment Station.
Relation of Crop Varieties to Sol I Types.
Seed Selection.
Green Manuring.
Improvement of Soils by Legumes.
Preparation of t he Soil and the Production of
Corn .
Live Stock on the Farm.
Contagious Diseases of J.Jive Stock and Row to
Treat Them.
Farm Dairying.
Home Butter Making.
North Carolina as a Dairy State.
Need of Live Stock in North Carolina.
Value of Live Stock on the Farm.
Live Stock for North Carolina.
Soil Improvement.
Seed Selection.
The Influence of the Woman in the Home.
The Purposes Rnd Alms of t,he Women's Insti­t
utes.
Orchard Management.
The Farm Fruit Garden.
Soil Improvement.
Commercial Apple Growing.
Foods, Their Cooking and Use.
The Prevention of Disease In the Home.
Sanitation.
Household Economics.
Cookery.
Bread Making.
Hygiene.
Sanitation, etc.
Farm Poultry.
Farm Butter MA.ktn• ·
Mns. J. S. JEFFREY---- ··--·------·- ·· ·--··-·--- 14 H ousehold Applian<·e•.
B. w. KILGORE _______ --.-.-.- --- -- . . --.--.-- ---
State Chemist.
MRs. CHARLES McKIMMON .. _. ------- .. _. _ .. __ _
GEO. P. MILLER ___ ______________ ___ ___ ________ _
Farmer.
Cookery.
Commercial Fertl liu•rs ~:~.nd Fertilizer Ma~rial!i.
Home Gardenin.u;.
Bread Making.
I nsect Pests.
Orchard Managemeut.
Soil Improvement.
E. S. MILLSAP"--------- -·-- ·--- - --- - ·-·- -·---- 11 Corn Growing.
Farm Demonstrator . Soil Improvement..
Cotton C'ulturf' .
...
f
•
THE BuLLETIN. 9
LECTURERS AND 8UBJEC'1'b.
l NS'l'ITU1'P.; Lto~CTUHEH:;.
F. B. NEWELL ___ _____ ___________ _
Farm Demonstrator. ---1 18
T. B. PARKE[L ______ ______ ____ __ ___________ __ __ 41
Director of Farmers' Institutes and Demon­strator,
State Department of Agriculture.
T. F . PARKER _____ __ ___ __ -- 28
Farmer.
Mxss EDN A REINHARDT ______ _
School Teacher.
JNo. W. RomNSON- -- -----·------­Fa.
rmer.
On. G. A. RoBERTs _____ ________ _
Veteri na ri a n, A. anll M. College.
HARTWELL ScARBOHo __ ___ _ ~----
Farmer.
---1 23
---1 !3
-1 29
17
R.F!;.,~~~TT--- · - --- ---- ----- -------- - ------- - ~ 23
Miss JosEPmNE ScoT·r __ _____ __ _____ __________ _ 23
Teacher.
SUBJECTS.
Seed Selection.
Soil Improvement.
Corn Growing.
Cotton Breeding.
Soil Improvement.
Winter Gardening.
The Cowpea.
Commercial Fertilizers.
Commercial Fertilizers.
Corn Culture.
Soil Improvement by Legumes.
Alfalfa.
Live Stock on the Farm.
Soil Improvement.
Commercial Fertilizers.
Home Mixed Fertilizers.
Country Schools.
Farm Dairying.
Advantages of Live Stock on the Farm.
Care and Feeding of Farm Work Stock.
Diseases of Live Stock.
Types of Horses, Cattle and Sheep.
Peanut Culture.
Pork Raising.
Soil Improvement.
Corn Culture.
How a Farmer May Succeed in North Carolina
without Growing Cotton or Tobacco.
The Advantages of a Diversified Agriculture . .
The House-fly.
Suggestions in Household Work.
The Home Garden.
s. B. SHA\V ___ ______ ___ ___ _ __ ______ ___ __ __ _ ____ _
Assistant Horticulturist, State Department
of Agriculture.
48 1 The Farm Vegetable Garden.
Suggestions in Fruit Growing.
I Production and Preservation of Home Food
Supplies.
FRANKLIN SHERMAN, JR·--- - - --- - ------- - -- -- --1 29 Insect Pests and How to Combat Them.
Entomologist, State Department of Agricul- . Selection of Seed Corn.
ture. I Su:fi~:!~~ns for the Improvement of Farm
Improved Farm Methods as Preventative for
Insect Pests.
DR. F. L. STEVENS-- --- - ---- - - -- ---- -- - - -- ---- - 16 Plant Diseases and Spraying.
Professor of Botany and Plant Diseases, Some Preventable Human Di ~cases.
North Carolina College of Agriculture.
MRS. F . L. STEVENS ______ __ ,_., _______ _______ __ 49 Home N urslng and Prevention of Diseases.
Saving Steps in the Home.
The Home Garden.
Importance of a Properly Selected Diet for the
Young Child.
OR. E . P . Wooo __ ____ ___ . ___ _ I
Food Yalues.
12 Diseases of Live Stock .
Assistant Veterinarian.
10 TrrE BuLLETIN.
FARMERS' INSTITUTES, 1910.
- - - - - --- -
Date. County. Location. Lecturers Supplied by the State.
Aug. 11 Alamance ••....•... Elon College ................ Burgess, Wood. Shaw.
Aug. 12 Alamance .......... Mebane ................... --- Burgess, Wood, Shaw.
Aug. 15 Alexander .......... Taylorsville ......... _:_._ ... Roberts, Robinson, Parker, T . F.
Aug. Alleghany .......... Sparta ........... __ .• __ .. __ .. Stevens, Parker, T. F.
July 19 Anson ___ ________ ___ Morven ____ ____ __ ____________ Newman, French, Jeffrey.
July 21 Anson ____ __________ Peachland ........ ________ ... Newman, French, Jeffrey.
July 20 Anson ______ ________ Wadesboro ........ .... __ .... Newman, French, Jeffrey. ""
Aug. Ashe .............. _. Jefferson .......... __ ... ___ .. Stevens, Parker, T. F.
Jan. 27 Beaufort ........... Washington ................. Hutt, Eaton, Parker, T. B.
Jan. 26 Bertie .............. Windsor ___ ._ ............... Sherman, Chrisman, Newell.
Jan. 17 Bladen ........ ..... Councils ..................... Burgess, Shaw, Scarboro.
Jan. 15 Bladen ....... . _ .. _. White Oak ..... .............. Burgess, Shaw, Scnrhoro.
Jan. 21 Brunswick __________ Ash ......... __ . __ .......... __ Burgess, Shaw, Scarboro.
Jan. 22 Brunswick __________ Shallotte .... __ ... ____ ._ ... __ Burgess, Shaw, Scarboro.
Jan. 24 Brunswick _________ Supply ........ __ .. _ ..... _ .. _ Burgess, Shaw, Scarboro.
Jan. 25 Brunswick .......... Bolivia ................ ___ ... Burgess, Shaw, Rcarboro.
Aug. 11 Buncombe ......... Swannanoa _________________ Roberts, Millsaps. Miller.
July 25 Buncombe .......... Leicester ..................... Sherman, Cannon, Robinson.
Mar. 11 Buncombe .......... Asheville .... ______ .. _ ....... Schaub, Parker, T. B.
July 28 Burke ........ _ ..... Morganton .......... __ ..• __ . Burgess, Chrisman, Shaw.
July 29 Burke .............. Connelly Springs ............ Burgess, Chrisman, Shaw.
July 28 Cabarrus ........... Mount Pleasant ............. Scott, Conover.
July 30 Cabarrus .... ....... Concord ..................... Burgess, Wood, Shaw.
Aug. Cabarrus ........... Harrisburg .... _. ___ . __ ...... Burgess, Wood, Shaw.
Aug. 9 CaldwelL .......... Yadkin Valley .............. Stevens, Robinson, Parker, T. F.
Aug. 10 CaldwelL .......... Lenoir __ ----------------- -- Stevens, Robinson, Parker, T. F.
Aug. 11 CaldwelL .......... Granite Falls ................ Stevens, Robinson, Parker, T. F.
Jan. 18 Camden ............ Camden Courthouse . ....... ,Sherman, Chrisman, Newell.
July 18 CaswelL ........... Leasburg. ________ .. ___ ... . _. Roberts, Blackford, Parker, T . F. .. July 19 CaswelL ........... Locust HilL _________ ____ __ Roberts, Blackford, Parker, T . F.
Aug. 4 Catawba ........... Sherrills Ford ............... Scott, Conover.
Aug. Catawba ........... Ford's Store ................. Scott, Conover. ,
July 27 Catawba ........ ___ Newton ............... . ..... Scott, Conover.
July 12 Chatham ........... Pittsboro .............. _ ..... Newman, French, Jeffrey.
Aug. 8 Chatham ........... Goldston .................... Burgess, Chrisman, Shaw.
Aug. 9 Chatham ........... Siler City .................... Burgess, Chrisman, Shaw.
July 29 Cherokee ........... Andrews ..................... Sherman, Cannon, Roberts.
July 30 Cherokee ........... Murphy ....... .. ........ _ .. . Sherman, Cannon, Roberts.
Jan. 20 Chowan ............ Edenton .. -------- ......... _.· Sherman, Chrisman, Newell.
TnE BuLLETIN. 11
FARMERS' INSTITUTES-Con t inued.
-------------------
Date. County. Location. Lecturers Supplied by t he State.
Aug. Clay ... --- -- - ------- Hayesville ......... . .. --- ---- Sherman, Cannon, Roberts.
Aug. Clay .......... ...... Brasstown_------- - --------- Sherman, Cannon, Roberts.
July 30 Cleveland ... . ...... Shelby-------- -- ----- ....... French, Millsaps, Jeffrey.
Aug. Clevela nd .... .. . ... Casar .•....•••...... -------- - Scott, Conover.
Jan. 18 Columbus ... ....•.. Chadbourn ....... . . . . .. -.... Burgess, Shaw, Scarboro.
I
Jan. 19 Columbus .......... Mount Tabor ••....... . .... . . Burgess, Shaw, Scarboro.
Jan. 20 Columbus .... ...... Old Dock. ------ - ---------- - Burgess, Shaw, Scarboro.
Jan. 26 Craven __ ______ _____ New Bern ......•....... . .... Eaton, Hutt, Parker, T. B.
Jan: 11 Cumberland ..... .. . Fayetteville .•... . ... . ... . . . . Burgess, Shaw, Scarboro.
July 20 Cumberland ________ Raeford .•......... . . ... ... . . Scott, Conover.
Jan. 19 Currituck ....... __ . Currituck Courthouse . ...... Sherman, Chrisman, Newell.
J uly 25 Davidson ______ ____ Enterprise ........ ..... .. .... Stevens, Blackford, Parker, T. F.
July 26 Davidson ... . . . . . .. Wallburg .•.. ..... . .• ........ Stevens, Blackford, Parker, T. F .
Aug. Davidson .... . .. . .. Linwood ... ------- -- ----- - -- Burgess, Wood, Shaw.
Aug. 4 Davidson_--------- Thomasville .....•... . . . . . . . . Burgess, Chrisman, Shaw.
Aug. 8 Davidson .......•.. Reeds ..... ----- ---- -- --- ----- Scott, Conover.
Aug. 13 Davidson ___ ------ Denton ••.................. . . Scott, Conover.
July 19 Davis ...... . ....... Mocksville . . . .... .. . .. . .. ... . Burgess, Wood, Shaw.
Jan. 13 Duplin ......•• . . ... CalypsO------- - --- .. . ___ ...• Eaton, Hutt, Parker, T. B.
Jan. 15 Duplin ____ ___ _____ Rose Hill _________ ____ __ __ __ Eaton, Hutt, Parker, T . B.
July 15 Durham ....... . .... County Home __ __ _________ __ Roberts, Blackford, Parker, T. B.
Feb. Edgecombe ....... . . Tarboro __________ -- --- ... -- Eaton, Newell, Parker, T. B.
Feb. Edgecombe _________ Conetoe ............. __ ___ ... Eaton, Newell, Parker, T. B.
Aug. 23 Edgecombe .... .... . Test Farm ........... .. .. .... Kilgore, Chrisman, Shaw, Scarboro,
Parker, T. B.
Aug. 24 Edgecombe ......... Speed ...... ----- -- __ __ . . ____ Kilgore, Chrisman, Shaw, Scarboro,
Parker, T. B.
July 16 Forsyth .. . ..... ____ Kernersville ....... .. ... ... .. Burgess, Wood, Shaw.
July 18 Forsyth .. ... .. .. _ .. Clemmons ______ ___ -- --... __ Burgess, Wood, Shaw.
July 23 Forsyth .. .. .... ____ Winston-Salem .... _____ .. ___ Roberts, Blackford, Parker, T. F.
July 30 Forsyth ....... _____ Tobaccoville ___ __ .... .. .. .. Roberts, Blackford, Parker, T. F.
Feb. Franklin __________ Louisburg •.. , ... _ ... _ .. __ ._ . Burgess, Shaw.
Feb. Fl'anklin ___________ Franklinton .... . ----- -- . . ___ Burgess, Shaw.
Jan. 28 Gates _________ --- -- Gatesville ... . ... ......... ___ Sherman, Chrisman, Newell.
July 28 Gaston .... ..... ____ Mount Holly ___ ___________ __ French, Millsaps, Jeffrey.
Aug. Gaston ............ . Cherryville ............. . . --- French, Millsaps, Jeffrey.
Aug. Gaston ..... .. .... . . Gastonia ...... ..... . . ... .. .. Scott, Conover.
July 28 Graham ___ ___ .; __ ___ Robbinsville .......... .. . --- - Sherman, Cannon, Roberts.
July 13 Granville ...... ..... Oxford ________ .. ____ -------. Roberts, Blackford, Parker, T. F .
J uly 14 Granville ..... ...... Creedmoor .... .. -- --- - ___ ___ Roberts, Blackford, Parker, T. F _
Jan. 18 Greene ___ ______ ___ _ Snow Hill ......... .......... Eaton, Hutt, Parker, T. B.
12 THE BuLLETIN.
F ARlllERS' INSTITUTES-Continued.
Date. County. Location. Lecturers Supplied by the State.
July 15 Guilford ....... . .... McLeansburg . ...... . .. . ..... Burgess, Wood, Shaw.
July 21 Guilford ....... . .... Battleground ....... .. . ...... Roberts, Blackford, Parker, T. F .
Aug. Guilford ....... . . . . . Pleasant Garden .. .......... Burgess, Chrisman, Shaw.
Aug. s Guilford ....... ..... Jamestown __ ___ ___ ___ _ -- ---- Burg$ss, Chrisman, Shaw.
Feb. Halifax ........ . .... Scotland Neck .. ......... .. . Sherman, Chrisman, Hutt.
Feb. Halifax ............. Halifax ................. ..... Sherman, Chrisman, Hutt.
Jan. 10 Harnett. .......... . Lillington .... . .. . . ... . . . . ... Burgess, Shaw, Scarboro.
Oct. Harnett .... . .... . .. Rock Branch ...... . .. ....... Burgess, Shaw, Parker, T. B.
July 26 Haywood .. . . . .. .. .
1
Bethel Academy ............. Sherman, Cannon, Roberts.
July 27 Haywood .......... Clyde . ...... . .. .......... ... Sherman, Cannon, Roberts.
Aug. Haywood .... ...... Dellwood .................... Roberts, Millsaps, Miller.
Aug. 10 Haywood .... . ..... Waynesville ............ .. .. . Roberts, Millsaps, Miller.
Mar. 12 Henderson ......... Dana ______ ____ __________ ___ Parker, Shaw.
July 19 Henderson .... .....
1
Mills River ........ .......... Sherman, Cannon, Robinson.
Jan. 27 Hertford ... .. . . . . . . Ahoskie ... .. . ............... Sherman, Chrisman, Newell.
