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CHACTERISTICS OF
FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS
SUMMER 1994
Office of Analysis and Evaluation
Food aad Consumer Service
United States Department of Agriculture
C'l
Contract No.: 53-3198-3-038
MPR Reference No.: 8156-036
Do Not Reproduce Without
Permission from the Project
Officer and the Author
CHARACTERISTICS OF
FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS
SUMMER 1994
April 29,1996
Authors:
Suzanne Smolkin
Mike Stavrianos
Joe Burton
Submitted to:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Food and Consumer Service
3101 Park Center Drive
2nd Floor
Alexandria, VA 22302
Project Officer:
AlanaLandey
Submitted by:
Mathematica Policy Research, Inc.
600 Maryland Avenue, S.W.
Suite 550
Washington, DC 20024
Project Director:
Carole Trippe
This work was prepared as one task of a competitively awarded contract; the total amount of the
contract is $3,885,509.
X-
This report was prepared by Suzanne Smolkin, Mike Stavhanos and Joe Burton of Matfaematica Policy
Research, Inc. for the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food and Consumer Service, Office of Analysis
and Evaluation. Many individuals made important contributions to the report The authors thank Carole
Tnppe and John DiCarlo for providing guidance and reviewing the report, Daisy Ewell and Mark Brinkley
for providing programming support, and Micki Morris for preparing the manuscript The authors also
thank Jenny Genser of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food and Consumer Service for providing
guidance and program information.
This work was prepared as one task of a competitively awarded contract; the total amount of the contract
is $3,885,509.
Authors: Suzanne Smolkin, Mike Stavrianos and Joe Burton
MPR Project Director: Carole Trippe
MPR Project Number: 8156-036
FCS Project Officer Alana Landey
FCS Contract Number: 53-3198-3-038
April 1996
JP
CONTENTS
Chapter Page
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xv
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 AN OVERVIEW OF THE FOOD STAMP PROGRAM 3
PROGRAM ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS 3
The Household 3
Income Eligibility Standards 4
Assets 5
Nonfinancial Eligibility Standards S
APPLICATION PROCEDURES 6
BENEFIT COMPUTATION 7
FOOD STAMP ISSUANCE 7
PROGRAM CHANGES SINCE THE PREVIOUS FISCAL YEAR 8
FSP PARTICIPATION AND COSTS 9
3 CHARACTERISTICS OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS AND
PARTICIPANTS 13
THE POVERTY STATUS OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS 13
HOUSEHOLDS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS 15
Households With Children 15
Households With Elderly Persons 19
Households With Disabled Persons 19
Other Households Served by the FSP 20
CHARACTERISTICS OF FSP PARTICIPANTS 20
CHANGES IN THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS
AND INDIVIDUALS 21
4 CHARACTERISTICS OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS
CONTAINING ELDERLY PERSONS 25
DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS 25
Household Composition 25
Gender 27
Race 27
iii
CONTENTS (continued)
Page
Citizenship Status 27
Geographic Distribution 27
Trends in Participation 27
ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 29
Income 29
Countable Resources 29
Food Stamp Benefits 31
Comparison ofEconomic Characteristics of Elderly FSP
Households Across States 31
FSP ELIGIBILITY TESTS AND DEDUCTIONS 31
Eligibility Tests 31
Deductions 32
Comparison of Excess Shelter Expense Deductions
Across States 32
Impact on the FSP of Special Exemptions and Deductions
for Elderly Households 32
ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS FOR USE WITH APPENDICES 35
APPENDIX A: CROSSWALK AND DETAILED TABLES OF FOOD STAMP
HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS 41
Crosswalk 43
Detailed Tables of Food Stamp Household Characteristics 49
APPENDIX B: DETAILED TABLES OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS
CONTAINING ELDERLY PERSONS 85
APPENDIX C: DETAILED TABLES OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS
BY STATE 103
APPENDIXD: POVERTY INCOME GUIDELINES FOR 1994 115
APPENDIX E: FSP MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE GROSS AND NET MONTHLY
INCOME ELIGIBILITY STANDARDS IN SUMMER 1994 119
iv
CONTENTS (continued)
Page
APPENDIX F: VALUE OF STANDARD, MAXIMUM DEPENDENT- CARE,
AND EXCESS SHELTER EXPENSE DEDUCTIONS IN THE
CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES AND OUTLYING AREAS
IN SUMMER 1994 123
APPENDIX G: VALUE OF MAXIMUM FOOD STAMP BENEFIT IN THE
CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES AND OUTLYING AREAS
IN SUMMER 1994 127
APPENDIX H: SOURCE AND RELIABILITY OF ESTIMATES 131
APPENDIX I: SAMPLING ERROR OF ESTIMATES 139
APPENDIX J: DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT 149
APPENDIX K: PREVIOUS REPORTS IN THIS SERIES 155
TABLES
Text Tables Page
2.1 Major Economic Indicators, Calendar Years 1984-1994 11
3.1 Distribution of Households and Benefits by the Poverty Guideline,
Summer 1994 14
3.2 Effect of Food Stamp Benefits on the Poverty Status ofFood Stamp
Households, Summer 1994 16
3.3 Household Composition and Selected Characteristics of Participating
Households, Summer 1994 17
3.4 Average Values of Selected Characteristics by Household Composition
Summer 1994 18
3.5 Average Nominal and Real Values of Selected Characteristics, Summer 1993
and Summer 1994 22
4.1 Distribution of Participating Households, Persons, and Benefits by Age
of Oldest Household Member, 1994 26
4.2 Distribution of Participating Households by Age of Oldest Household
Member and Household Size, 1994 26
4.3 Distribution of Participants by Age, Gender and Citizenship Status, 1994 28
4.4 Average Gross and Net Income, Gross and Net Income as a Percentage of
Poverty Guideline, Countable Resources and Food Stamp Benefit by
Age of Oldest Household Member, 1994 30
4.5 Average Values of Deductions by Age of Oldest Household Member, 1994 33
4.6 Impact on the Food Stamp Program of Eliminating Special Exemptions and
Deductionsfor Elderly Households, 1994 33
Appendix A Tables
Summary Characteristics
A-1 Distribution of Participating Households, Persons, and Benefits by
Household Composition, Income Source, and Food Stamp Benefit Amount 51
vi
A-2 Average Gross and Net Income, Total Deduction, Countable Resources,
Food Stamp Benefit, Household Size, and Certification Period of
Participating Households by Household Composition, Income Source,
and Food Stamp Benefit Amount 52
Income, Poverty Status, and Resources
A-3 Distribution of Participating Households With Children, Elderly Persons,
and Elderly or Disabled Persons by Amount of Gross and Net Income,
Countable Resources, and Gross and Net Income as a Percentage of Poverty
Guideline 53
A-4 Distribution ofParticipating Households by Household Size, and Amount
of Gross and Net Income, Countable Resources, and Gross and Net Income
as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline 54
A-5 Average Gross and Net Income, Average Gross and Net Income as a
Percentage of Poverty Guideline, and Average Countable Resources of
Participating Households by Household Composition and Size 55
A-6 Distribution of Participating Households With Children, Elderly Persons,
and Elderly or Disabled Persons by Type of Income 56
A-7 Average Income, Total Deduction, Food Stamp Benefit, and Household Size
of Participating Households by Type of Income 57
A-8 Distribution of Participating Households With Children, Elderly Persons,
and Elderly or Disabled Persons by Earned and Unearned Income Amounts 58
FSP Deductions
A-9 Distribution of Participating Households by Type of Deduction and
Household Composition, Income Source, and Food Stamp Benefit Amount 60
A-10 Average Values of Deductions of Participating Households by Household
Composition, Income Source, and Food Stamp Benefit Amount 61
A-11 Distribution of Participating Households by Selected Household
Characteristics and Amount of Deduction 62
A-12 Average Total Deduction for Participating Households by Amount of
Gross Income and Household Size 63
vii
Food Stamp Benefit
A-13 Distribution of Participating Households by Selected Household
Characteristics and Food Stamp Benefit Amount, Food Stamp Benefit
as a Percentage ofthe Maximum Benefit, and Certification Period 64
A-14 Distribution of Participating Households by Income as a Percentage
of Poverty Guideline and Food Stamp Benefit as a Percentage ofthe Maximum 65
A-15 Average Food Stamp Benefit of Participating Households by Amount
of Gross Income and Household Size 66
A-16 Distribution of Participating Households by Type ofMost Recent
Action and Expedited Service 67
Household Composition
A-17 Distribution of Participating Households, Persons, and Benefits by
Household Composition 68
A-18 Average Gross and Net Income, Total Deduction, Countable Resources,
Food Stamp Benefit, Household Size, and Certification Period of
Participating Households by Household Composition 69
A-19 Distribution of Participating Households by Income Type and
Household Composition 70
A-20 Distribution of Participating Households With Children, Elderly Persons,
and Disabled Persons by Selected Characteristics 71
A-21 Average Values of Selected Characteristics for Participating Households
With Children, Elderly Persons, and Disabled Persons 72
A-22 Distribution of Participating Households With Earned Income and
Unearned Income by Selected Characteristics 73
A-23 Average Values of Selected Characteristics for Participating Households
With Earned and Unearned Income 74
A-24 Distribution ofParticipating Households With Selected Household
Characteristics by the Race and Citizenship of the Household Head and
the Presence ofa Household Member With Selected Employment Characteristics ... 75
A-25 Distribution of Participating Households by Presence of Children and Spouse 76
vui
A-26 Distribution of Participating Households by Household Size, Number of
Elderly Persons, Disabled Persons, Children, Preschool Age Children,
and School Age Children 77
Participants
A-27 Distribution of Participants by Sex, Age, and Race 78
A-28 Distribution of Participants by Thrifty Food Plan Sex-Age
Groups and Household Size 79
A-29 Distribution of Household Heads, All Participants, and Nonelderly
Adult Participants by Work Registration Status and Employment Status 80
A-30 Distribution of Participants by Age-Related Characteristics 81
Survey Comparisons: 1980 Through 1994
A-31 Comparison of Participating Households With Key Food Stamp Household
Characteristics for August 1980 to Summer 1994 82
A-3 2 Comparison of Average Nominal and Real Values of Key Food Stamp
Household Characteristics for August 1980 to Summer 1994 83
A-3 3 Comparison of Food Stamp Participants in Thousands by Gender and Age
for August 1980 to Summer 1994 84
Appendix B Tables
B-1 Distribution of Participating Households by Age of Oldest Household
Member, Household Composition, and Household Size, 1994 87
B-2 Distribution of Participants by Age, Gender, and Citizenship Status, 1994 88
B-3 Distribution of Participating Households by Age of Oldest Household
Member and by State, 1994 89
B-4 Average Gross and Net Income, Gross and Net Income as a Percentage of
Poverty Guideline, Countable Resources, and Food Stamp Benefit of
Participating Households by Age of Oldest Household Member, 1994 90
B-S Distribution of Participating Households by Age ofOldest Household
Member, Amount of Gross and Net Income, Countable Resources, and
Gross and Net Income as a Percentage ofthe Poverty Guideline, 1994 91
ix
B-6 Distribution of Participating Households by Age of Oldest Household
Member and Type of Income, 1994 92
B-7a Average Income, Total Deduction, Food Stamp Benefit, and Household
Size ofParticipating Households With Elderly Persons by Type of
Income, 1994 93
B-7b Average Income, Total Deduction, Food Stamp Benefit, and Household
Size ofParticipating Households With No Elderly Persons by Type
of Income, 1994 94