Jan. 29 Hertford .. ... .. . .. . Murfreesboro ................ Sherman, Chrisman, Newell.
Jan. 13 Hyde .... ...... . .. J Middletown ...... ______ .... . Sherman, Chrisman, Newell.
Jan. 14 Hyde ...... ......... Fairfield ...... .. . .. .. ..... . . . Sherman, Chrisman, Newell.
Jan. 15 Hyde ............... Swan Quarter ....... ........ Sherman, Chrisman, Newell.
July 21 Iredell.. ..... ..... . . Mooresville ...... . ........ .. . Burgess, Chrisman, Sha"'·
July 26 Iredell.. ........ .. .. Statesville ...... . .. . ......... Burgess, Chrisman, Shaw.
Aug. 12 Iredell ....... ....... Net ........... .. .. . . ......... Roberts, Robinson, P arker, T. F .
Aug. 13 Iredell.: ........ . ... Eupeptic Springs . ...... .... . Roberts, Robinson, P arker, T. F.
Aug. 16 Iredell.. ...... . ..... Cool Springs ....... .... ..... Roberts, Robinson, Parker, T. F.
Aug. J ackson ............ Dillsboro ..... .... . .. ........ Roberts, Millsaps, Miller.
Jan. 10 Johnston ........... Smithfield ..... . ....... . . .... ! Hutt, Eaton, P arker, T. B.
Aug. 25 J ohnston ...... ..... Price's Schoolhouse .. .. .. . .. Chrisman, Parker, T. B.
Jan. 24 Jones ____________ ___ Maysville ....... ........... . .
1
Hutt, Eaton, P arker, T. B.
July 13 Lee ....... .......... Lea Courthouse .. .. ......... Newman, French, Jeffrey. Jan. 19 Lenoir ...... .. .. ... . Kinston .... ................. ! Hutt, Eaton, Parker, T. B·.
July 29 Lincoln ............. Iron Statton ......... ........ French, Millsaps, Jeffrey.
Aug. Lincoln ............. Lincolnton ........ ... ....... French, Jeffrey, Parker, T. B.
Aug. 5 Lincoln ........ ..... Denver---- - - - ________ ____ __ _ Scott, Conover.
Aug. 6 Macon ........ ...... Franklin ...... . ...... .... . . . Cannon, Roberts, Miller.
July 22 Madison ............ Mars HilL. .... .... .......... Sherman, Cannon, Robinson.
July 23 Madison ......... ... Chapel Hill. .. .. .. .......... Sherman, Cannon, Robinson.
Feb. 2 Martin ....• . ....... Willliamston .... ....... ...... Sherman, Chrisman, Hutt .
Aug. McDowelL .. ...... Marion ________ ___ ______ _____ French, Jeffrey, Parker, T . B.
July 22 Mecklenburg .. ..... Derita . ....... . .... . . ..... ... Burgess, Chrisman, Shaw.
TnE BuLLETIN. 13
FARMERS' INSTITUTES-Continued.
Date. County. Location. Lecturers Supplied by tbe State.
July 23 Mecklenburg ______ Griffith ... ---------------- - -- Burgess, Chrisman, Shaw.
July 25 Mecklenburg ______ Huntersville. --------------- Burgess, Chrisman, Shaw.
July 26 Mecklenburg _______ Matthews ___ __ _____________ :_ French, Millsaps, Jeffrey.
July 27 Mecklenburg ____ __ Oakdale.-------------------- French, Millsaps, Jeffrey .
.July 29 Mecklenburg ______ Shopton--------------------- Scott, Conover.
July 30 Mecklenburg _______ Arlington ___________________ Scott, Conover.
Aug. Mecklenburg _______ Capps Schoolhouse _________ Scott, Conover.
Aug. 8 MitchelL __________ Spruce Pine .... ---------- ---- French, Jeffrey, P arker, T. B.
Aug. MitchelL __________ Bakersville ____ __ ____________ French. Jeffrey, Parker, T. B.
July 21 .Montgomery ________ Star .. -- ---- ----------- ------ Scott, Conover.
July 23 Montgomery _______ TroY------------------------ Scott, Co'nover.
July 14 Moore ____________ __ Cameron ___________________ Newman, French, Jeffrey.
July 15 Moore ______________ Aberdeen.------------------- Newman, French, J effrey.
July 19 Moore ____ _____ ____ Carthage _ ______ ____________ Scott, Conover.
July 22 Moore ______________ Elise------------ ---------- --- Scott, Conover.
Feb. Nash __________ ____ Nashville ______________ : ____ : - Eaton, Newell, Parker, T . B.
Jan. 26 New Hanover _ ____ Castle Hayne ______________ Burgess, Shaw, Scarboro.
Feb. 4 Northampton ______ Jackson ________ ________ _____ Sherman, Chrisman, Hutt.
Jan. 31 Northampton __ ____ Rich Square __ __ ___ __ __ _____ Sherman, Chrisman, Newell.
Jan. 20 Onslow ____ __ _______ Richlands------- ------------ Hutt, Eaton, Parker, T. B.
Jan. 22 Onslow ____________ Jacksonville .. ----- --- ------- Hutt, Eaton, P arker, T. B.
July 14 Orange ____________ Cedar Grove _______ ______ : __ Burgess, Wood, Shaw.
Aug. 13 Orange .. -------~-- - Orange Grove ___ _____ : _____ Burgess, Wood, Shaw.
Jan. 25 Pamlico ___________ BayborO--------------------- Hutt, Eaton, Parker, T. B.
Jan. 11 Pasquotank _______ Elizabeth CitY------ -------- Sherman, Chrisman, Newell.
July 16 Person _____________ Roxboro .. ------------------- Roberts, Blackford, Parker, T. F.
Jan. 27 Pender ____________ Atkinson .. ---------------- -- Burgess, Shaw, Scarboro.
Jan. 28 Pender __________ __ Burgaw ___ __ __ ________ : ____ Burgess, Shaw, Scarboro.
Jan. 10 PerqulmanS-------- Hertford.----------- --- ----- Sherman, Chrisman, Newell.
Jan. 28 Pitt------------ - --- Farmville---------------- -- - Hutt, Eaton, Parker, T. B.
Jan. 29 Pitt------ ---------- Greenville ______ ________ _____ Hutt, Eaton, Parker, T. B.
I
July 21 Polk----- ---- - ~----- Columbus------- ------ ------ Sherman, Cannon, Robinson.
Aug. Randolph------ --- - Ramseur ____________________ Scott, Conover.
Aug. 10 Randolph __________ Randleman __________________ Scott, Conover.
Aug. 11 Randolph _________ AshborO--------------------- Scott, Conover.
Aug. 12 Randolph ______ ____ Farmer.------------ -- -- - ---- Scott, Conover.
Aug. 10 Randolph ____ _____ LibertY--- ---- ---------- ----~ Burgess, Chrisman, Shaw.
July 16 Richmond __________ Hoffman _______ _____________ Newman, French, Jeffrey.
July 18 Richmond _____ _____ Rockingham---------------- Newman, French, Jeffrey.
Jan. 12 Robeson _______ _____ Parkton _______ __ ___ ____ ____ Burgess, Shaw, Scarboro.
14 TrrE BuLLETIN.
FARMERS' INSTITUTES-Continued.
Date. County. Location. Lecturers Supplied by the State.
Sept. 16- Robeson ___________ Pbiladelphus ____________ ___ Kilgore, Sherman, Chrisman, Parker.
17. T . B.
Jan. 13 Robeson __________ __ Rowland ________ ________ ____ Burgess, Shaw, Scarboro.
July 20 Rockingham ___ __ __ Lawsonville ___ __ ____________ Roberts, Blackford, Parker, T. F.
July 22 Rockingham ___ ____ Sylvania Schoolhouse ___ ___ Roberts, Blackford, Parker, T . F .
July 20 Rowan _______ ______ Mount Ulla _________________ Burgess, Chrisman, Shaw.
July 27 Rowan ____________ Salisbury _______ ___ ______ ___ Scott, Conover.
Aug. Rowan _____________ China Grove ____ ______ ______ Burgess, Wood, Shaw.
Aug. Rutherford _________ Ellenboro ________________ ___ French, Jeffrey, Parker, T. B.
Aug. 4 Rut~erford ____ _____ Rutherfordton. __ ________ ____ French, Jeffrey, Parker, T. B.
Aug. 5 Rutherford ________ Thermal CitY--- ---·-------- French, Jeffrey, Parker, T. B.
Jan. 14 Sampson __________ .Clinton--------- - ---- - ·- - ---- Hutt, Eaton, Parker, T. B.
Jan. 17 Sampson __________ Delway _________ _________ ___ Hutt, Eaton, Parker, T. B.
Jan. 14 Scotland _______ ___ Laurinburg ___ ___ __ _________ Burgess, Shaw, Scarboro.
July 25 Stanly ______ __ _____ Norwood ____________________ Scott, Conover.
July 26 Stanly _______ ______ Albemarle _____ _____________ Scott, Conover.
July 27 Stokes _______ __ ____ DanburY--------·----- ---- -- Stevens, Blackford, Parker, T. F .
Surry--------- - ----- Pilot Mountain __ . -- --- - -- -- - Stevens, Blackford, Parker, T. F.
T. B.
Surry--------------- Mount Airy _____ ______ __ ____ Stevens, Blackford, Parker, T. F .
T. B.
July 28
July 20
Aug. Surry--------------- Rocky Ford Schoolhouse ___ Stevens, Blackford, Parker, T. F.
Aug. Swain _____________ Almond __________ ___ _____ ___ Cannon, Roberts.
Aug. 4 Swain _______ ______ Bryson CitY------ -- ------ -- - Cannon, Roberts.
July 20 Transylvania ___ , __ Brevard ___________ __ __ ______ Sherman, Cannon, Robinson.
Jan. 22 TyrrelL ____________ Columbia-~------- - --------- Sherman, Chrisman, Newell.
July 22 Union ______________ Marshville· ------- - ---- - - - ·-- Newman, French, Jeffrey.
July 23 Union _________ _____ Waxhaw--------- - --·------- - Newman, French, Jeffrey.
July 25 Union_. ________ ____ Monroe __________ ____ __ _____ Newman, Millsaps.
Feb. Vanoe ___________ __ Bear Pond Schoolhouse __ __ Burgess, Shaw.
Feb. Vance _______ __ __ __ Middleburg _______ __ __ __ ____ Burgess; Shaw.
Aug. 3Q- Wake----------- ·--- West Raleigh ___ _____ . ____ __ Round-up Institute.
Sept. I
and
and
Sept. 9 Wake __ _______ ___ ___ Green LeveL _____ ____ ___ ____ Parker, T. B., Chrisman, Parker, T. F.
Feb. Warren _______ ___ ___ Warrenton ____ __________ ___ __ Burgess, Shaw.
Jan. 24 Washington ____ __ __ CreswelL ___ ___ ___ - ------- -- Sherman. Chrisman, Newell.
Jan. 25 Washington __ . _____ Plymouth __ ___ ____ __ ___ ____ Sherman, Chrisman, Newell.
Aug. 8 Watauga _____ _____ Boone------- -- -- --- -- ---- --- Stevens, Parker, T. F.
Jan. 11 Wayne ____ ______ __ __ Casey's Schoolhouse ___ __ ___ Hutt, Eaton, Parker, T. B.
Jan. 12 Wayne ________ ______ PinkneY--------- --- -- - --- --- Ilutt, Eaton, Parker, T. B.
Aug. Wilkes ___ __ ___ ______ Wilkesboro ___ ______ _________ Stevens, Parker, T. F., Blackford.
Jan. 31 Wilson ___ _____ ____ __ Wilson---------- -- ----- ----- Hutt, Eaton, Parker, T. B.
Aug. Yadkin--- ------ -- -- Yadkinville _____ , __ _________ Stevens, Blackford, Parker, T. F.
Aug. Yadkin- ~ ---- - -- -- -- East Bend _______ .· _________ __ Stevens, Parker, T. F.
Aug. 10 Yancey . __ ___ ____ ___ Burnsville ___ ___ . . __ . _______ French, Jeffrey, Parker, T. B.
.,
TnE BuLLETIN. 15
COUNTY AND LOCAL MEN'S ORGANIZATIONS.
There are farmers' institute committees in a1l the counties in
which institutes are held. These committees are Yery hclpfnl in the
work by suggesting places and snbjccts for the institutes, advertising
the meetings in local papers, and otherwise. A Ji,·e chainnan with
a good committee to assist him is necessary in every connty where
an institnte is to be held. I have found also that farmers' clubs,
local aniances and local farmers miions can g1·catly assist in insti­tute
work by co-operating with the institute committees aml the direc­tor
of farmers' insti tn tes·. I shall very much appreciate the co­operation
of all such organizations.
'CIIAIRMEN OF LOCAL AND COUNTY FARMERS' INSTITUTE COMMITTEES.
County. Chairman of Committee. Post-office.
Alamance __ ___ ________ Chas. F. Cates.------------- -------------- --- ----- Mcbane.
Alexander _____ ----- - -- J. N. Smith ________ ------ __ ----- ______ __ __ ------- - Taylorsville.
Alleghany ____________ S. F. Thompson·-------------- -- --- --------------- \Valls.
Anson----- ------- ----- W. J. McLendon------------- -- - ------------------- Wadesbc.ro.
Ashe ______________ ___ __ J" ohn Dent------------ -- -- - __ .--- - ____ ----______ __ JeiTerson.
Beaufort _____________ W, D. Grimes----------- ---------------------,--- - Washington.
Bertie.---------------- C. W. SpruilL ___________ __ ____ -- ------ __ .. --- -- -- Quitsna.
Bladen________________ R. B. Cromartie ______ __ _____ -- ------_____________ Eliz-abethtown.
White Oak __________ N. A. Layton .. ------- -- -------- --- -- ---- -------- - White Oak.
Brunswick------------- Jack Johnson ___ __ ___ -- ---- -------- ______ --------- Winnabow.
Supply-------------- W. Sellers-------------------------- __ -------------- Supply.
Shallotte ___________ E. M. Parker __ ---------------------------- --- --- Shallotte.
Ash ___________ _______ R. M. Lang .. ----- -- -------- --- -------- -- -------- - Ash.
Buncombe .. ---------- - R. P. Hayes--- --------- ----- -- -------------------- Asheville.
Leicester _________ ___ A. J. MerrilL------------- --- --------------- ----- - J.:eicester.
Burke.---------------- T. W. DrewrY-------------------------------- -- --- Morganton, R. F. D. 5.
Connelly Springs ___ J . E. Coulter .. ------------------------------------ Connelly Springs.
Cabarrus _____________ A. H. Litaker .... --------------------------------- Concord, R. F. D. 5.
CaldwelL-------------- George Goforth ..... -----------------------------. Lepoir.
Camden ______________ W. G. Ferebee .. -------------------------- --------- Gregory.
CaswelL _______________ T. P. Womack.------------------------------ ----- - Yanceyville
Leasburg _________ , __ E. W. Lee.---------------------------------------- Leasburg.
Catawba _____________ John W. Robinson .. - --- --- ----------------------- Newton.
Newton _____________ C. E. Smyre-------------------- --------------- ---- Newton.
Sherrills Ford------- C. M. BeattY------ --- ----------------------------- Sherrills Ford.
Chatham _____________ J. A. PerleY----- - --------------------------------- Pittsboro.
•
•
16 THE BuLLETI;N.
CHAIRMEN OF L.OCAL AND CouNTY FARMERS' INSTITUTE CoM.MIJ.'TEEs- C ontinued .
County. Chairman of Committee. Post-office.
Cherokee . . . . _____ _____ R. R. BeaL ____ __________ ___ __ __ _____ ___ __ _
Murphy.
Andrews __ ___ , ______ W. P. Walker ___ ___ ___ _______ _____ ___ __________ ____ Andrews.
Chowan. ______ ____ ___ Z. W. Evans __ __ ___ ____ ___ ____ -- - ------
Clay. ____ __ ____ ______ __ W. T. Bumgarner. _______ ____ _
Tyner.
Hayesville.
Brasstown ________ __ R. L. Johnston ____________ _______ _____ __ ____ ____ __ Brasstown.
Cleveland _____ ____ ____ A. A. Warlick _______ ______ __ ______ ______ __ ___ __ __ Casar.
Columbus _ ___________ D. Boughner _ __________ ______ __ ___ __ - -- -- -- - - - -- Chadbourn .
Tabor •. ___ _____ ___ __ Minos Meares __ ___ ____ ______ _________ _ ---- - - --- ___ Tabor.
Whiteville ___ ____ ____ Dr. W. Ross Davis __________ __ ----- - - - - - -- ---- - - Whiteville.
Craven----- - ---- - ---- - W. H. Bray ______ ______________ __ __ _____ - - - ----- New Bern.
Cumberland ____ ___ __ _ Cyrus Murphy _____ ___________ ____ ___ __ -- -- -- - - -- Fayetteville.
Davie _____ __ _______ __ S. A. Woodruff ______ ___ ____ __ ____ _ _
Duplin __ __ _____ ----- J . A. Shine ... __ ______ ______ _
Calypso __ __ ---- - - J. T. Albritton __ ___ ___ _ _ _
Rose HilL ____ ____ __ Maury Ward __ _____ _____ __ Durham __ ______ __ ____ E. J. Parrish _ ___ ________ ___ ___ ____ __ Raeford.
Shawboro.
Lexington.
Denton.
Thomasville.
M~cksville.
Faison.
--------1 M?unt Olive.
----- -- , Rose Hill.
Durham.
Edgecombe __ __ ---- - -- G. T. DeBerry ______ ________ ____ ___ -------- -- - - - - Tarboro.
Col;letoe _____ ______ __ N. B. Dawson __ __ ___ ___ __ __ Conetoe.
,Forsyth ___ ___ __ ____ __ A. B. Atwood ____ ______ ____ ___ ___ ____ ---- - -- - --- -- Winston-Salem.
Clemmons _ ___ ______ T. W. Griffith. ___ __ __ __ __ __ ________ __ ____ __ __ _____ Clemmons.
Kernersville ___ _____ N.H. Smith ____ _________ ______ ____ ____ ___ ____ ___ Kernersville.
Rural HalL ____ _____ L.A. Strupe· -- ---- ------- ----- ------ ------- ------ -1 Tobaccoville.
Franklin _ __ __ ________ T. B. Wilder ___ ___ ___________ _________ _____ ___ _____ Louisburg.
Franklinton __ ______ I. H. Kerney __ __ ____ __ ____ ____ __ _____ ___ ___ _ ____ Franklinton .
Gaston ____ _____ ___ ____ J. Q. Rhyne ___ ___ _______ _________ ___ ___ __ _______ __ Lowell.
Gates----- -------- --- - - Lycurgus Hofler . ...... . _. •. . .. . ---------- - - - - -- - - - - Gatesville.
Graham ____ ___ __ - --- - G. B. Walker _____ __ ____ __ _____ ____ ______ : ______ __ Robbinsville.
Granville ___ ____ ___ ___ E. G. Moss--- - - - - --- - ------- ----- --- ------ ------ -- Creedmoor.
Greene. _______ ____ · ____ J . T. FrizzelL ____ _________ ____ __ ___ ___ ------ - -- - Snow Hill .
Grimsleys Church __ J. T. Dixon __ __ _____ ____ __ __ ____ ____ - - -- -- --- -- - - Farmville.
Guilford ______ _________ J . Franklin Davis. _________ _________________ __ Guilford College.
Gibsonville __ ___ ____ _ ; W. C. Michal!._ _____ __ _______ _ - - - - -- - - Gibsonville.
Pleasant Garden ___ _j C. E. Hockart _________ __ _______ _ ----- -- - ---•-- - Pleasant Garden.
•
TriE BuLLETIN. 17:
CHAIRMEN OF LOCAL AND COUNTY FARMERS' INSTITUTE COMMlTI'EES-Continued.
County. Chairman of Commit1tee. J>osi-office.
I -1----
H;~:::~~-~~~~::::::i :. :: :;~::::::::::::::::::::::::::·::: ... ___ :::1 ::o:;::·d Neck.
Harnett. __ ___________ ! C. McArtan_____________________ __ ____ Lillington.
Coats ___________ ____ r T. D. Stewart--- ------------ - -------- --- ---------- Coats.
H;:::::_-_-_-_: -·:::::::1 ~r.F~~~~r::t~~::::::::::::::.::::::::::::::::::: ~:::·:~ille. ... BetheL .... ------ --[ J. W. Moore____________ -------- -- ----------- • Waynesville, R. F. D. 3.
Dellwood ... .... _____ ! B. P. HowelL __________ -------------------------: Waynesville, R. F. D. 2.
Henderson .. ____ ______ J. P. Fletcher---- _____ ______ ______ -------- ______ -1 Fletcher.
Hertford .. ________ --__ W. P . Shaw---- -------- __________________________ .
1
)¥inton.
1
Ahoskie ____________ _ , T. E. Browne__ _______ ---- --------------· ------ - Ahoskie.
Hyde .. ---- -- -- --------1 Chas. Brim ______ ______ ____ ______________ --------- Swan Quarter.
Ir:~~~l~~~~~::::::::: ~: :.::::~;;_-_-_:::::::·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::[ :~:~::::_n.
Mount Ulla __________ J. K. Goodman ________ -------------------------- Mount Ulla.
Eupeptic Springs __ _ , W. W. Holland .... __ ________________ ____ .. _______ , Charles.
Net., ________________ J C. C. Tharpe _________ ---------------------------1 Net.
Cool Springs ______ __ , W. F. Reece ____ _' _________________________________ 1
1 Statesville, R. F. D. 7.
;:::::~-_:::::::::::::! ~-- :.:~~e;:~~::_-_-_-:--:::::::::.::::·::::: :::::::, :::;:field.
Kenly ____ ___________ N. R. Pike ______ ________________________________ 1 Bagley.
Benson ____________ __ J. F . Lee .. _______________________________________ Benson.
Jones__ __________ ______ J. C. Parker __________________________ __ __ _________ J Oliver.
Lee ______________ ------ W. I. Brooks ___ _-__ -.. ______ ------ __ ---------_____ Jonesboro.
Lenoir---- ------______ _ G. F. Loftin _____ ____________________ --------_____ Kinston.
Lincoln .. -- -- ----_____ H. S. Robinson .. ____ -- ________________ ____ ____ ---/ Lincolnton.
Bess' ChapeL ______ C. W. Beam---------------------------------------1 Cherryville.
Denver ______________ T. H. Proctor.: ---------------- ------ ---- -- ---1 Den.ver.
McDowelL ____ _______ Dr. R. J. Burgm _________________________________
1
Manon . ..
Macon ........ _________ Arthur Siler------ _____ . ____ --------- -- ------______ Franklin.
Madison ________ _______ J. F. Bryan .. ------ ______ ---- ------______ _________ Marshall.
Mars HilL __________ A. F. Sprinkle ______ ________ __ _____________________ Mars Hill.
Martin ________________ P.R. Rives------ -------------------- -------- ------ Robersonville, R. F. D. 1.
Mecklenburg ______ ---- C. C. Moore ____ ______________ __ ________ __ _.___ _____ Charlotte.
::::~~~~:~~:-.-.-.-:::: ~-~: ::::~:::::::::::·:::::::::::::::::::::: ::::1:: r:::rsville.
Capps Schoolhouse.) S. H. and R. N. Capps ----- ------------ ----- __ , Pineville, R. F. D. 15.
Sharon _____________ _ W. C. Clark_____________ ----------------------- Charlotte, R. F. D. 1.
18 THE BuLLETIN.
CHAmMEN OF LocAL-AND CouNTY FARMERS' INSTITUTE CoMMITTEEs-Continued
County. Chairma\1 of Committee. Post-office.
MitchelL ............• S.M. C. Green .... . ......... .................• .... Toecane.
Spruce Pine •.......• L.A. BerrY--------------------- ---------------- --- Spruce Pine.
Montgomery •...••••.• 0. B. Deaton •.. . ....................... ........... Troy.
Elise ..........•••.••• W. G. Carter .......•.•.. .... ...•.•.............•.. Carters Mills.
Mt. Gilead ...•.•.••• R. A. Bruton ........ .............................. Mt. Gilead.
Star ......••..... .... J . L. Stewart •..........•...... ! ............... .... Star.
Moore ..........•.•••.. T. D. McLean ....... .................... .... ...... Carthage.
Nash ....... ....•...... S. F. Austin ......... . ........•......••. .. ..• .. . ... Nashville.
St~;~~~~~~ High S. H. Brantley .......•.•........ ..... ... . ......... , Springhope, R. F. D. I.
WWtnkers .••.•...... M. J . Battle ••.•..... ... ......... ...... ......•..... WWtakers.
New Hanover ......... Wm. Gregerson .•. .••.•................. ...... .. ... Wilmington, R. F. D. 1.
Northampton ......•.. J . W. Jcssups ......... •..... ........... •... . ...•... Rich Square.
Onslow . ............... Dr. J . L. Nicholson ..•............ . .... ........... Richlands.
Orange ... ...... •...... S. W. Andrews ..... .•.. . ..... ...........•... . ..... Hlllshoro.
Pamlico ........•.....• 0. J. Rook .......•.•. ----------------------------- Reelshoro.
Pasquotank ...•••.••.. R.N. Morgan------- ------------------------ -- --- - Elizabeth City.
Pender •......•. ......• W. M. Hand.-------- - -- -- ----- ---------- ------ ---- Burgaw . • Atkinson ............ S. J. Moore •• ----- ---- --- --------------- ----- ------ Atkinson.
Perquimans ........... M. H. White ... ---- ----- ---- -- -------- - -- -------- -- Hertford.
Person .......•..•...... J . A. Long .......... .. . . .............. ... ... •. .. . . Roxboro.
Pltt .••.•.... . ... . ..... l J . F. Evans .... ------- -- - ----------------------- -- Greenville, R. F . D. I.
Grimesland .......... Alston Grimes- -------- ------------ -- -- ------ -- ---- Grimesland.
Polk ..........•........ T. T . Ballinger ............ . ... ... . • . .... . ••....... Tryon.
Randolph ......•...... E. J. Coltrane .. --------------------- - ------------- Ashboro.
Richmond ...... .. ... . . W. C. Leak .................... .... ... .. . .. •... .... Rockingham.
Robeson . ..... ......... E. F. MoRea .... ------ --- --- ------ - --- -- --------- - Maxton.
Parkton ...... . ... . . . W. S. Cobb ... ----------- -- -------- - --------------- Parkton.
Rockingham .......... J . V. Price ..... -------------------- --- ------------- Madison.
Rowan .......•........ H. M. L. Agner . .. ................... ... .......... Salisbury.
China Grove . ..•.... G. Hauck ...... ------- -- -- --- ------------ - -- ------ China Grove.
Salisbury . ..•........ R. L. Thomason ........ . ..... .... ... ....... ...... Salisbury.
Rutherford ..........•. W. K. McDowelL ...• ... . . .. ..•.................. Island Ford.
Sampson ....•... ...... S. H. Hobbs ... ------ ------ -- ----- ------- ------ --- Clinton.
Newton Grove ...... J. W. Bryan----------- - ------ -----------,- - -- ---- -- Newton Grove.
Spring Branch . ....• E. A. Jackson------- --- - -------- ----- ------- ----- - Cooper.
Scotland ....•..•...... W. N. McKenzie ......• ----------- -- --- --------- -- Gibson.
Stanly ..........••..••. G. T. Dunlap ..... ...... .......•.... ...... ........ Norwood.
Stokes .•....... .......• I. G. Ross------ ------ -- -- -- -- - ---- --- ------------- Walnut Cove.
,.
TrrE BuLLETIN. 19
CHAIRMEN OF LOCAL AND COUNTY FARMERS' INSTITUTE CoMMITTEES-Continued
County. Chairman of Committee. Post-office.
Surry __ _______________ S.C. Frat:klin------------------ --,------- --------- Mount Airy.
Mount Airy ________ W. J. Herring __ ___ ______________ __ ________________ Mount Airy.
Swain _ _____ ______ ____ R. L. Sandidge ___________________________________ Bryson City.
Transylvania-------- ~- W. II. Grogan--------------------------- -- -------- Brevard.
TyrrelL- ------ - ~----- W. W. Sawyer------------------------------------- Columbia.
Union-------------- --- T. J. W. Broome---------------------------------- Monroe.
Vance------- -- - --- ---- J. B. Allen---------------------------------------- Henderson.
Middleburg ______ ____ J. K. Plummer------------------------------------ Middleburg.
Wake _________ ____ ___ __ W. B. Upchurch ____ , ________ _________ __ ____ _______ Apex.
Warren- ------- ---- --.- - H. T. Macon-------------------------------------- Warrenton.
Wise----------------- P.R. Perkinson __________________________________ Wise.
Washington ____ _______ T. W. Blount------- ------ --- ------------------ ---· Roper.
CreswelL _________ : __ W. T. HopkinS------------------------------------ Creswell:
Watauga _____________ T. C. Baird--------------------------------------- Valle Cruces.
Wayne _________________ H. D. Ham--------------------------- - ------- ---- Goldsboro, R. F. D. 5.
Wilke•----------------- J . G. Hackett------- ------------------------- - ---- North Wilkesboro.
Wilson _________________ A. B. Dean•------ ---- - ------ -- -------- ------------ Wilson.
Yadkin ________________ John F. Long __ _____ ______________________________ Chestnut Ridge.
Yancey _______________ W. B. Banks-------------------------------------- Burnsville.
STATE FAllMEllS' COXVENTION.
State at Large _________ Frank Spruill, President __ ____ __ __________________ Scotland Neck.
State at Large ________ Dr. A. S. Wheeler, Vice-President ____________ _____ l3iltmore.
State at Large ________ I. 0. Schaub, Secretary _____ _____________________ West Raleigh.
20 THE BuLLETIN.
WOMEN'S INSTITUTES, 1910.
There were more women's institutes held. in the State during 1910
than were held in any two previous years since we began holding
women's institutes. Our first women's institutes were helu in HlOG,
when we held. 21 institutes in 10 counties. In 1007 we held 50 in
38 counties; in 1008 p8 were held in 46 counties; in 1900 73 were
held in 51 counties; and this year we have held. 173 in 84 counties.
These institutes are held at the same places and on the same days
the men's institutes are held, but in separate halls, except at a joint
session, which is usually held during the day, when both men and
women lecturers speak to the audience.
·women's institutes are growing in attendance and appreciation as
their work is better understood by the pu'blic.
In this connection I wish to acknowleuge my indebtedness to the
State Board. of Health for literature and other courtesies extended
to the ,women's institutes.
The following is a partial list of the subjects discussed at these
institutes:
What to Eat and How to Prepare It.
Suggestions in Household Work.
Frienus and Foes of Housekeepers.
The Influence of the Woman in the Home.
Foods, Their Cooking and Use.
Home Nursing.
The Farm Fruit and Vegetable Garden.
Farm Poultry.
Butter-making on the Farm.
Home Conveniences.
Literature in the Home.
Home Sanitation.
Edncating the Girls on the Farm.
Hookworm.
PreYentable Diseases.
Insect Pests, etc.
,
THE BuLLJj)Tl.N .
WOMEN'S I NSTITUTES, 1910.
Date. County. Location. Lecturers Supplied by the State.
Aug. 11 Alamance. _________ Elon College ________________ Miss M. L. Jamison.
Aug. 12 Alamance __________ Mebane.--------------------- Miss M. L. Jamison.