B-8 Distribution ofParticipating Households by Age of Oldest Household
Member, Food Stamp Benefit Amount, Food Stamp Benefit as a Percentage
ofthe Maximum Benefit, and Certification Period, 1994 95
B-9a Average Monthly Values of Selected Characteristics in Households
With Elderly Persons by State, 1994 96
B-9b Average Monthly Values of Selected Characteristics in Households
With No Elderly Persons by State, 1994 97
B-1 Oa Distribution ofParticipating Households With Elderly Persons by
Selected Income Sources and by State, 1994 98
B-1 Ob Distribution of Participating Households With No Elderly Persons
by Selected Income Sources and by State, 1994 99
B-11 Average Value of Deductions ofParticipating Households by Age
ofOldest Household Member, 1994 100
B-12a Average Value ofDeductions of Participating Households With
Elderly Persons by State, 1994 101
B-12b Average Value of Deductions of Households With No Elderly
Persons by State, 1994 102
Appendix C Tablet
C-l Distribution ofParticipating Households by State, 1994 105
C-2 Average Monthly Values of Selected Characteristics by State, 1994 106
C-3 Distribution ofParticipating Households Poverty Status and by State, 1994 107
C-4 Distribution of Participating Households by Shelter-Related Characteristics
and by State, 1994 108
C-5 Distribution of Participating Households by Selected Characteristics and by
State, 1994 109
C-6 Distribution ofParticipating Households by Selected Income Sources and
by State, 1994 110
C-7 Average Monthly Values of Selected Income Sources by State, 1994 Ill
C-8 Distribution of Entrant Households With and Without Expedited Service
by State, 1994 112
C-9 Distribution of Participating Households by Race/Ethnic Origin of
Household Head and by State, 1994 113
C-10 Distribution of Participants by Age and by State, 1994 114
Appendix D Table
D Poverty Income Guidelines for 1994 117
Appendix E Tables
E-l FSP Maximum Allowable Gross Monthly Income Eligibility Standards in
Summer 1994 121
E-2 FSP Maximum Allowable Net Monthly Income Eligibility Standards in
Summer 1994 122
Appendix F Table
F Value of Standard, Maximum Dependent-Care, and Excess Shelter
Expense Deductions in the Continental United States and Outlying
Areas in Summer 1994 125
Appendix G Table
G Value of Maximum Food Stamp Benefit in the Continental United States
and Outlying Areas in Summer 1994 129
Appendix H Tables
H-1 Comparison of Calculated and Reported Values for Selected Variables of
Participating Households, Summer 1994 136
H-2 Comparison of Calculated and Reported Values for Selected Variables of
Participating Households, Fiscal Year 1994 137
Appendix I Tables
I-1 Standard Errors of Estimated Numbers ofFood Stamp Households
(Thousands), Summer 1994 145
1-2 Design Effects (d) for Standard Errors of Estimated Numbers or Percentages
of Food Stamp Households, Summer 1994 146
1-3 Standard Errors of Estimated Means, Summer 1994 147
1-4 Range of Standard Errors ofMean Amounts Expressed as a Percentage of
the Mean Amount, Summer 1994 148
xu
FIGURES
Figure P»f«
2.1 Food Stamp Program Participants, Unemployed Persons, and Poor
Persons, 1984-1994 10
xiii
tiV ira MI
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Food Stamp Program (FSP) provides millions of Americans with the means to purchase food for
a nutritious diet. The FSP is the largest of the IS domestic food and nutrition assistance programs
administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food and Consumer Service (FCS). In an average
month in fiscal year 1994, the FSP served approximately 27.5 million persons. This report presents the
characteristics offood stamp households nationwide in summer (July and August) 1994 based on FSP
household data for those two months collected by FCS for quality control purposes.
FSP Participation and Costs
In each month ofsummer 1994, the FSP provided benefits to an average of 27.3 million persons living
in 11.0 million households across the United States. The total cost for the program over fiscal year
1994 was $24.5 billion, $22.7 billion ofwhich were for food stamp benefits. The average monthly food
stamp benefit per household in summer 1994 was $ 171. Compared with summer 1993, the level ofFSP
participation increased by less than 1 percent, and FSP benefit costs increased approximately 2 percent.
Characteristics of Food Stamp Households and Participants
In summer 1994, slightly over half of all food stamp participants were children, 42 percent were
nonelderly adults, and 7 percent were elderly persons. About 60 percent of the children were school
age, and over two-thirds of the adults were women.
Almost all (90 percent) of the food stamp households lived in poverty, according to the 1994 federal
government poverty guidelines issued by the Department of Health and Human Services (see appendix
E). Food stamp benefits were concentrated among poorer households: while the gross income of 41
percent of all food stamp households was less than or equal to half of the poverty guideline, they
received 57 percent of all benefits. If the value of food stamps is included as income, 7 percent of all
food stamp households moved above the poverty guideline as a result of receiving food stamps, and
24 percent moved from below to above half of the poverty guideline.
Ofall food stamp households, 83 percent contained either a child or an elderly or disabled person, and
these households received 89 percent of all benefits. Households with children received a relatively
large average monthly food stamp benefit ($219), reflecting their relatively large average household size
(3.3 persons, compared with 2.5 persons on average overall). Most ofthe food stamp households with
children were single-parent households, and the majority of these single-parent households received
support from Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). About 29 percent of food stamp
households with children had earned income; 22 percent of single-parent households and 51 percent
of multiple-adult households with children had earnings.
Almost three-quarters (74 percent) of food stamp households with an elderly member consisted of an
elderly person living alone. These individuals received an average benefit of $49. The average food
stamp benefit for all households containing an elderly person was $64, reflecting their smaller-than-average
household size.
xv
Characteristics of Food Stamp Households Containing an Elderly Member
In each report in this series, FCS includes a chapter highlighting the circumstances of a particular
subgroup ofthe FSP population ofinterest to policymakers. This year, the report examines households
with elderly members.
In an average month in fiscal year 1994, nearly one in six food stamp households contained elderly
persons (age 60 or over), a proportion that will likely increase as the U.S population ages. Elderly food
stamp households have substantially different demographic and economic characteristics than
households that contain no elderly persons. Recognizing these differences, the FSP offers elderly
households special income deductions and exemptions that address their unique needs.
Compared with other food stamp households, elderly households tend to contain few people; nearly
three-quarters of elderly households are single-person households. As a result, while 16 percent of all
FSP households contain elderly persons, only 7 percent of all FSP participants are elderly. Women
represent over 70 percent ofelderly FSP participants, and 80 percent of participants age 85 and over.
FSP participants are less likely than nonelderly participants to be minorities, and less likely to be native-born
U.S. citizens.
Elderly persons participate in the FSP at a substantially lower rate than nonelderly persons. Estimates
based on 1992 data reveal that only 33 percent of FSP eligible elderly persons participate, compared
with 77 percent of other eligible adults and 86 percent ofeligible children. Between 1985 and 1994,
the number of elderly FSP participants increased from 1.7 million to nearly 2.0 million. However!
because total participation grew at a higher rate, elderly persons now represent a smaller percentage of
the FSP participant population.
On average, elderly FSP households have slightly higher gross and net income than do nonelderly
households. Given that elderly households are also smaller in size, this translates into substantially
higher gross and net income as a percentage ofthe poverty guideline. Elderly households are much less
likely than nonelderly households to have earned income, but much more likely to have unearned
income. The bulk of elderly households' income comes from Social Security and SSI.
Due to their small size and high income, elderly households are often eligible for only a small food
stamp benefit; only 6 percent of all FSP benefits go to elderly households. Elderly households receive
an average benefit of $66, compared with $187 among nonelderly households, and 17 percent receive
only the minimum benefit of $10. The modest benefits for which most elderly households qualify may
help explain their low participation rate.
Elderly households receive preferential treatment under two ofthe Food Stamp Program's eligibility
tests. They are not subject to a test on gross income, and they are allowed to have higher countable
assets than nonelderly households. In addition, elderly households are allowed to deduct excessive
medical and shelter costs from their gross income when calculating net income and benefit level. Ifall
ofthese special provisions were eliminated, approximately 3 percent of elderly food stamp participants
would become ineligible for the program, and benefits paid to elderly households would decrease by
about 15 percent.
xvi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
The Food Stamp Program (FSP) is a central component ofAmerica's antipoverty program. The major
purpose of the FSP is "to permit low-income households to obtain a more nutritious diet ... by
increasing their purchasing power" (The Food Stamp Act of 1977, as amended, P.L. 95-113). The FSP
is the largest of the domestic food and nutrition assistance programs administered by th- U.S.
Department of Agriculture's Food and Consumer Service (FCS). During fiscal year 1994, the FSP
served approximately 27.5 million persons in an average month at a total annual cost of $24.5 billion.
The FSP is the only low-income assistance program that is made available nationwide to essentially all
financially needy households, imposing few nonfinancial categorical criteria. The FSP is also unique
in that it provides benefits in the form of coupons or electronic benefits. Food stamp benefits can be
redeemed for food in any of over 200,000 authorized stores across the Nation.
The Federal Government and State and local governments share the costs and administration of the
FSP. The U.S. Congress authorizes the FSP and appropriates necessary funds, while the U.S.
Department of Agriculture establishes FSP regulations pursuant to the Food Stamp Act of 1977 as
amended. FCS administers the FSP nationally, while State and local welfare agencies operate the
program locally. The Federal Government fully funds the benefits of the FSP. Administrative costs
are shared by the cooperating agencies, with FCS usually paying 50 percent ofthe costs.
Since food stamps are available to all persons who meet the income and resource standards set by
Congress, the FSP serves a broad spectrum of needy persons. Using FSP household data, which FCS
periodically collects for quality control review purposes, FCS produces a series of reports (see
appendix K for list of titles) that present food stamp household characteristics to enhance an
understanding of those served by the program. This report presents a picture of households and
individuals participating in the FSP in summer 1994.
Chapter 2 provides an overview of the FSP and the regulations used to determine eligibility and food
stamp benefits, as well as the factors that affect program participation and costs, such as legislative
changes and trends in the national economy. Chapter 3 describes the characteristics of individuals and
households participating in the FSP in summer 1994. Chapter 4 looks at the characteristics of food
stamp households containing elderly members in fiscal year 1994. The appendices include
supplemental tables, detailed tabulations ofhousehold characteristics for the Nation and by State, and
a brief description ofthe sample design and the sampling error associated with the estimates.
I mm lclSH
CHAPTER 2: AN OVERVIEW OF THE FOOD STAMP PROGRAM
The characteristics of food stamp households and the level of FSP participation change over time in
response to economic and demographic trends and to legislative changes in eligibility requirements.
This chapter begins by explaining FSP eligibility requirements, application procedures, benefit
computation, and food stamp issuance. The chapter then describes how the program changed from
summer (July and August) 1993 to summer 1994 and concludes with a summary of program
participation and costs and their relationship no the economy in fiscal year 1994.