Aug. Alleghany _________ Sparta---------------- -, -- --- Mrs. F. L. Stevens.
July 19 Anson ______________ Morven ______________________ Mrs. Hollowell, Miss L. H. Jamison.
July 21 Anson ______________ Peachland __________________ Mrs. Hollowell, Miss L. H. Jamison.
July 20 Anson ___ ___________ Wadesboro __________________ Mrs. Hollowell, Miss L. H. J amison.
Aug. Ashe ________________ Jefferson ___ ___ ______________ Mrs. F. L. Stevens.
Jan. 26 Bertie _____________ Windsor ____________ ________ Mrs. W. N. Hutt.
J an. 17 Bladen _______ _____ Councils _________________ ____ Mrs. Stevens.
Jan. 15 Bladen .. ______ _____ White Oak __________________ Mrs. Stevens.
Jan. 21 Brunswick _________ Ashe _________ _______________ Mrs. Stevens.
Jan. 22 Brunswick _________ Shallotte---------------- -- -- Mrs. Stevens.
Jan. 24 Brunswick __________ Supply ______ __ _________ _____ Mrs. Stevens.
Jan. 25 Brunswick _________ Bolivia .. ____________________ Mrs. Stevens.
Aug. 11 Buncombe ____ _____ Swannanoa------------------ Mrs. Hutt, Mrs. Hollowell.
July 28 Burke _____________ Morganton __________________ Miss M. L. Jamison.
July 29 Burke ______________ Connelly Springs ___________ Miss M. L. Jamison.
July 28 Cabarrus ___________ Mount Pleasant ________ ____ Miss Scott, Miss Reinhardt.
July 30 Cabarrus __________ Concord- --------------- ---- - Miss M. L. J amison.
Aug. Cabarrus----------- Harrisburg .. _____________ ___ Miss M. L. Jamison.
Aug. CaldwelL _________ ;_ Yadkin Valley _______ _______ Mrs. Stevens.
Aug. 10 CaldwelL __ ________ Lenoir .. ____________________ Mrs. Stevens.
Aug. 11 CaldwelL _________ Granite Falls---------------- Mrs. Stevens.
Jan. 18 Camden ___________ Camden Courthouse _______ Mrs. Butt.
July 18 CaswelL ----------- Leasburg ____________________ Mrs. Stevens.
July 19 CaswelL----------- Locust HilL _______________ Mrs. Stevens.
Aug. 3 Catawba ____ ______ Ford's Store ________________ Misses Scott and Reinhardt.
Aug. 4 Catawba __________
1
Sherrills Ford ____ ____ ___ ___ Mlsse• Scott and Reinhardt.
July 27 Catawba __________ , Newton _____________________ Misses Scott and Reinhardt.
July 12
Aug.
Aug.
J an. 20
Aug.
Aug.
July 30
Aug.
J an. 18
Jan. 19
Chatham __ _________ PittsborO-------------------- Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Jamison.
Chatham __ ________ Goldston ___ _________________ Miss M. L. Jamison.
Chatham __________ Siler CitY-------------------- Miss M. L. Jamison.
Chowan ___________ Edenton ____________________ Mrs. Hutt.
ClaY---------- ------1 Hayesville ___________________ Mrs. Hutt, Mrs. Hollowell.
ClaY------------ ---- , Brasstown __________________ Mrs. Hutt, Mrs. Hollowell.
Cleveland __ _______ ! ShelbY---------------------- Miss L. H. Jamison.
Cleveland __ _____ __
1
Casar _______________________ Miss Scott, Miss Reinhardt.
Columbus·------- -- ~ Chadb.ourn __________________
1
Mrs. Stevens.
Columbus _________ Mount Tabor ................ Mrs. Stevens.
'2 1
..
22 TrrE BuLLETIN.
WOMEN'S INSTITUTES-Continued.
Date. County. Location. Lecturers Supplied by the State.
Jan. 20 Columbus---------- Old Dock __ _____ _____ ____ __ Mrs. Stevens.
J an. 11 Cumberland ________ Fayetteville. ________________ Mrs. Stevens.
July 20 Cumberland _ ______ Rae~ord _______________ ______ Misses Scott and Reinhardt.
Jan. 19 Currituck _________ Currituck Courthouse _ __ ___ Mrs. Hutt.
July 25 Davidson __________ Enterprise __ ________________ Mrs. Stevens.
July 26 Davidson _________ Wallburg ___________________ Mrs. Stevens.
Aug. 3 Davidson __________ Linwood _____ __ ________ _____ Miss M. L. J amison.
Aug. 4 Davidson _____ _____ Thomasville __________ _______ Miss M. L. Jamison.
Aug. Davidson ____ ______ Reeds _________ _____ _____ __ __ Misses Scott and Jamison.
Aug. 13 Davidson ______ ____ Denton.-------- -- --------- -- Misses Scott and Jamison.
Jan. 13 Duplin _ ___________ CalypsO-------- - ------- -- --- Mrs. Hollo"·ell.
J an. 16 Duplin ____________ ·nose Hil'---------- -- -- -- ---- Mrs. Sue V. Hollowell.
July 15 Durham------ ------ County Home _________ ______ Mrs. Stevens.
Aug. 23 Edgecombe _________ Test Farm------------ ------- Mrs. Hollowell, Mrs. Hutt.
Aug. 24 Edgecombe _________ Speed _______________________ Mrs. Hollowell, Mrs. Hutt.
July 16 Forsyth _________ __ Kernersville.·--------- ------ - Mrs. Hutt, Miss M. L. J amison.
July r8 Forsyth ___ ________ Clemmons------- - ----- --- --- Mrs. Hutt, Miss M. L. J amison.
July 23 Forsyth __ _________ Winston-Salem ________ ____ __ Mrs. Stevens.
July 30 Forsyth _ ___ _______ Tobaccoville ________________ Mrs. Stevens.
Feb. Franklin ___________ Louisburg _________ ___ ______ Mrs. Stevens.
Feb. Franklin ___________ Franklinton ___ _____ ___ _____ Mrs. Stevens.
J an. 28 Gates __________ ____ Gatesville ____ ___ __ __________ Mrs. Hutt.
Jnly 23 Gaston-------- ----- Mount Holly ___ ______ _______ Miss L. H. Jamison.
Aug. 2 Gaston------- - ----- Cherryville ____ ______________ Miss L. H. J amison.
Aug. 2 Gaston ____ _________ Gastonia ___ ________ _________ Misses Scott and Reinhardt.
July 13 Granville __________ Oxford ________ ______________ Mrs. Stevens.
July 14 Granville _____ ______ Creedmoor _________________ Mrs. Stevens.
Jan. 18 Greene ____ ___ ___ ___ Snow Hil'------- --------- -- - Mrs. Hollowell.
July 15 Guilford ____________ McLeansburg ________ _______ Mrs. Hutt, Miss M. L. Jamison.
July 21 Guilford __________ __ Battleground ________ __ _____ Mrs. Stevens.
Aug. Guilford _____ ___ ___ J amestown ___ ________ ____ ___ Miss M. L. Jamison.
Aug. Guilford ______ ______ Pleasant Garden ___ ___ ___ ___ Miss M. L. Jamison.
Feb. Halifax ____________ Scotland Neck ______ ________ Mrs. Hutt.
Feb. Halifax ______ ______ Halif"'X------- -------------- - Mrs. Hutt.
Jan. 10 Harnett------- ----- Lillington------------- - · --- - Mrs. Stevens.
Oct. Harnett ______ __ ___ Rock Branch ______ __ _______ Mrs. Stevens.
Aug. Haywood __ ________ Dellwood---------- --- ------ - Mrs. Hutt, Mrs. Hollowell.
Aug. 10 Haywood _____ _____ Waynesville--- --- ----- --- - -- Mrs. Hutt, Mrs. Hollowell.
Jan. 27 Hertford ___________ Ahoskie ...... -- ---· -·------- Mrs. Hutt.
TrrE BuLLETIN. 23
WoMEN's INSTITUTES-Continued.
Date. County. Location. Lecturers Supplied by the State.
Jan. 29 Hertford __________ MurfreesborO---------------- Mrs. Hutt.
Jan. 13 Hyde _______________ Middletown ......•.......•.. Mrs. Hutt.
Jan. 14 Hyde . ..•....•.....• Fairficid ___________________ :_ Mrs. Hutt.
Jan. 15 Hyde ______________ Swan Quarter ..... .......... Mrs. Hutt. ..
July 21 Iredell ...•.. _ ..•.... Mooresville __________________ Mrs. Hutt and Miss M. L. Jamison.
July 26 IredelL ____________ Statesville ...... _______ .. __ .. Mrs. Hutt and Miss M. L. Jamison.
Aug. 8 Jackson __ _____ _____ Dillsboro.·------------------ Mrs. !Iutt and llfrs. Hollowell.
Jan. 10 Johnston ..•........ Smithfield _____________ ____ . Mrs. Sue V. Hollowell.
Aug. 25 Johnston ..•........ Price's Schoolhouse _________ Mrs. McKimmon.
Jan. 24 Jones .• ___ _________ Maysv!lle. _________ _______ ___ Mrs. Hollowell.
July 13 Lee .... _______ ______ Lee Courthouse. ____________ Mrs. Hollowell and Miss L. H. Jamison
Jan. 19 Lenoir--~-·--- - _____ Kinston ....... _._. ___ ---_. __ Mrs. Hollowell.
July 29 Lincoln .........•... Iron Station----------------- Miss L. H. Jamison.
Aug. Lincoln ..........•.. Lincolnton. _________________ Miss L. H. Jamison.
Aug. 5 Lincoln .. ........... Denver _____________________ Misses Scott and Reinhardt.
Aug. Macon ______________ Franklin _______________ ____ Mrs. Hutt, Mrs. Hollowell.
Aug. McDowelL. __ ______ Marion _____________________ Miss L. H. Jamison.
July 22 Mecklenburg. ______ De rita ··-----................ Miss M. L. Jamison, Mrs. Hutt.
July 23 Mecklenburg . ..•... Griffith----------- ----------- Miss M. L. Jamison, Mrs. Hutt.
July 25 Mecklenburg ..•.... Huntersv!lle _________________ Miss M. L. Jamison, Mrs. Hutt.
July 26 Mecklenburg. ______ Matthews ......... _______ .... Miss L. H. Jamison.
July 27 Mecklenburg ______ Oakdale ...•......... -- --- ... Miss L. H. Jamison.
July 28 Mecklenburg ....•.. Shopton ..................... Misses Scott and Reinhardt.
July 30 Mecklenburg .....•. Arlington ____________________ Misses Scott and Reinhardt.
Aug. Mecklenburg ....•.. Capps Schoolhouse ________ Misses Scott and Reinhardt.
Aug. MitchelL .......... Spruce Pines ..........•.•••. Miss L. H. Jamison.
Aug. MitchelL _____ _____ Bakersville __________________ Miss L. H. Jamison.
July 21 Montgomery ..•.•.• Star------------------- _____ . Misses Scott and Reinhardt.
~ July 23 Montgomery. ______ Troy •..•...... ____ .. _____ ... Misses Scott and Reinhardt.
July 14 Moore ________ ______ Cameron __ -------- _____ ---- - Mrs. Hollowell, Miss L. H. Jamison.
July 15 Moore ______________
Aberdeen •• -----------------· Mrs. Hollowell, Miss L. H. Jamison.
July 19 Moore ...•. . ------ -- Carthage ••.••.•• __ -----.---. Miss Scott, Miss Reinhardt.
July 22 Moore ______________ Elise ................... ------ Miss Scott, Miss Reinhardt.
Jan. 26 New Hanover _____ Castle Hayne _______________ Mrs. Stevens.
Jan. 31 Northampton ...... Rich Square ................. Mrs. Hutt.
Feb. 4 Northampton ...... Jackson ...... _____ .......... Mrs. Butt.
Jan. 20 Onslow-------------, Richlands ..... ________ ...... Mrs. Hollowell.
Jan. 22 Onslow ______ ...... J acksonv!lle ................. Mrs. Hollowell.
July 14 Orange----------- ;.- · Cedar Grove .. ______________ Mrs. Hutt, Miss M. L. Jamison.
. 24 THE BuLLETIN .
WoMEN's INSTITUTEs-Continued.
Date. County. Location. Lecturers Su pplied by the State.
Aug. 13 Orange_. ___ ___ _____ Ora nge Grove _________ __ ___ _ Mrs. Hut t , Miss M. L. J amiso u.
J an. 11 Pasquotank . . . ..... Eliza beth CitY---- - --- - -- - -- Mrs. Hut t .
July 16 Person ..... ..... . ... Roxboro ......... .. ..... . .... Mrs. Stevens.
Jan. 27 Pender ...... ....... Atkinson . . . _____ ___ __ _______ Mrs. Stevens.
J an. 28 Pender ...... .... . .. Burgaw ____ ______ ____ ______ Mrs. Stevens.
Jan. 10 Perquimans . .... •.. Hertford ....... . .... ..... .. . Mrs. Hutt. ,.
Aug. . 9 Randolph ... . . ..... Ramseur . ... ... ............. Miss Scott, Miss Reinhardt.
Aug. 10 Randolph .... ...... Randleman ............ .. .... Miss Scott, Miss Reinhardt.
Aug. 10 Randolph ... ....... Liberty ......... .... ......... Miss M. L. Jamison.
Aug. 11 Randolph ..... ..... Ashboro .............. . ...... Miss Scott, Miss Reinhardt.
Aug. 12 Randolph· .... ...... F armer ........ .............. Miss Scott, Miss Reinhardt.
July 16 Richmond .......... Hoffman ..... .... . ...... ___ Mrs. Hollowell, Miss L. H. Jamison.
July 18 Richmond .......... Rockingham ........... ·--- -- Mrs. Hollowell, Miss L. H. Jamison.
J an. 12 Robeson ............ P arkton ____ ____ ___________ __ Mrs. Stevens.
J a n. 13· Robeson ........ .... Rowland ....... ............. Mrs. Stevens.
Sept . 1&- Robeson ........ .. .. Philadelphus .... ....... . .... Miss Bates, Mrs. Stevens, Mrs. McKim-
17 man.
July 20 Rockingham ....... Lawsonville .. _____ __________ Mrs. Stevens.
July 22 Rockingham ....... Sylvania Schoolhouse ....... Mrs. Stevens.
July 20 R owan ...... .. ..... Mount Ulla ........ . ......... Mrs. Hut t, Miss M. L. Jamison.
July 27 Rowan .... ........ . Salisbury ....... .... . ........ Miss Scott, Miss Reinhardt.
Aug. Rowan .. ..... .. .... China Grove ___ _____________ Miss M. L. J amison.
Aug. Rutherford .... ..... Ellenboro .......... ... . . .... Miss L. H. J amison.
Aug. 4 Rutherford .... ..... Rutherfordton ...... .. .... .. Miss L. H. J amison.
Aug. 5 Rutherford ... .. .... Thermal City ____ ______ _____ Miss L. H. J amison .
J an 14 Sampson .... .... .. . Clinton ..... ............. ... . Mrs. Hollowell.
J an. 17 Sampson ........... Delway ......... .... ..... .... Mrs. Hollowell.
J a n. 14 Scotland .... ....... Laurinburg .... .. . ........... Mrs. Stevens.
July 25 Stanly ...... .... .... Norwood .... ...... .. ........ Miss Scott, Miss Reinhardt.
July 26 Stanly ..... ...... ... Albemarle ...... .... .. ....... Miss Scott, Miss Reinhardt.
July 27 Stokes .............. Danbury ........ .... .. ...... Mrs. Stevens.
July 28 Surry ......... .. .... Pilot Mountain .. .. ... . ...... Mrs. Stevens.
July 29 Surry ..... .......... Mount Airy ... ...... ........ Mrs. Stevens.