PROGRAM ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS
The Food Stamp Act of 1977, as amended, establishes uniform national eligibility standards for the FSP
and defines the basic FSP unit, the "household." The eligibility criteria include gross and net income
limits, an asset limit, and various nonfinanciai criteria. Some exceptions to these uniform standards
exist for certain high-cost areas, such as Alaska and Hawaii, and for certain individuals such as elderly
persons (age 60 and over) and disabled persons. Below, we discuss the FSP's definition ofa household
and its eligibility criteria.
The Household
In general, individuals who live in a residential unit and purchase and prepare food together constitute
a household as defined in the FSP. The income and assets ofeach household member are aggregated
to determine eligibility and benefits. Individuals who live together in a residential unit but do not
purchase and prepare food together can apply as separate household units; thus, their income and assets
are considered separately in eligibility and benefit determinations, with some exceptions. Special
provisions allow elderly and disabled persons who cannot prepare and purchase food because of a
substantial disability to apply as a separate household as long as the gross monthly income of the
remainder oftheir residential unit is less than 165 percent of the official Federal Government poverty
guidelines.' Groups that were always considered one household in fiscal year 1994 regardless of their
food purchasing and preparation arrangements included married couples and parents living with their
minor children.2
'Federal Government poverty guidelines for many assistance programs are established annually by
the Secretary ofthe U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
2Prior to September 1994, childless individuals living with their nonelderly parents and childless
nonelderly siblings living together were also groups that were always considered one household. See
the section "Program Changes Since the Previous Fiscal Year."
Income Eligibility Standards
Monthly income is the most important determinant ofa household's FSP eligibility. The majority of
households that apply for food stamps must meet two income eligibility standards~a gross income
standard and a net income standard. As defined in the Food Stamp Act of 1977, as amended, gross
income includes most cash income (with the exception of specific types of income such as loans) and
excludes most noncash income, or in-kind benefits. The specific standards are identified below.
First, the gross monthly income ofall households without an elderly or disabled member mm, be at or
below 130 percent ofthe poverty guideline ($1,555 for a family of four in the contiguous United States
in fiscal year 1994). Households that contain elderly and disabled members are not subject to the gross
income test. Second, all households must meet a net income eligibility standard, defined as net monthly
income at or below 100 percent of the poverty guideline ($ 1,196 for a family of four in the contiguous
United States in fiscal year 1994). Net income is determined by subtracting deductions permitted under
the FSP from monthly gross income. Both the gross and net income eligibility standards are established
for various household sizes (appendix E). Households are exempt from these income tests, as well as
the asset test, if all members of a household receive Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)
income, State General Assistance (GA), or Supplemental Security Income (SSI).
The FSP deducts the following from a household's gross monthly income to arrive at the net monthly
income
Standard deduction. All households automatically receive a standard deduction, equal
to $131 in the contiguous United States and the District of Columbia in fiscal year 1994.
The standard deduction for outlying States and territories varies to reflect price
differences between these areas and the contiguous United States (appendix F). The
standard deduction amounts are adjusted annually to reflect changes in the cost of living.
Earned income deduction. Households with earnings receive an earned income
deduction equal to 20 percent of the combined earnings of household members.
Dependent-care deduction. Households with dependents receive a dependent-care
deduction for expenses involved in caring for children and other dependents while
household members work, seek employment, or go to school. The maximum dependent-care
deduction for households with dependents was $160 per dependent per month for
most of fiscal year 1994 (appendix F).4
'There is a distinction between a household's deduction entitlement and the amount actually used
to compute food stamp benefits. The entitlement is the deduction that a household would receive on
the basis of its earned income and dependent-care, shelter, and medical expenses if the total of these
allowable deductions was less than the household's gross income. Because net income cannot be less
than zero, households witi; total deductions greater than their gross incomes can only claim a portion
of their deduction entitlement.
'Effective September I, 1994 the dependent-care deduction was raised to $200 a month per
dependent under age 2 and $175 a month per dependent age 2 or more.
Medical deduction. A medical deduction is available only to households that contain
elderly or disabled members. These households can deduct all medical costs incurred by
the elderly or disabled person that exceed $35. Medical expenses reimbursed by
insurance or government programs are not deductible. Ifa household contains more than
one disabled or elderly person, then it can deduct the combined medical expenses for
those disabled or elderly persons that exceed each elderly or disabled person's initial $35
expense.
Excess shelter expense deduction. All households are entitled to an excess shelter
expense deduction equal to shelter costs (such as rent, mortgage payments, utility bills,
property taxes, and insurance) that exceed 50 percent of a household's countable income
after all other potential deductions are subtracted from gross income. This deduction is
subject to a limit except for households that contain elderly or disabled members, which
are entitled to subtract the full value of shelter costs that exceed 50 percent of their
adjusted income. The limit on the excess shelter expense deduction for households
without elderly or disabled members for October 1,1993 through June 30,1994 was $207
for the contiguous United States and the District ofColumbia. Effective July 1,1994, the
limit was raised to $231. The excess shelter expense deduction for outlying States and
territories varies to reflect price differences between these areas and the contiguous
United States (appendix F). The deduction limit is adjusted annually to reflect changes
in the cost of housing.
Assets
The second most important determinant ofFSP eligibility is a household's assets. Most households are
permitted up to $2,000 in countable assets; however, households that contain elderly persons are
allowed up to $3,000. Countable assets include cash, assets that can easily be converted into cash (such
as money in checking or savings accounts, savings certificates, stocks or bonds, and lump-sum
payments), and nonliquid resources. However, selected pieces of property such as family homes, tools
of a trade, or business property used to earn income are not counted. Assets also do not include any
vehicles used to produce income or to transport disabled persons. Vehicles not used for these purposes
are counted in trie following way: for the first vehicle arid any vehicles used to commute to work, any
fair market value exceeding $4,550 is counted; for all other vehicles, the higher ofeither any fair market
value in excess of $4,550 or any equity is counted.