AUg. 4 Surry ............... Rocky Ford Schoolhouse ... Mrs. Stevens.
Aug. Swain .. ___________ Almond . .. .. .......... ...... Mrs. Hutt, Mrs. ~ollowell .
Aug. 4 Swain .... .......... Bryson City . . ............... Mrs. Hutt, Mrs. Hollowell.
J an. 22 TyrrelL .......... Columbia ... ...... . ......... Mrs. Hutt.
July 22 Union . ............. Marshville . .. ........ .. ...... Mrs. Hollowell, Miss L. H. J amison .
July 23 Union .. ____________ Waxhaw ................. . . .. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss L. H. Jamison.
July 25 Union ___ ___ _______ _ Monroe __ __________________ __ , Miss L. H. Jamison.
l
}
•
THE BuLLETIN.
WOMEN'S INSTITUTES-Continued.
Date. County. Lecturers Supplied by the State.
Feb. Vance .. ____________ Middleburg _____________ _ Mrs. Stevens.
F'eb. Vance __ ____________ Bear Pond Schoolhouse ..... Mrs. Stevens.
:Sept. 9 Wake ____ ___ ... Green LeveL . .. ____ .. Mrs. Stevens, Miss Batt>:-~ .
Feb. Warren _____ _______ _ Warrenton ___ ___ _________ " ___ Mrs. Stevens.
J an. 24 Washington .... . CreswelL ____ ___ ______ . . Mrs. Hutt.
.. Jan. 25 Washington . .. . Plymouth . . , . . ... . .. . Mrs. Hutt.
Aug.
• Tan. 11
Watauga __ _______ _ Boone------- ------- ------- --1 Mrs. Stevens.
Wayne _______ _______ Casey's Schoolhouse .... ... Mrs. Hollowell .
J an. 12 Wayne ______ _____ ___ Pinkney ___ ________ ________ __ Mrs. Hollowell.
Aug. Wilkes ...... ..... .. Wilkesboro .. ____________ ____ Mrs. Stevens.
Aug. Yadkin ____ __ .. ... . Yadkinville .... . .... ---- -~ -- Mrs. Stevens.
Aug. 10 Yancey __ _____ ___ ___ Bu'::'sville __ _________ __ ______
1
Miss L. H. J amisou.
•
26 TrrE BuLLETIN.
COUNTY AND LOCAL WO::IIE~'s ORGANIZ4TIONS.
The plan o£ organization o£ the women's institntes is the same as
for men. A Jive, interested wornnn is selected for chairman, and
she is given the assistance of the best committee that can be selected
for that purpose.
CHAIRMEN OF CoUNTY AND LocAL WoMEN's lNSTITUT;E CoMMITTEEs.
County. Chairman of Committee. Post-office.
Alamance __ ___________ Mrs. Robt. Scott.--- - --- --------- - ----------- - --- Haw River.
Alexander _________ ___ Mrs. J. T . Rowland __ _________ ______ ____ ____ __ ____ Taylorsvllle.
Alleghany ____ __ ______ Mrs. T. J. Carson·-------------------- - --- -- ---- -- Sparta.
Anson _ __ _____________ Mrs. J . G. Boylln ________ ________ __________ ___ ____ Wadesboro.
Ashe _____ ___ __ ___ ___ ____ Mrs. W. H. Garven.-------- --- -- -- -- -- -·- -- --- ---- Jefferson.
Bertie _________________ Mrs. E. L. Gatling ___ __ ____ ________ __ ____ ________ Windsor.
Bladen ________________ Mrs. Nlcle PowelL.---- --- ---- - ------ - ------------ Bladenboro . • Buncombe __ ______ _____ Mrs. R. S. Thrash------- -- --- ---- --- ----- ----- - --- Ashevllle.
Burke ______ ____ __ ____ Mrs. W. B. BerrY-- --------- - ------- - -- - ----- - - -- -- Morganton.
Burke ____ ____ ___ ______ Mrs. Henderson Berry (Hickory) ___ __ __ __ _________ Connelly Spring•.
Cabarrus- --- -- -------- Mrs. Missouri Brown _______ ____ ___ __ ___ ___ ___ __ __ Concord.
CaldwelL . . .... __ _____ Mrs. Amelia Coles------------- -- ---- -- --- -- --- ---- Lenoir.
Camden _ ____ _________ Mrs. E. I. Sawyer ----------- --- - -- -- --- ---- - ---- --
CaswelL ___ ___ _____ ___ Mrs. S. P. Newman ___________ _______ ___ ____ ______ Leasburg.
CaswelL __ ____ ________ Mrs. T. P. Womack (J:,ocust Hill) ___ __ __ ______ __ __ Yanceyville.
Catawba _________ ____ Mrs. R. 0. Ramseur. ------ ---- -- -- -- - - -- - --- -- ---- Hickory.
Catawba _____ _____ ___ Mrs. C. E . Snyre------- ------- --- -- - ---- --- ---- -- - Newton.
Chatham ___ __ _____ ____ Mrs. D. S. Webster . --- -- -- --- - ---- ----- - -- -- --- --- Si ler City, R. F. D. I.
Chatham __________ ___ Mrs. 0. M. Dorsett (Goldston) ___ ___ __ _____ __ _____ Goldston.
Chatham _ ____________ Mrs. C. E. Duncan (Liberty) __________ ____________ Liberty.
Chowan __ ____ __ ______ Mrs. D. G. Bond--------- --- --- - --- -- ----- -- - ----- Edenton.
Cleveland _________ __ __ Mrs. Frank Elam------- ·------- -- -------- -- - - - -- -- Cleveland Springs.
Cleveland ______ ____ ___ , Mrs. Sam Wallick (Casar)------ --- ----- -- --- -- ---- Casar.
Columbus ____ _______ __ Mrs. E. H. Miller.---------- --- - --- -- --- --- - ---- - -- Chadbourn.
Cumberland __ ____ ____ Mrs. J. H. Currie .. ---------- ---- -- - -- -- - --- - ----- - Fayetteville.
Cumberland. ________ __ Mrs. A. W. Mcintyre (Raeford) ___ ________ ________ Raeford.
Currituck _ __ , __ ______ Miss Nettle Dozier·- -- ----- - -- -- --- - ------- -- - --- - Coinjock.
Davidson ___ ___ ____ ___ Mrs. Aida Craver (R. F . D. 3 ) _____ _____ ____ ___ ___ Lexington.
Davidson _______ _____ _ Miss Carrie Beall (Enterprise) ___ ________ __ _____ ___ Linwood.
Davidson ____ _____ ___ Mrs. L. E. Byrd (Linwood)--- -- -- - -- - ·· · · -- -· -· ·· Thomasvllle ..
Duplin ......... . ... ... Mrs. Hettie Barbee (Calypso) ....... .... .. . . . .... . Calypso.
Duplin .... ............ Mrs. P. C. Fussell (Rose Hill) ....... . ... .. . .... .. . Rose Hill.
Durham _____ _________ Mrs. S.M. Smith, R. F . D. 4 . . ------- ---- -- ----- - - Durham.
TnE BuLLETIN. 27
CHAIRMEN OF CoUNTY AND LocAL WoMEN's INSTITUTE CoMMITTEEs-Continued,
County. Chairman of Committee. Post-office.
Forsyth ______________ Mrs. J . R. Snyder, R. F. D. 4 _______________ : ____ Winston-Salem.
Forsyth ______________ Mrs. M.S. Vogler (Tobaccoville) _____ _________ ____ Tobaccoville.
Franklin _____________ Mrs. W. J. Strickland (Louisburg)·------------- - -- Katesville.
Franklin ______________ Mrs. J. H. McGee (Franklinton) __ __________ ______ Franklinton.
Gaston---------------- Mrs. Martin Rudisville------ ------------------- --- Cherryville.
Granville _______ _______ Mrs. M. E. Eakes, R. F. D. 2--- ---- --- ----------- Oxford.
Granville-------------- Mrs. S. A. Fleming (Creedmoor) ________ _____ _____ Hester.
Guilford _______________ Mrs. Thomas Harden __________________________ __ Greensboro.
Guilford _________ ______ Mrs. J . R. Gordon (Jamestown) _________ ____ _____ Jamestown.
Guilford------ - -------- Mrs. W. H. Vickery (Pleasant Garden) _______ _____ Greensboro, R. F. D. I.
Halifax _____ __ ___ ______ Mrs. W. L. Wiggins--------- --- -~-- ------- -- -- ----- Littleton.
Harnett--------------- Mrs. S. H. Washburn-------- ---------------- - ----- Lillington.
Iredell _________________ Mrs. R. W. Orr------ ----- --------- ---- -- ----- ----- Statesville.
Jackson--------------- Mrs. E. G. McKee------ - ------- --- ---- -- ----- ----- Sylva.
Johnston ___ __ _________ Mrs. D. J. Wellon•------- - ------------------ ------ Smithfield . • Johnston ____ ____ ______ Mrs. R. H. Gower----------- - ------ - -------------- Clayton.
Lee-------------------- Mrs. J. H. HenlY------- -- ---- ----- ---- ------------ Sanford.
Lenoir _________________ Mrs. B. L. Elmore---------------- -- --------------- Kinston.
Lincoln---------------- Mrs. Chas. Lee Hoover- --------------------------- Lincolnton.
Lincoln _______ __ ______ Mrs. Mary Ward (Cidl-- --- ------ -- -- --- -------- -· Cid.
Lincoln ___ ___ __________ Mrs. W. E. Long _____ _________ ____ ___________ ____ Stanly.
McDowelL ____________ Mrs. J. C. Crawford------ ------------- ------- ----- Sugar Hill.
Martin ________________ Mrs. W. T. Taylor-------- - ----- --- ---------------- Robersonville.
Mecklenburg _____ _____ Mrs. H. Howland---------------------- - -- ---- -- -- Charlotte.
Mecklenburg __________ Mrs. J. A. Stevens (Matthews) ______ : ____ _________ Matthews.
Montgomery __________ Mrs. R. L. E. Mcintosh--------------------------- Martins' Mill.
Montgomery _________ Mrs. W. G. Carter (Carters Milll--- - -------------- Carters Mill.
Montgomery __________ Mrs. L. P. Byrd (Mount Gilead) ___ _________ ___ ___ Mount Gilead.
Moore _________ , _______ Mrs. H. F. SeawelL ____________ , __________ __ __ ___ Carthage.
OnsloW------------ - --- Mrs. J. E. Rhodes-------------------- - -- - --------- Richlands.
Orange ________________ Mrs. H. D. Woods---- ----------------------------- Cedar Grove .
PamlicO--------------- Mrs. G. T. Farnell ________________ ________________ Bayboro. •
Pasquotank----------- Mrs. R. N. Morgan-------------------------------- Elizabeth City.
Perquimans __________ Mrs. Carrie PerrY----- - ----- --- -------- - ---------- Belvidere.
Person---- ·------------ Mrs. N. B. Davis, R. F. D. 2------------------- -- Roxboro.
Randolph ____________ Mrs. M. J. Caviness----------------- - ----- --- ----- Ramseur.
Randolph _____________ Mrs. J. H. Kearns (Farmerl----------- -- ---------- Farmer.
Richmond _____________ Mrs. W. R. Coppedge----------------------------- Rockingham.
Robeson _______________ Mrs. W. C. Hamer--------------------- -------- ---- Maxton.
28 TrrE BuLLETIN.
CHAIRMEN OF CoUNTY AND LocAL W o~rnN's INSTITUTE CoWMITTEEs-Continued •
Cou nty. Chairman of Committee. Post-office.
Rockingham .. ______ __ Mrs. It. H. Johnston, R. F . D. 5--- ------ - ------ -- Reidsville.
· Rockingham _____ ___ __ Mrs. W. T. Southern (Stokesdale) . .. Stokesdale.
Rowan _________ _____ __ Miss Effie Cress (China Grove) __ _________ ________ _ Salisbury, R. F. D. 2.
Rutherford ____________ Mrs . H. S. Toms. __ __________ __________ c _________ _ Rutherfordton.
Sampson ____ ___ __ _____ Mrs. L. C. Daily _________ _____________ __ ___ _____ __ Ellenboro.
Scotland _______ ___ ____ Mrs. A. McNeiL _____ ____ ______________________ _ _
Laurinburg.
Stanly __ __________ __ ___ Mrs. M. E. Blaylock __ _______________ ____ _______ __ Norwood.
Stokes _____ __ _____ __ __ Mrs. J . W. NeaL ____ ___ __________________ ___ _____ Walnut Cove.
Surry _______ , _______ ___ Mrs. G. N. Vaughan _______ -------- -- -------- ---- Pilot Mountain.
Swain _________ ____ ____ Mrs. A. M. Fry ___________ __ , __
Tyrrell _____ ___ __ ______ Mrs. C. W. Swain __ ______ ____ __
Union .. __________ _____ Miss A. Broadway (Marshville) ________ _
Bryson City.
J erry.
Marshville.
Union . ... __ _ Miss E. Richardson (Waxhaw) ______ ______ __ ___ __ __ Waxhaw.
Vance ___ . __ Miss Nettie M. Allen ____ __ ___________________ __ __ Henderson.
Wa ke ____ _____ ____ _____ Mrs. W. G. Clements __ ___ ________________ _______ __ Morrisville.
Warren .. ___________ ___ Mrs. R. L. PinnelL ______________________ ________ __ Warrenton.
Washington ________ ___ Mrs. B. F . SpruilL ________________ , ____________ __ Creswell.
Wat auga __________ __ __ Mrs. B. J . CounciL ______ _____________ _
Wayne ____ __ _____ ______ Mrs. H. H. Overman (Eureka) .. _______ _
Way ne _______ __ __ ____ _ Miss Mary Pearson (Rosewood) _____ __ ___________ Wilkes---- ------- --- --- Miss Mat tie Ferguson _____ __ ______ __ ___ _
Boone.
Eureka.
Rosewood.
Boomer.
Yadkln______ __ __ __ ____ Mrs. Rose Shugart .. ___ __ ____ ___ ________ ___ .__ ____ Yadkinville.
•
TnE BuLLETIN. 29
DEMONSTRATION RAILWAY CARS.
DEMONSTRATION RAILWAY CARS.
For the past two years the State Department of Agriculture bas
been operating demonstration trains for institute work. ThesE'
trains have been generously furnished by the Seaboard Air Line and
Southern Railways. During the past summer fifty of these demon­stration
train institutes were held. The trains consisted of a pas­senger
coach fitted up with an oil stove, kitchen cabinet, sink, ice
box, together with cooking utensils of modern design, intended to
lighten women's work in the kitchen, and a baggage or express car
containing improved farm implements of various kinds. In the pas­senger
coach the women held their meetings, delivered lectures and
demonstrated the use of the various cooking utensils, served lunches,
etc. A competent person was in charge of the implement car to
give information and explain the workings of the various implements
in the car.
These implements were furnished by the following manufacturers
and dealers, to whom I advise interested persons to write. I con­sider
them perfectly reliable:
Bateman Manufacturing Company, Grenloch, N. J. Agricul-tural
Implements, Riding Cultivators, Garden Plows.
Raney Canning Company, Chapel Hill, N. C. Canning Outfit.
Home Canning Company, Hickory, N. C. Canning Outfit.
Standard Oil Company, Baltimore, J\1:d. Oil Stoves, Heaters a11d
Lamps.
Job P. Wyatt & Sons, Raleigh, N. C. Agricultural Implements,
Incubators, Brooders, Stalk Choppers, etc.
G. L. Vinson, Raleigh, N. C. Kitchen Sinks, etc.
Royall & Borden Company, Raleigh, N. C. Kitchen Cabinets, etc.
Western Implement Company, Port Washington, Wis. Ridmg
Plow Attachment.
Perfection Wheat Cleaner Company, Lexington, N. C. Seed
Wheat Cleaner.