Nonfinancial Eligibility Standards
While the FSP does not impose categorical eligibility standards, some specific nonfinancial restrictions
are placed on the participation ofaliens, students, strikers, and persons who are institutionalized. In
addition, able-bodied food stamp participants are required to register for work and accept suitable
employment. The following individuals are exempt from this work registration requirement:
• Persons younger than age 16 or older than age 59
• Persons who are physically or mentally disabled
• Caretakers ofdependent children younger than age 6 or of incapacitated adults
• Persons who work at least 30 hours per week
• Persons subject to the work requirements of the AFDC program
• Persons who receive unemployment insurance
• Persons ages 16 and 17 who are not household heads or who are attending school
• Persons in drug addiction or alcoholic treatment and rehabilitation programs
• Students enrolled in school at least half-time
Since April 1987, most work registrants have been required to participate in State Employment and
Training (E&T) programs, which provide work experience, educational programs, and job search
training. Not all work registrants are required to participate in E&T programs, however. For example,
States may exempt pregnant women and persons living in areas where E&T programs are not available.
APPLICATION PROCEDURES
To apply for food stamps, individuals are required to appear in person at their local food stamp offices.
However, elderly and disabled persons and persons who have transportation problems can be
interviewed by telephone or at their homes. All States must allow individuals to apply for food stamps
when they apply for AFDC. Individuals applying for SSI benefits can simultaneously apply for food
stamps.
The Food Stamp Act of 1977, as amended, requires that local offices process applications for food
stamps within 30 days after their receipt However, households without significant income or resources
can receive expedited food stamp eligibility verification and acquire food stamp benefits within 5
calendar days after they apply. Those eligible for expedited service include (1) homeless persons, (2)
migrant or seasonal farm workers with assets equal to or less than $100, (3) households with gross
income equal to or less than $150 and assets equal to or less than $100, and (4) households with shelter
costs that exceed their gross income and assets combined.
FSP participants are required to appear in person at their local food stamp offices periodically for
recertification. The certification period varies according to the likelihood of a change in a food stamp
household's financial circumstances. In summer 1994, a food stamp household was certified for food
stamps for an average of 10 months.
6
BENEFIT COMPUTATION
After a household is certified for food stamps, its monthly food stamp benefit is computed on the basis
of its net monthly income, the benefit reduction rate, and the maximum food stamp benefit for its
household size and location. The maximum benefit to which a household is entitled is based on the
June cost ofthe Thrifty Food Plan (TFP) for a family offour, adjusted for different household sizes and
geographic areas outside the contiguous United States. The cost of the TFP is based on an economical
and nutritious diet, adjusted for household size and composition. Maximum benefits are revised
annually to reflect changes in the cost ofthe foods included in the TFP. As specified in the Food Stamp
Act of 1977, as amended, the maximum benefit was 100 percent of the TFP through 1988, 100.65
percent in 1989,102.05 percent in 1990, and 103 percent in 1991, 1992 and 1994.5 Thus, in summer
1994, the maximum monthly benefit for a family of four in the contiguous U.S. was $375 (appendix
G).
The benefit reduction rate is the rate at which benefits are reduced for every additional dollar of net
income. The benefit reduction rate is 30 percent, reflecting the assumption that a household will spend
30 percent of its net income on food, and that the FSP will provide the difference between that amount
and the maximum benefit. Thus, benefits are reduced by 30 cents for every additional dollar of net
income.
A household's monthly food stamp benefit is computed by subtracting 30 percent ofits net income from
the maximum benefit. If a household has zero net income, it receives the maximum food stamp benefit.
All eligible one- and two-person households are guaranteed a minimum benefit of at least $10 per
month (except during the initial monih of participation). For new participants, benefts are prorated for
the first month.
FOOD STAMP ISSUANCE
Local and State food stamp offices use various systems to provide food stamp benefits to food stamp
participants. The following are the four main methods of issuance:
• ATP card system. An authorization to participate identification card (ATP card) is
mailed to the participant each month; the participant then exchanges the card for food
stamps at an authorized issuance office.
• Mail system. State and local offices mail the food stamps directly to the participant.
• Manual system. The FSP participant obtains food stamps directly from the food stamp
office.
sIn 1993 an additional amendment to the Act required that maximum benefit amounts in 1993 in the
contiguous U.S. remain constant at 1992 values despite a drop in the value ofthe TFP in June of 1992.
Electronic benefit transfer. The FSP participant receives a "debit" card, similar to a
bank card, which is used when making food purchases at authorized retail stores. The
household's monthly benefit is electronically transferred to a benefit account created
specifically for FSP benefits. When a purchase is made, the amount ofthe purchase is
debited electronically from the household's FSP account.
PROGRAM CHANGES SINCE THE PREVIOUS FISCAL YEAR
The Mickey Lelwid Childhood Hunger Relief Act, which was enacted on August 10,1993, impacted
the FSP in several ways in fiscal year 1994. The following provision ofthe Act was effective during
summer 1994, the reference period for this report:
• The shelter deduction cap was raised to $231 for the contiguous United States and the
District of Columbia on July 1,1994.
In addition, the following provisions of the Act went into effect in September 1994:
• An optional income deduction was established for child support payments made to
persons outside ofthe food stamp unit6
• Earnings of elementary or secondary students between the ages of 18 and 21 living with
their parents were excluded from income
• Earned income tax credits were excluded from countable resources for one year for
current FSP participants
• The entire amount ofvendor payments for transitional housing was excluded from the
income of homeless persons
• Income from General Assistance vendor payments for certain energy or utility expenses
were excluded from income
• Proration of benefits for households off of the FSP for less than one month was
eliminated
• The dependent care deduction and the E&T dependent care reimbursement were
increased to $200 for children under age 2 and $175 for all other children
• The Fair Market Value limit for vehicles was increased to $4,550 and vehicles needed to
carry fuel or water were excluded from countable resources
6Fourteen States implemented the optional deduction on September 1, 1994. The provision
became mandatory on October 1,1995.