J. K Goodman, Mt. ffila, N. C. Combined Stalk Chopper and
Land Roller.
W. A. Myatt, Raleigh, N. C. Corn -and Cotton Planters, Agri­tultural
Implements.
S. W. Brewer, Raleigh, N. C. Cream SE>parators, Mowers, Agri­cultural
Implements.
Wm. Campbell & Co., Detroit, :Mich. Fireless Cookers.
Manson-Campbell Company, Detroit, Mich. Fireless Cooker".
30 TrrE BuLLE'l'IN.
ORCHARD DEMONSTRATIONS.
During 1910 the work in Apple Spraying Demonstration bas been
conducted along the same lines as in 1908 and 1909. The orchards
in which the demonstrations have been given, with the dates on
which the public meetings were held, are gi,·en in the following table.
The three latter meetings, at !It. Airy and Taylorsville, were
Apple Packing Demonstrations instead of Spraying Demonstrations:
County. Address. Owner of Orchard. Date.
Alexander _ ___ ___ ___ Taylorsville. _________ _____ __ Dr. Henry Lewis Smith - - -- September 23 .
Buncombe ...•. .. . .. Black Mountain ___ ___ ______ _ A. V. and E . C. Wilson . . ... March 10.
Buncombe .......... Weaverville ____ _____ ____ _____ ------ - ---- -- -- --- --- -- - -- ---- March 12.
CaldwelL .. .. . . . . .• Adako----------- - ----- -- - --- J . T . Perkins--- -- - -- ·- ------ March 14.
Haywood .... . ...... Canton-------- --- -- - -------- M. L. West----- - --- -- -- - --- - March 18.
Henderson . ......... Maxwells Store __ __ _____ ____ R. A. McKillop __ ___ ____ _____ March 8.
IredelL----- -- -- ---- Jennings .• ----- - --- -- - -- -- -- J . T. Jennings. --- ------ - - --- March 11.
Jackson _____ _____ ___ Dillsboro ______ ____ ___ _______ H. R. Snyder .........•. ..... March 19.
MitchelL ... ........ Spruce Pine __ __ __ __ __ ___ __ __ H. T. Lawrence _____ ___ _____ March 16.
Rockingham . . ... ... Madison ________ __ ______ ____ Jas. V. Price __ _______ ______ March 5.
Rowan ....... .. . . . . . Salisbury _______ ___ __ _______ M. J. Bost _______ ___ ____ ____ March !.
Stanly •.. ........... Albemarle.------ -- ----- - ---- Dr. D.P. Whitley __ ____ __ __ March 3.
Surry ________ __ ____ Elkin.------- ----- - ---- -- ---- R. M. Chatham ..... .. . . .... March 9.
Surry ___ _____ __ ____ Mount Airy __ ________ ___ ___ Sparger Orchard Co .. . . ..... March 7.
Surry __ __ ____ _____ _ Mount AirY------- -- ---- -- -- Sparger Orchard Co .•....... Sept. 20.
Surry _________ ____ _ Mount Airy _______ ___ __ ____ Sparger Orchard Co ........ . Sept. 21.
Yancey ___ __ ___ __ __ _ Bald Creek ______ ___ ___ ___ __ C. L. McPeters _____ ____ _____ March 14.
As in previous years, this work bas been done by the co-operation
o£ the Di,·isions o£ Entomology and Horticulture, the DiYision o£
Horticulture doing the pruning and packing and the Division o£
Entomology doing the spraying.
TnE BuLLETIN. 31
LECTURES DELIVERED AT WOMEN'S INSTITUTES.
SANITATION. ~
MISS 111INNIE L. JA1USON.
What I shall say to you shall be in the nature of an appeal to you to co-operate
with every agency which has for its purpose the uplift of farm life and the better·
meut of farm homes. Amoug other things, I want to ca ll your attention to better
sanita ry habits in all of our homes, especially In t he homes of a great many
people-both white and colored-who are less fortunate th an you are. The work
of upliftiug this class should naturally fall upon us-the women of the State­because
we are the home-makers, and upon the home-makers rests the health of
the pt>ople. The eall is coming to us from every quarte•· for better sa nitation.
Miuisters are givi ng one Sumlay eaeh yenr to the subjcet at the request of the
State lloard of Health. Teachers a.re b'!ing made to feel their responsibility in
matters of hea lth as ue,·er before. Jn some of the couu tics of the State they are
now orga ni zi ng s:tnitation clubs. Newspaprrs and. magazines are crying out
agninst certain unsanitary conditions. Count~· boanls are co-operating with the
Stale Roan! of Health to enforce laws for brHer publi.c sanitation. All this is
good, but it is making only the outside of the pin tter clPnn. The root of the whole
mhtter r ests with us. Shall we heed the <"all and h<'gin at once to correct our
own mistakes and the mistakes of our neighbor, who docs 11ot know? The uegro
is in our mid~;t. Any help along the line of sanita ry habits gh·en to the negro
will react upon our own cllilJren. It is not strange that he is. ignorant, he
came from Africa only a short \\·Idle ago, all() with !lim rame some of the dis·
eases we are now fig hting. Nearly al l of our germ t!is!'ascs, especially consump·
tion and smallpox, he scatters bro:Hlcast because of his lnek of sanitary know!·
edge. We are the people to teach him. Shall we, like the priest anJ Lcvite, pass
by on the other side, or shall we d~ the work of the good Sarual'i tan?
DANGERS IN TilE HOME.
There is dust everywhere; on these dust particles are tiny plants, or bacterin­so
small that GOO,OOO,OOO can ocrupy the spare of a grain of sugnr, or mi ll ions
can float in a drop of water. There are two kinds-the useful and the d iseasP
gern1.
The useful bacteria aid us in giving flavor to butter and rlwese, in changing
cider to vinegar, in rhnng-ing the juice of a plant to in<lign. Th<•y nlsn enrich the
soi l and as scavengers th e.v purif.v the air we hr<'at he. They also spoil our food
unless we know tl1eir habits of life. For exanqdc: when we can our fruit and
vegetnulcs, we know that 11nless we ha,·c cYerything clean an,] kill nil of these
bacteria by heat nnd seal the jars air tight, onr fruit anJ \·cgPtnhlcs will fprmPnt.
\Ye know that two things nrc nccessnry-clcnnlincss aml sterilizntion. The home
of the useful baderia is in the soil. The disease germs mu ltip ly only in the
human body nnd tl1nt of some of the lower nniJnn l~ (with one or two exceptions).
They live unrler Ynrious collllitions-in dark rooms, etc., nnd tli<'Y may lJc dried
a!Hl blown about from place to pine!', unt dcanliness and sunshine ki lls them ni l.
The home-maker shoul<l know l1ow these agents of death g:lin ncrcss to the body
and what a fortress the body is ngaiu~t their nltack when properly care,] for.
Disease germs can not li,·e in open sun light ant! dry air-hence the nece-ssity for
flooding our homes, schoolhouses, anJ churches with sunshine and fresh air.
GERMS CARRIED DY DUST.
Scientists tell us thnt the germs of dipl1theria, pneumonia, cata rrh, scarlet
fever, measles and smallpox are found in the dust; but by far the most common
32 THE BuLLETIN:
of the dust-carried germs is the tubercle bacillus, or the germ of consumption.
This germ is found in the dust of a house where car eless consumptives liv~. It
is claimed by physicians that the germ may be taken into the system in childhood
and remain for years, and yet it may develop quickly, depending on conditions.
A healthy body is not a favorable growing place for the germ, but dark, ill ­ventilated
houses, bad or scanty food, dissipation and drinking weaken the bod~·
and give the germs a better chance to grow. Anything that lowers the vitality.
such as grippe, pneumonia, overwork and bookworm, gives the germs a better
chance in the fight-for fight it is-between the c,ells of the body and the germs.
Consumption is an indoor infection-is rarely if ever caught out of doors, where
the sunlight, which is the best di sinfectant, quickly kills germs. The real danger,
then, comes from ill-\·entil ated houses and workshops, which have been infected
by the sputum or spittle of careless consumptives.
The sputum or spit, therefore, is the chief source of the poison, and its man·
agement is the greatest problem in the prevention of consumption.
QERlii:S CARRIED BY FLIES.
lf a spittoon or cuspidor is used the flies will carry the germs on their hairy
legs into our food to infect us unless a disinfectant is used.
Ha.ndkerchiefs, left lying a round, are also a source of danger.
OTHER MODES OF SPREADING GERMS.
The common drinking cup is another means of spreading, not only consumption,
but colds, grippe, etc. ·
Germs of consumption are often found in the spray of saliva expelled by
coughing, sneezing and loud laughing.
Why should I be concerned about this matter? you may ask; none of my people
have it. Because consumption kills one person out of seven, or because, one out
of three, between the ages of fifteen and sixty, dies of it. But a better reason
still is that every noble man and woman wants to help suffering humanity. What
are the preventives?
PREVENTIVES.
Disinfect rooms or houses in which consumptives have lived.
Disinfect sputum ( 1 tablespoonful carbolic acid to 1 pint water) ; or use paper
cups and burn, or use old rags and burn immediately.
Use Nature's free disinfectants-suushine and fresh air-in abundance.
Sterilize all dishes. Boil and sun all dish towels.
Avoid the Drinking Cup and Towel in Common.-How to make a simple drink­ing
cup for s~hool chi ldren: Fold a square piece of paper diagonally; then fold
one corner back to the left, the other corner to the right; then turn down the two
top corners to the opposite sides. This makes a square cup.
Destroy all filth to keep down fli es.
Remove breeding places of flies, if possible.
To Keep Down Dust.-Sweep with dampened broom, wet in water in which has
been Flt a very little kerosene, or a broom covered with a bag. Wet the bag
slightly with kerosene or water and kerosene. Kerosene is cheap, and is a good
germicide. Burn the sweepings.
Dusting should be done with a damp cloth, or an oiled cloth, in order to bold
the particles of dust. If we can arouse the intelligent women of our State to the
necessity of correcting these habits, the percentage of tuberculosis will greatly
decrease in the course of a few years.
11ANGERS AROUND THE HOME, OR POLLUTION OF THE SOIL AROUNf) THE PREMISES
AND ITS RESULTS.
We have seen something of the results of the careless habits in the interior of
the home; now let ns see whnt are some of the dangers aronnd the homE'.
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33
Eighty-five per cent of the tt>nant class and the colored race use no privy, and
the dis('harge from the bowels and kidneys is left on the yards, to be carried by
the drainage into our wells and springs; to be scattered by chic·kens and hogs,
and to be carried into the house by flies. The most serious trouble ari;;ing from
no closet, or the unsanitary cl_9_set, is the spread of the germs of ty)!huid fever
~tnd the hookworn{~isease. ·
WHA'll IS TYPHOID FEYER?
The t yphoid bacillus attacks and causes ulceration of certain glands of the
small intestines, and the germs are to be "found, therefore, in the bowel discharge.
more abundantly than in any other excretions, although present in the discharge
from the kidneys.
COMMON\..AOENCIES OF TRANSFER.
The germs of typhoid are swallowed. They are carried from the sick to the
healthy, first, in drinking water, including milk infected from washing cans in
polluted water; second, by the commou house fly, and third, by personal contact.
How shall we pre\·ent further cases?
( 1 ) Cover all body discharges (immediately after passage) to prevent access
of flies.
(2) Disinfect the discharge as soon as possible with (a) freshly made milk of
lime (unslaked) or (b) five per cent solution of carbolic acid, and then bury.
( 3) Soak all clothes, bed linen, handkerchiefs, towels, in carbolic acid water
until they can be boiled.
( 4) A II remnants of food left in sick room mu~t be burned.
(5) Nurses should dip hands in disinfectant after hamlling patient. (Above
mles are given by State Board of Ilealth.)
(G) Sterilize all dishes, both in siekness and in health .
( 7) Destroy all filth to kt>t>p down flies.
( 8) Remove breeding places of flies, if possible.
(9) Use screens of mosquito nE>tting, if wire is out of the question.
The danger of the common houst> fly can not be overestimated. Dr. L. C.
Howard, Chief of the Burt>au of Entomology of the DPpnrtment of Agrirulture,
states that "there are no less than 2ii0.000 casE's of typhoid fpver in the United
States annually, re~ulting in 35,000 deaths, directly attributable to the pres­ence
attd deadly work of the common house fly." Ile says further that "this
fly of world-wide distribution is perhaps the most important iusect pest known
to man. As a direct pest it i8 a sourre of great annoyance, necE-ssitating with
the mosquito an estimated annual expenditure, in the United States alone, of
more than $10,000,000 for the · srrE>t>ning of habitations." ''The tly fee1ls on filth
and lives in filth, and is responsible for the spread of, not only typhoid fe,·er,
but many of the intestinal diseases of children. 'll1e efl'ect of its awful work
is set>n in some of our homes every dny, as tho'e we lo,·e are borne to their last
resting place. And these disPases are pre,·entnble." lf every woman and girl
would take this matter seriou~ly ami try to kill out the flies by removing their
breeding places, a dilferent story would be told in the course of the next few
years.
HOW TO RE~IOYE TIIEIR BREEDING PLACES.
l. Flies breed in stable manure. If stables are cleaned and the manure
stacked or put in a close uin and covered with a thin layer of dry earth, the flies
can not brE-ed in it.
2. Flies breed in human excreta. A sanitary privy will prevent breeding of
flies in human soil.
3. Flies breed in the garbage can. Have a large, close box in the back yard,
keep slop buckets in the box; hu ve a closely fitted lid and wash and sun both
the buckets and the box every day.
HOW TO BUILD A SANITARY CLOSET.
Anything short of a sewer systPm is a compromise with the ideal; but in
small villages and country places, we must make the most sanitary arrangement
3
34 THE BuLLETIN.
possible. The closet ~hould be on a slant below the house and well, where the
drainage will fall away from the house to prevent polluting the soil. If germs
are to be kept from spreading, it is absolutely necessary that the closet be closed
in to keep out flies, chickens and hogs. Probably the best and cheapest method
of doing this is the use of the wire screen in the back and over the seat. This
will give sunshine and a free current of air, and will prevent access of chickens
and flies. The pail system is a good one, and when one is removed a clean one
should be left in place of it. The pail should be removed from the front by
making the top of the seat on hinges, or from the back by making a swinging
door of wire. Dry earth should be packed around the other sides of the prh·y.
Lime, dry earth, or wood ashes should be used freely in the closet. Wood ashes
and dry earth are good because the lye helps to kill the germs and both prevent
the breeding of flies, in case the lid should be left open and they find access to
the stools.
No discharge from the closet should ever be used as fertilizer, but should be
hauled away and buried or burned.
If we can arouse the interest and enthusiasm of the women in this fight for
better sanitation, the improvement in health and prosperity will be so great
that we shall have just cause to be proud of the Old North State. Why should
the women of the State not take the lead in this matter of sanitation?
THE IMPORTANCE OF A PROPERLY SELECTED DIET FOR THE
YOUNG CHILD.
MRS. F. L. STEVENS.
"I am often led to the conclusion," said a prominent physician, "that one of
the most constant sources of infant mortality is the imbecile pride, so common
among parents of both high and low degree, in the capacity of their children to
eat anything on the table, just as they do themselves. In our every-day practice
we physicians meet with this as the cause of at least one-half the illness among
little children."
It is frequently the custom among parents to think that what is provided for
themselves in the way of food may be given without risk, to the child. The usual
haphazard method of feeding children is 'founded upon ignorance. These parents
do not understand that the food which an adult can receive and assimilate does
harm to the tender digestive organs of a young child.
Recently, at one of our women's institutes, I discovered a mother offering an
unripe apple to her baby, a pale, delicate mite of possibly two and one-half years.
I suggested that a child so young had trouble digesting raw fruit, even when
thoroughly ripe. Very cheerfully the mother took the apple away from the
baby, at the same time rewarding me with a bright smile and a word of appre­ciation
for my interest. When next my attention was directed to this little group
the baby was contentedly munching a pickle. Such carelessness and ignorance
at this period of a child's life is quickly followed by pernicious results. The great
need of the mothers of today iR a knowledge of the processes of digestion and the
necessity for the selection of ,foods that are suitable for infants and growing
children.
Following infancy comes the more difficult period of childhood, although not
usually considered so, when nutriment must be applied to repair the constant
waste caused by the active growth of the child. It frequently happens that a
plump, vigorous-looking baby develops into a thin, unhealthy-looking child. It
is at this time that a knowledge of the values of various foods and the amounts
necessary for various periods should be understood by mothers. No amount of
general knowledge will be of service, special ·study is required. .
Cereals are a necessary food for growing children as they are rich in the con­stituents
required for energy and for tissue-building, thus producing fine muscular
development. Starch being the predominant constituent of the cereals, the fact
(
THE BuLLETIN. 35
can not be too strongly emphasized that great care should be exercised in the
cooking of these cereals. An agate-ware or porcelain double boiler is almost a
necessity in the preparation of cereals for the nursery, since long cooking in·
creases digestibility. It is important to know what is accomplished in the cook·
ina of cereals. The purpose in long cooking is ·to secure a change in the starch
gr~nules which, when acted upon by heat, are partially changed into a very
easily digested substance called dextrine. An extremely high and prolonged tern·
perature is required for this change, . without which cereals are not nutritious, and
are li kely to cause digestive troubles. Starch foods imperfectly cooked undergo
ferm entation, therefore, for young children it is especially necessary that thor·
ough cooking be the rule. ·
The following cereals are suitable for young children: Granulated or crushed
wheat, which makes a good all-the·year·round food, possessing no fat and requir·
ing cream · to make it a perfect winter food; corn meal, a winter food, which
builds up strong tissues; cooked gluten; oat flour, from which delicious pudding
may be made; crushed barley, which, when properly cooked in milk or in water,
is an easily digested nursery food, and when used with gluten, half and half,
makes a highly nourishing nursery food. All these foods may be used as gruel,
porridge or in the form of simple desserts. White hominy, rice, barley, rye, and
wheat preparations are the most desirable, as they possess little or no fat. Oat·
meal is the usual cereal to begin with in the nursery, as it contains all the nee·
essary elements for growth. Since it contains fat, if the use of cereals is begun
in warm weather, wheat is preferable. All foods containing starch should not be
used at all during the first year, unless by medical advice, moreover they must be
used cautiously during the second year, when milk should still predominate as a
food.
The use of fresh bread and hot biscuits should be forbidden as a part of the
diet of growing children. Few people of the present day realize how many in·
testinal disorders are caused by fresh or under-baked bread or hot biscuits. Well·
made,. well-baked light bread or corn meal muffins are both wholesome and .nour­ishing
in the diet of the young child, but should be at least one day old, care
being taken to keep the bread in a perfectly dry, covered box, tin being better .than
wood. Whole wheat flour is vastly to be preferred to the whiter, le8s nutritious
flours, since it supplies some of the food elements in the child's diet received by
adults through other articles of food. Good light bread may be given to the
child of 12 months if sufficient number of teeth are present; good butter on the
bread may be allowed at 16 months. All cereals should be served preferably with
salt and cream; however, with active digestion and a. well-balanced dietary, a
little pure sugar may be allowed. . 1
.The first point to remember in the making of broth for the young child is that
good material must be u sed and that the meat must be treated in such a way
as to extract the juices. Cold, salted water should be used, and the meat should
be allowed to soak in the water for several hours before it is subjected to heat.
Even then it should only simmer. At the last it may be boiled for one or two
hours to dissolve the gelatin of the bones, but this is not necessary since a
chopped lean meat is more desirable. It is preferable, however, to have broth
made the day previous, as then every particle of fat can be removed. Fat plays
an important part in the nursery diet, but it is not to be served floating upon
pooi"ly·made soups. Lean beef, chicken, veal, and lamb make desirable broths.
Milk broth flavored with water from carefully prepared vegetables, or with vege­tables
that have been rubbed through a sieve, makes a delicious, wholesome food.
Spinach, onions, string beans, peas, and celery may be used in this way.
Meats to be served to young children should be selected with special care, and
should be prepared by boiling, broiling or roasting, always keeping in mind that
the object in cooking any meat is to keep in the juices. Hence, a ·very light degree
of heat is necessary in the beginlling to harden the outside layer of the meat and
retain the nutritive juices. Meats rully be included in the diet of the child after
the fourth year, given once a day at th(; midday meal.
The best meats for the nursery diet are b~ef steak, mutton chop, roast beef,
roast lamb, broiled chicken, and certain delicate fish, such as shad or bass.
Among the forbidden meats are ham, bacon, sausage, pork, liver, and all dried
or salted meats or salt fish.
36 TrrE BuLLETIN.
Eggs are a desirable substitute for meat at any time, and if properly cooked,
give corwPutrnted nutriment. For the nursery, the plain boiled egg is most whole­some.
E\'ery woman thinks she can boil an egg, no matter how unskilled she may
be in other lmuH.:hes of cooking; yet it is perhaps the lt>a ~t understood of all
procPRses. The usual mPthod is to drop an egg into boiling water, which is
allowed to continue boiling for two or three or four minutes, with the result
that the egg is almost raw, or the white is tough and leathery, with an uncooked
yellow, an altogether hal'(), tough, indigPstible article of food. Eggs used in the
diet of young t·hildren should be placed in a pan and suflieient water that has
come to a boil should he poured O\'er them. They are then set aside upon t he
back of tire stove from 8 to 12 minutes according to whether or not they are liked
eo ft.
The selection and use of fruit in the nursery diet demands careful consideration,
always keeping in mind that while the sugars and salts which fruits contain are
of great value, they must be wisely scleded aud used in moderation at all times.
The juices of fruit are as a rule perfectly wholesome and may be used sometimes
before solid fruits are gh·en. The seeds, pulp, and skin or cellular tissue are
usually the di~tmbing elements. 1
It is of first importance that fruits be fresh, ripe, and in good condition. The
juices of almo~t any fruits mny he used at two and one-hnlf years, either as a
driuk or in the form of desserts with starch foods mentioned in an earlier paper.
Chenies, grapes, raspberries, stra wherries, blackl>erries, pineapples, and similar
juicy fruits mny be prP.pared in the following manner and possess the advantage
of being·always ready for use: Extract the clear fruit juice and boil with a small
quantity of sugar, about one-fourth pound to a pint of juice. Boil fifteen min­utes,
stirring constantly, and skim as lung as the scum ri ses. Strain into bottles
or jars. The juice and pulp of a sweet ripe orange may be given to a hPalthy
child of 21,4 y('ars, but with this exception. only cooked fruits and fruit juices
are sa fely gh·en to a child until after the fifth year.
It is well to rememher that in feeding fruits aml fruit juices the best time to
give them is at breakfast or at cnrly dinner. Physicians sometimes advise a
baked apple for supper when a child is 14 to 15 months old, or for variety the
apple may be made into a simple sauce, never, however, having the sauce made
with much 'sugar. As a rule, a child who is delicate and has little appetite for
breakfast will rarely tur-n away from a juicy baked apple daintily served.
After a child is 211:! years old, stewed fruits should be freely used, especially
apples, plums, figs and peaches.
After :JV:! ~-ears, according to the child's power of digestion, the scraped pulp
of a juicy ripe apple, fresh ripe strawberries, taken in moderation and results
car('fully watched; dates and figs are sometimes u~eful and safe in the diet.
With all the other fruits, such as hnnanns, pears, peaches, grapes, it is best to
wait until after the fifth year, unless these fruits are given under the direct
supel"\'bion of the physi cian.
The principal trouhle in the di~restion of vegetables is <lue to imperfect cooking.
They form a valuable addition to the diet, after 3 years, since th<'y contain certain
inorgnnic salt~ extrPmely important in the rlevelopmcut of a healthy body. The
absence of these salts in the diet is larg('ly responsible for the developnwnt of
a eomrnon disease among- chil<lren known as "rickets." Often this disease is sup­posed
to be the cn11'e of poor n11trition, when in rpality it is the poor nutrition
that has c-aused rickets. JJe;;ides forming the tissues, these sa lts found in fr11its
and \"cgetnLles are important in forming teeth and bone. 'll1e farm housewife
knows that young chic·kens need mineral salts which she supplies in the form of
oyster shells, egg sl1 ell s, or lime, but frl'qn<'ntly she does not observe that her
children nrc poorly nouri shed and anemic for lack of this very same attention
to their diet. We are told that it is not until the end of the twelfth year that
the carti lage entering into the formation of bone has b!'come converted into true
bone tissue, whieh fact should show to mothers the importance of supplying
foods containing the required salts not only during the nursery period, but all
during the school period.
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TnE BuLLETIN. 37
Onions are valuable in the dietary of the child over 3 years of age, always
watl·hing for individual peculiarities in ability to digest this as well as other
foods. The French consider a cream soup of onion a great restorative in dige><tive
trouhle, and this is perhaps the hest form to serve onion in the nursery. Celery
cream soup or the stewed tender bits may be served safely to the child of 2llz
years. The tender raw tips are safely taken by the child over 6. Dried peas
soaked 24 hours and cooked very soft, then pressed through a sieve, are a whole·
some addition to the diet of a child from 3 to 4 years. Green peas, however,
young and tender, may be added to the diPtary of a child of 2llz yeal"s. Tomatoes
are not permitted in the dietary of the child until after the fifth year. Beets also
may be added to the Jist of vegetahles of the child of 5. Corn for the nursery
should always be served in the form of a cream soup, using only the tender inside
part. This, however, should not he sen·ed to a child under 3. The indige,tible
covering of the corn grain is the part that is irritating to the digestive organs
of the young child. The potato is a salt-giving starch vegetable. It is about
three-fourths water and the remAining qunrter is nearly all starch. The fact
that it takes 3llz hours to digest boiled potatoes and 2 hours for those that are
properly baked, will indicate what method is preferable for the nursery. Pota·
toes of medium size shoulu be baked from 30 to 45 minutes. When baked in this
way they may be given occasionally with dish gravy from meats, such as roast
beef, roast mutton, or broiled LPefstenks, or with salt and cream. Cream is much
to be preferred to Lutter as a dressing for baked potatoes. A very common mis·
take is to serve cream gravies with potatoes to children. These gravies are dif·
ficult to digest and should not form an important part of the meal. Among the
vegetables prohibited until after the tenth year are corn, cooked in the usual
_manner, lima beans, cabbage, collards, eggplant. Among the prohibited list of
raw vegetables are onions, curumbers, tomatoes, radishes, lettuce, celery.
:Many cau5es of disonlered digestion are entirely due to the lack of sufficient
water. A bahy should be offerPd water six · or seven times a day. For older
cbildrt-n it should be remembert-d thut water is needed according_ to the activity
and bodily temperature. The l!reater the activity, the greater the need of water.
We are told that a child weighing 40 pounds should drink at least 20 ounces
(1:14 pints) of water a day, and hot weather calls for more.
Frequently one meets mothers who say_: "l3ut I don't need any rules for feed·
ing my baby. · He eat'S everything and is quite well.'' Dr. L. Emmett Holt says
he has had quite a large experience with these children who "ate everything'' and
seemed to reli~h it, and has followed a number of them to their graves as the
ultimate result of such unreasonahle and inconsiderate practice.
St ill, I am convinct-d that many mothers would do Letter in this matter of
diet, not only for the little ones but for the grown-ups as well, if simple, reliable
fa !!t.~ were given them.
l •
Lo TilE BLOOD.
MRS. W. N. IIUTT.
Possibly there is no one part of the human body so often spoken of as is tlte
blood, nor is there any one part so little understood by the general public. We
hear "her blood is thin," or ''he is too full-hlooded," or "she had blood-poisoning,"
or ''there is bad blood between them," without ever realizing what it really means
any more than if we said the sky is blue.
When I say to the mothers "If you sleep with your windows open it will help
you to have good, red blood," how many pause to consider for a moment what
is the connection between blood nnd air?
The blood is a red, opaque, salty fluid. It composes about 7lh per cent of the
weight of the body; thus a grow man weighing 150 pounds has about 6 quarts
of blood that weighs about twelve pounds.
Just as the body is one, yet is composed of different s1.'1stances, flesh, bone,
38 THE BULLETIN.
blood, etc., so blood is made up of three things. The first is the liquid part called
plasma. This is a clear, pale yellow fluid.
Then, like fish moving in a river, are red objects. These are the red corpuscles
and they look something like tiny little pie pans thickened at the edges. Their
important work in life is to carry the oxygen to all parts of the body. If we are
looking for lessons there are two right here. One is that every one of God's
creations has its work to do; and second, that He sometimes entrusts His most
important work to the smallest and most inconspicuous workers.
White corpuscles form a third substance in the blood. These look like little
clear drops of apple jelly. The doctors were many hundreds of years in finding
their reason for existence. They thought they must be the dead red corpuscles.
Our Creator, however, knew, as . we could not, what was their use. We did not
yet realize that there was such an enemy to the human body as a germ. He knew
and made provision for it. Deep down within the hollow of the bones is a safe
birthplace for these white corpuscles. There they are protected, little affected
by the thousand ills or disturbances of the flesh. They emerge from their safe
abode ready for their own great life-work-that of defendiug the body from dis·
ease, and this is how they do it:
When a disease germ enters the body these white corpuscles, which do not con­fine
themselves at all to the plasma, but wander where they will through the
tissues of the body, approach the germ, and one of them attempts to surround
and digest it. Meanwhile the germ is growing and it is a question as to which
is the stronger, the corpuscle or the germ. If the germ be stronger and there
are enough of them, disease will take place; if the white corpuscle be stronger,
the body will never know how near it came to contagion.
From all this it will be seen that when we take medicine "for our blood" we
do not make more blood but increase the number of corpuscles in the amount"
which we already have.
What was said of an egg ought to be said of the blood. It is
"Nature's treasure house, wherein lies,
Locked by angels' alchemy,
Milk and hair and blood and bone."
There was a time, not many years past, when we thought that since there is
so much in the blood it would be an excellent thing for anremic persons to drink
it to become strong. That was, however, a mistake. As soon drink the whole
river to obtain the fish, or to expect the spoon which carries the food to the
mouth to be of nutritive value.
The story of how the blood travels the body and what it does is one of the
most interesting stories that could be read. It is sufficient to say here, however,
that every time the heart beats, and it does so about seventy times a minute, it
sends about half a tumbler full of blood out into the arteries through strong
elastic tubes. Think of how much is sent out into the body in twenty-four hours!
The heart is divided into two parts, each part of which is endowed with strong
muscles that relax and contract. One-half of the heart becomes relaxed and
filled with bright red blood. Suddenly the heart contracts and spurts this stream
of pure clean blood out into the arteries to be distributed to all parts of the
body. There it gives up to skin or bone or muscle or brain or liver its supply
of oxygen and food material and takes instead worn-out dead cells and poisons.
The blood that went bounding out bright red comes quietly back to the heart, a
dark, purplish stream. There the other side of the heart relaxes, receives it, con·
tracts and pumps it to the lungs where the oxygen of the air, purified by God's
free gift of sunshine, is exchanged for the poison of the blood, carbon dioxide.
Again the other side of the heart relaxes and the pure, health-giving blood fills
it to be once more sent forth. It is as if our grocer's cart came to us ever so
often filled with fine meat and bread and vegetables and went away laden with
garbage to be by some miracle again suddenly changed into more (resh, nourishing
provisions for the next day's supply. When a mother understands this she is
not going to say: "I don't want to put my baby out on· the porch to sleep; she
likes the dim, closed room better." She may like the dimness, but the closed
room is certainly not better for the little growing· body, and the eyes can be
easily shaded.