Eligibility was extended to children living with their parents in drug or alcohol
rehabilitation centers
Certain households consisting of siblings living together or parents living with their adult
children were permitted to apply and receive benefits as separate households if they
purchase and prepare food separately
FSP recipients caught trading food stamps for drugs or firearms were disqualified from
the program
FSP PARTICIPATION AND COSTS
After declining steadily from 1983 to 1989, FSP participation increased substantially during the early
1990s. As illustrated in Figure 2.1, FSP participation increased by 13 percent between fiscal year 1990
and fiscal year 1991, and by 12 percent between fiscal year 1991 and fiscal year 1992. FSP
participation increased more slowly during the first half of fiscal year 1993, and then leveled off during
the second halfofthat year. The number of FSP participants in an average month in fiscal year 1993
was 6 percent greater than in fiscal year 1992.
The FSP served an average of 27.5 million people during fiscal year 1994, about 2 percent more than the
average number served during fiscal year 1993. Participation increased to a peak of 28.0 million in March
1994, and then decreased steadily to 27.1 million in September of 1994. Participation in the FSP continued
to decline into the beginning of fiscal year 1996, with 25.9 million persons participating in November
1995.
Over the past ten years, trends in FSP participation levels have been similar to trends in major economic
indicators (table 2.1). The increase in FSP participation beginning in 1989 and continuing into 1993 was
associated with the economic recession that began in 1990. Major economic indicators for most of this
period portray a downturn in the economy. As the economy improved during 1993 and 1994, FSP
participation leveled off and began declining. The number of persons living in poverty also declined from
1993 to 1994.
Since the average monthly number of participants was higher in 1994 than in 1993, and since the average
monthly benefit per person was also higher in 1994, total costs for fiscal year 1994, $24.5 billion, were
3.3 percent greater than FSP costs for fiscal year 1993. Total FSP costs included $22.7 billion for benefits,
$1.5 billion for State administrative costs, and $136 million for employment and training program costs.
Figure 2.1
Food Stamp Program Participant*, Unemployed Persons, ud Poor Persons
(1984-1994)
40
Millions
JO
Persons in poverty*
20 -
FSP participants b
10 -
Unemployed persons'
■7
T
91 92 93
Year
• Source Bureau of the Cenmt, Poverty in the United Stater 1995, Scries P60
b Average monthly value. Source: Food and Consumer Service, Fiscal Years 1984-1994 FSP Participation and I
c Averts* monthly value Source Economic Report of the President, February 1995, Table B-33
10
TaMe 2.1-M*|or Economic Indicators, Calendar Ycan 1984-1994
Calendar Years
Economic Indicator
1984 1983 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Real GDP Increase' 6.2 3.2 2.9 3.1 3.9 2.5 0.8 -1.2 2.6 2.9 4.0
2.3 1.4 2.0 1.0 0.9 -0.8 0.3 0.3 2.8 3.6 3.5
Unemployment Rale* 7.5 7.2 7.0 6.2 5.5 5.3 5.5 6.7 7.4 6.8 6.1
4.4
12.7
3.7
11.4
2.6
9.0
3.2
9.4
3.9
9.7
4.4
9.3
4.3
9.3
4.1
8.8
2.6
8.1
2.5
7.2
2.1
8.0
Persons Below 100 Percent of
Poverty Level
Number in Thousands . . . 33.700 33.064 32.370 32.546 31.878 31.487 33.585 35.708 36.880 39.265 38.059
Percentage of Total
14.4 14.0 13.6 13.4 13.1 12.8 13.5 14.2 14.5 15.1 14.5
'Percent change from preceding period, ~ ' 'e B-2.
•"Percent change in output per hour, business sector. Table B-48.
'All civilian workers, Table B-33.
'Change in implicit price deflator for Gross Domestic Product. Table B-3.
•Corporate Aaa bond yield. Table B-72.
Source for first five lines of data: Economic Report of the President. Washington, DC, February 1995.
Source for last two lines of data: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P60-185.
//
/A mm m
CHAPTER 3: CHARACTERISTICS OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS
ANDPARTICD7ANTS
The FSP serves the nutritional needs of a broad spectrum of low-income Americans.1 In each month
in summer 1994, the FSP provided benefits to an average of 27.3 million persons living in 11.0 million
households.2 Almost all food stamp households lived in poverty (according to the official Federal
Government poverty guidelines used for program eligibility in fiscal year 1994). The vast majority of
food stamp households contained either a child (under age 18), an elderly person (over age 59), or a
disabled person. The average food stamp household received a monthly food stamp benefit of$165,
had an average gross monthly income of$514 and an average net monthly income of $273, was entitled
to an average total deduction of $274 a month, and had an average household size of2.5 persons. This
chapter elaborates on the economic status of food stamp households and discusses the composition of
food stamp households, the characteristics offood stamp participants, and changes in the characteristics
of food stamp households between summer 1993 and summe- 1994.
THE POVERTY STATUS OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS3
The FSP provides benefits to households in need. As shown in table 3.1, the gross monthly income of
90 percent of food stamp households in summer 1994 was less than or equal to 100 percent of the
Federal Government poverty guidelines (appendix E). The gross monthly income ofapproximately
two-thirds of all food stamp households was less than or equal to 75 percent of the poverty guideline,
and the income of41 percent of all food stamp households was less than or equal to 50 percent of the
poverty guideline.