THE BuLLETIN. 39
The young woman who wishes a bright, clear complexion must have good, red
blood. The better to obtain that, she should take vigorous exercise to make the
heart send the blood coursing through her body, and great, deep breaths to put
plenty of oxygen in it. If she does this there will be an indirect good accom­plished,
that is, her lungs will contain so few unused air cells that tuberculosis
can not easily fasten its dreaded grip upon her.
In the blood is a substance that coagulates, as we all know, when it touches
the air. That is the body's method of checking bleeding. When a man has little
of this substance in the blood he is called a "9leeder" and sometimes loses large
quantities of blood from very simple wounds. The thing to do, then, when a
child comes in with a small cut, is to cleanse well the wound and let the blood
form a hard surface and check its. own flow. Above all things, do not use cob­webs
or soot. They have clinging to them hundreds of germs, many of which
may be harmful. These might be taken into the blood from the open wound, to
appear again, perhaps weeks later, in the form of some unexpected disease.
Malaria is a blood disease in that its evil effects are because of the destruction
of the red corpuscles. Diphtheria owes a large proportion of its victories not
to suffocation, but to the toxins which are produced by the germs and carried
to the heart, kidneys or nervous system. Anti-toxin does not kill the germs, it
destroys the poison and gives the defenders of the body time to work.
Pneumonia seldom kills by the air sacks of the lungs becoming so filled that
the patient can not breathe; nearly always it is because the heart is overburdened
by the toxins that have been carried from the germ-laden lungs by the blood . .
Just as soon as boils appear many people will say: "Oh, my blood is out of
order." Pimples, boils, carbuncles, and erysipelas are essentially skin diseases
and caused by pus-forming bacteria lodging there. It is affected by the blood
only in that an impoverished condition of the blood means few white corpuscles
and other auxiliary substances to fight the germs.
Vaccination accomplishes its splwdid results by leaving in the blood a sub­stance
that will kill any stray smallpox germs that might gt;t into the body.
Hookworm, that disease whose ravages are felt in every county of North Caro­line,
is a blood, or rather, bloodless malady because the thousands of parasites
living on the blood of the victim so deplete the blood that a scanty supply is left.
Many more of our human ailments might be cited, but enough has been said to
convince you of the importance of keeping in the veins a good supply of rich
blood. The three main ways of accomplrshing this purpose are: Eat enough
good, well-prepared food, protect the body from too sudden changes of tempera­ture,
and at all times breathe in plenty of fresh air-fill the lungs with it--take
deep breaths of it and at night let its cooling breezes blow where they will
through the sleeping chamber . . There is a saying that blood is thicker than water,
and it certainly is, for it not only binds relative to relative, but it adds childhood
on to the years of babyhood, womanhood to girlhood, and to womanhood an old
age ripe with the memory of a well-rounded life.
HINTS ON BREADS AND BREAD-MAKING.
MISS LILLIE H. JAMISON.
QUICK BREAD~.
In the making of breads I shall include the quick breads, built from the
popover foundation, as well as the yeast breads.
Bread is almost, yet not a perfect, food, as it is too low in proteid for the
amount of carbo-hydrate, and it is almost lacking in fat. A normal appetite
calls for butter to supply this deficiency.
To make breads wholesome and at the same time palatable, the starch must be
thoroughly cooked (we have no digestion for raw starch) and we must avoid a
heavy paste, because the digestive ferments can not break up a heavy mass and
change it into the different stages of .sugars. We use various methods for doing
40 THE BuLLETIN.
this. First, the popover, the thinnest of all the batters, is made light by steam
and by the expansion of air; second, the muflin and waflle, heavier batters, are
made light by intorporating air in the well-beaten egg, and also by baking powder
or soda and sour milk. The last two generate a gas. Soft biscuit, a dough
still heavier than the batters, is made light by baking powder or by soda and
sour mill<. The beaten biscuit has air foltlrd in it by the beating. Yeast makes
breads light by a gas generated by the growing of the yeast plant.
The Popo·ver is made by beating the . eggs together, to this add milk and salt,
pour slowly over the flour until well mixed. This thin batter, called a pour
batter, is put into hot, greased popover .irons or pans and baked in a quick, but
not too hot, oven. The hot pan begins the baking of the crust or shell, and as it
continues to harden by the heat, the air beaten into the popover expands and the
great amount of liquid is converted into steam and swells and pops over the crust
in trying to escape. It must be baked until light and dry, or it will fall.
1'he Waffle is a heavier batter and needs not only the air beaten into the eggs,
but it requires the baking powder in addition. In all quick batters where baking
powder and well-beaten whites are used, the whites of eggs mu:;t be simply folded
in at the last, that you may not break the bubbles of air and gas. WaJlles should
be served crisp and hot from the iron and never pi led up together.
The Muffin is praetically the same batter as the waffie but baked in a different
way. Muffins should be baked in an oven not too hot, or they will run to a peak
in rising. The mutrm should have the perfect ring or crack half way between the
center and the edge, and should be perfectly browned and very light.
Soft Buttermilk Biscuit-Three things are necessary in successfully making
soft biscuit (provided, of course, you have good material and proper propor­tions).
The first is a very soft dough; second, it must be quickly handled
(knead only enough to get in shape), and the third, a quick oven. If you will
roll and cut your biscuit, they seem lighter. If you bake them too quickly, they
wi II be rough on the top and not well sha petl; they wi II rise very high; the crumb
will be whiter but not as sweet. If you lil~e a thin rather than thick biscuit,
let tbem slightly touch in the pan. To my way of thinking, the real Southern
biscuit is the most wholesome of all the biscuits. Th<'y should be rolled about
. one-half inch in thickness and should slightly touch in the pan. Bake in the
lower part of the oven until smooth on the top, then put on ruck to brown ubo\'e.
You will have a biscuit thoroughly browned on both sides and with very little
crumb. Biscuit baked in this way will be soft, thoroughly baked, yet not dried
out, and very easily digested. A thick biscuit hns too much crumb to be eaten
hot. It forms a paste which can not be permeated by the digestive ferments .
The brown crust is very digestible, in fact it is partly digested.
The Soft Baking Pou;der Biscuit is mixed and baked in the same way as the
soft buttermilk biscuit. It lacks a certain richness and softness you find in the
buttermilk biscuit. This is due to tbe action of the phosphate (a slight trace in
nearly all baking powders) on the gluten in the flour.
Kneaded Baking Powder Biscucit-in the making of biscuit and bread of all
kinds, if you wish a soft, flu try bread, make a soft dough anti do not knead; if
you want a fine, even·grainetl bread, make a stiff dough and knead thoroughly. '
Many people prefer the smooth and close·grainetl baking powder biscuit. We use
about the· same proportions for all biscuit, except the milk. In the biscuit use
less milk and knead the dough until smooth. Roll, cut, and prick with a fork.
Bake as soft biscuit . •
Kneaded Butterrnillc Biscuit-Use less milk than for the soft buttermilk bis­cuit
and make in the same way as the kneaded baking powtler biscuit. One word
of caution about kneaded biscuit doughs: After you begin the kneading do
not leave it until you have made out your biscuit. lf you work your dough for
a while, leave it and then go back to it, you will altcays hace a tough dough.
When you roll it out it draws back anti in cooking language we say it is "tired."
This does not hold true in yeast doughs.
Beaten Biscuit-The old-fashioned beaten biscuit was beaten or pounded, but to
save time, very good biscuits can be made by putting dough through a meat
chopper. The break makes the ideal bfscuit. A perfect beaten biscuit should
be well Lrowned on both sides, snow-white in the center, and have a crack around
THE BuLLETIN. 41
the side. Leave the oven door shut for five minutes when first put in the oven
to Jet the biscuit rise and crack around the edge. Beaten biscuit should not touch
in the pan.
YEAST BREADS.
Yeast is a microscopic plant, yet in a higher class than bacteria. It is a plant
consisting of a single cell. For growth it requires food, moisture, warmth, and
air. The flour furnishes the food. Some of the starch in the flour is changed
into a sugar by au enzymn. The ye~st in growing changes this sugar into alcohol
and a gas ( C02 ). This gas in trying to escape makes the bubbles or pores in
the dough. In the process of baking tiw alcohol and gas are both driven off.
The compressed yeast is about the best on the market, although it is not so
com·enient for country people. If you are near enough to a town to get it once
a week or once in two weeks, it would save a great deal of trouble and cost as
little as the liquid or dry yeast. lt can be kPpt under water for a long time,
two weeks or longer. Remove the tinfoil, put in a jar, cover with fresh water
and keep in a cool place. The same rule for soft and stiff doughs is true also in
the ~' Past breads. For a very soft, fluffy roll, make a very soft dough and handle
as little as possible. If you would make yeast bread in a short time, increase
the quantity of yeast and also make a very soft dough. In using a small quantity
of yeast you have to wait for those plants to grow and make roore plants and
run the risk of bacterin getting in the dough and spoiling the flavor, but if in
the beginning you add enough plants to make the whole quantity light, you will
find that you will have a very palatable, sweet bread, without the yeasty taste
so often in yea~t breads. You will get a purer culture by doing this, as the
compnnies who sP.nd out the yeast are better prepared to grow a pure . culture
and know more about yeasts than we do.
Quick Rolls-In making the very soft rolls you can not shape them, as they
will spre~d over the pan, but make two or three small rolls and put in a muffin
ring and you will not only have a pretty roll but also a wholesome one, as it has
crust on all sides. Do not Jet the dough get too warm. If set in warm water
to rise you should be able to hold your hand in it, or if in the warming oven it
must not be too warm to place the hand on it.
Pocket-book Rolls must be made rather stiff, as it requires a stiff dough to
keep them in shape while rising. This is a very wholesome roll. It has crust
on all sides and should be baked to a rich brown. The packed roll, which has
very little crust and is nearly all crumb, is very indigestible. Avoid them while
hot.
Plain Bread-The loaf bread can be made with or without lard as you like. It
rises more quickly without, and many people prefer it. When the loaf is light
and rPndy to put in the oven, bruRh O\'er the top either with melted butter or
with milk; this makes a ri ch-brown cru~t. Cut across the top about thrE>e gashei!­and
it will be a bf'tter ~hap e. This will prevent the loaf cracking on the sides.
Bake in an increasing hea t until brown, then bake more slowly. A loaf that is
baked too quickly will not be as sweet. The well-baked loaf has a yellowish
crumb and is very sweet.
RECIPES.
Popovers-2 cups flour, 2 cups milk, 3 eggs, 1 teaspoonful salt. Mixing: Beat
the eggs without separating, add milk and salt, pour slowly over the flour, stir­ring
all the time; strain, pour in hot popover pans and bake in a moderate oven
until light and dry. ·
Muflins-2 cups flour, 1 1-3 cups milk, I tablespoonful lard or butter, 3 eggs,
I teaspoonful salt, 2 teaspoonfuls baking powder. Mixing: Beat the yelks until
thick and light in color, add milk, flour and salt, melted butter or lard, then
carefully mix in the baking powder and fold in the well-beaten whites. Bake in
a. moc]prate oven to a golden brown.
Waf/lcs-2 cups flour, I 1-3 cups milk (more if necessary), I egg, I tablespoonful
melted butter, 2 teaspoonfuls baking powcler, I teaspoonful salt. Mixing: Same
as muffins. Bake on a hot, greasPd waffle iron. Serve at once.
Soft Buttermilk Biscuit-2 cups flour, one-half to three-fourths cup buttermilk,
one-half level teaspoonful soda, I teaspoonful baking powder (scant), I teaspoon-
42 THE BuLLETIN.
ful salt, 1 tablespoonful la rd. Mixing: Sift flour, baking powder, soda, and salt
together, rub in t he lard with the tips of t he fingers, then add nearly all the
milk at once and stir with a spoon just enough to mix. When mixed, turn out
on board and knead only enough to get it in shape. Roll, cut, and bake in a
qui ck oven.
Soft Baking Powder Biscuit-2 cups flour, one-half to three-fourths cup milk,
1 t ablespoonful lard, Ph t easpoonf uls baking powder, 1 t easpoonful salt. Mix­ing:
Same as soft buttermilk biscuit.
Kneaded ButtenniUc Biscuit-2 cups flou r, one-half cup buttermilk or enough
to make a finn dough, 1 tablespoonful lard, one-half level teaspoonful soda, 1 t ea­spoonful
salt. Mixing: Make as other biscuit, knead until smooth, prick with
a fork and bake as soft biscuit.
Kneaded Baking Powder Biscuit-2 cups flour, one-half cup milk or enough to
make a firm dough, 1 tablespoonful lard, Ph teaspoonfuls baking powder , 1 tea­spoonful
salt. Mixing: Same as kneaded buttermilk biscuit.
Beaten Biscuit-2 cups flour, one-half cup ice water and milk, or enough to
make a veTy stiff dough, 1 tablespoonful lard, 1 teaspoonful salt. Mixing: Make
a very stiff dough, knead until smoqth, then beat until white and full of air bub­bles.
Roll, cut with a very small cutter, prick with fork and put in pan. They
should not touch. Bake in a hot oven until well done.
Quick Rolls-2 cups flour, three-fourths cup milk, 1 yeast cake or one-fourth
cup of liquid yeast, 1 teaspoonful sugar, 1 teaspoonful salt, 1 teaspoonful butter.
Mixing: To the lukewarm milk add the dissolved yeast, sugar, salt, and butter;
when well mixed add the flour. Beat just enough to mix, set in a warm place to
rise; when light make out in rolls, brush with melted butter and put in muffin
rings. Let rise the second time and bake quickly, as they rise so rapidly they
will soon be too light and coarse-grained.
Pocket-boolc Rolls-2 cups flour, one-half cup milk or more, or one-fourth cup
yeast, 1 tablespoonful lard, 1 tablespoonful sugar, one-fourth to one-half yeast
.cake, 1 teaspoonful sa lt. Mixing: Scald the milk, when lukewarm add dissolved
yeast and sugar; beat in enough flour to make a drop batter, set in a warm place
to rise; when light add salt, lard and enough flour to make a firm dough; knead
thoroughly, set to rise; when light pinch off in rolls without breaking the bub·
bles; roll or press down the center of the roll, brush with melted butter, put in
a greased pan some distance apart, set again to rise; :when ve1·y light, more than
double in size, bake in a moderate oven. Bake to a very rich brown. This dough
can be kneaded just before it is made into rolls and it will be finer-grained, and
the rolls will puff apart more, but it is not as wholesome as the first way. · You
can roll and cut with a biscuit cutter and fold, but they are not as pretty and
you break up some of the gas bubbles.
Plain Bread---1 quart flour, 1 cup milk or water, l tablespoonful sugar, 1 tea­spoonful
salt, one-half to one yeast cake or one-half cup yeast. Mixing : Make as
pocket-book rolls, when light mould and brush over the top with lard or melted
butter, let stand until double its size, make three cuts over the top, brush again
with butter and bake in a moderate oven. Bake in an increasing heat until
brown, then bake more slowly. t
Liquid Yeast-1 quart water, 3 large pot atoes, bunch of hops (tied in cloth),
one-fourth cup salt, one-half cup sugar, one-half cup old yeast. Mixing: Put t he
hops and potatoes in the water and boil until the potatoes can be mashed. To the
mashed potatoes add the water, sugar, salt, and when cool, the old yeast. Keep
in a cool place. It is ready for use as soon as it ferments well.
'fHE COUNTRY SCHOOLS.
EDNA REINHARDT.
We are hearing, nowadays, a great cry for reforms in the country schools.
Newspapers and educational journals devote columns to the discussion of school
work in rural districts. "Industrial training for country children"-agriculture
THE BuLLETIN. . 43
:for the boys and domestic science for the girls-is the cry that the education~!
leaders are sounding in the . ears of the country school-teachers. The land IS
wakina to the fa