The FSP effectively targets benefits to the most needy households. That is, poorer households receive
larger food stamp benefits than do households with more income. As shown in table 3.1, while only
41 percent of all food stamp households had a gross monthly income below 51 percent ofthe poverty
guideline, they received 57 percent ofall benefits. In contrast, the households that had gross monthly
'The information discussed in this chapter and the estimates in appendix A are based on a sample
of 9,088 households that participated in the FSP in summer 1994. The sample was drawn from food
stamp households in the 50 States, the District ofColumbia, Guam, and the Virgin Islands. Households
in Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands were not included in the sample because Puerto Rico
has its own Nutritional Assistance Program which replaced the FSP there in July 1982, and the
Northern Mariana Islands participate in another block grant program instead ofthe FSP.
'Based on the sample, 27.6 million persons were served by the FSP in summer 1994 (as presented
in appendix A). This figure differs from the number of food stamp participants according to FCS
administrative records, 27.3 million persons, because the sample estimate is weighted by households
rather than by individuals (see appendix H).
'For more information on the economic status of food stamp households, see appendix tables A-3
through A-8.
13
Table 3.1-Dbtributioo of Households and Benefits by the Poverty
Guideline, Summer 1994
Percentage of:
Gross Income as a
Percentage of Poverty Guideline' All Households All Benefits
Total* 100.0 100.0
25% or leu 17.8
23.2
22 3
26-50 34.2
51-75 24.0 27.3
76-100 25.0 12.5
101-130 9.3 3.6
0.8 0 1
'Defined as the 1994 poverty thresholds published by the Department of Health and
Human Services (see appendix D).
kDue to rounding, the sum of individual categories may not match the table total.
Source: Summer 1994 Food Sump Quality Control sample.
14
income over the poverty guideline, which accounted for 10 percent of all food stamp households,
received only 4 percent ofall benefits.
To estimate the impact of food stamps on a household's purchasing power, we can add the dollar value
of the food stamps to household income and then examine the distribution of households by poverty
status.4 As shown in table 3.2, the combination of cash and food stamps—an alternative measure of
gross income that includes food stamp benefits—yields a significantly different distribution of food
stamp households by poverty status. Specifically, the alternative measure of income sufficiently
increased the income of food stamp households to move 7 percent ofthem above the poverty guideline.
Food stamp benefits had an even greater impact on the poorest households, moving 24 percent of food
stamp households above SO percent of the poverty guideline.
HOUSEHOLDS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS
While the FSP does not restrict eligibility for food stamps to certain individuals, it effectively serves
many households that contain persons with special needs-that is, children and elderly or disabled
persons.' In summer 1993,83 percent of all food stamp households contained either a child, an elderly
person, or a disabled person. These households received 89 percent of all food stamp benefits. This
section describes the characteristics of food stamp households containing children, elderly persons, or
disabled persons.
Households with Children
In summer 1994, the FSP served approximately 14 million children each month, representing over half
of all participants. Ofall food stamp households, 61 percent contained children (table 3.3). Compared
with other food stamp households, the ones that contained children received a relatively high average
food stamp benefit of $219 per month (table 3.4). This relatively high benefit value primarily reflects
the relatively large average size of food stamp households that contained children (3.3 persons).
Children who received food stamps in summer 1994 tended to live in households headed by single
parents and tended to receive AFDC benefits in addition to food stamp benefits. Of all food stamp
households with children, 68 percent were headed by a single parent, representing 41 percent ofall food
stamp households. Since the AFDC program serves predominantly single-parent families, a large
percentage (73 percent) of these single-parent food stamp households also received AFDC.
Approximately a fifth ofthe single-parent food stamp households had earnings.
*This comparison assumes that program participants value their food stamp benefits at face value.
'Elderly persons and disabled persons represent two distinct groups. Elderly persons are persons
age 60 years or older. Disabled persons are persons under age 60 who receive SSI.
15
Table 3.2-EfTect of Food Stamp Benefits on the Poverty Status of Food Stamp Households,
Summer 1994
Distribution of Households in
Relation to Poverty Guideline
Gross Income is s
Percentage of Poverty
Guideline'
Based on
Cash Only
Based on Cash
and Food Stamps
Change in
Percentage Points
Total*
50* or less
51-100
100%
41
49
10
100%
17
66
17
0
-34
17
7
"Defined as the 1994 poverty thresholds published by the Department of Health and Human Services (see appendix D).
'Due to rounding, the sum of individual categories may not add to 100 percent.
Source: Summer 1994 Food Stamp Quality Control sample.
16
BLANK
PAGE
Table 3J- Household Composition and Selected Characteristics of Participating Households, Summer 1994
Al Households Households With:
Households "Hn Number
(000)
Percent
Earned Income Social Security AFDC General Assistance SSI
Number
(000)
Percent Number
(000)
Percent Number
(000)
Percent Number
(000)
Percent Number
(000)
Percent
Ton* 11.022 100.0 2.324 100.0 2.009 100.0 4137 100 0 794 100.0 2.545 100.0
Single-Adult Household
Multiple-Adah Household ...
Other
Unknown _ _
6.706
4.537
1.844
318
8
60.8
41.2
16.7
2.9
0.1
1.970
991
936
43
84.7
42.6
40.3
1.8
479
263
203
12
23.8
13.1
10.1
0.6
4.161
3.327
799
28
7
98.2
78.5
18.9
0.7
0.2
84
43
35
6
10.5
5.4
4.4
as
781
496
282
3
30.7
19.5
11.1
0.1
Ehlerty
Living Alone —
Not Living Alone
1.757
1.304
453
15.9
11.8
4.1
65
19
46
2.8
0.8
10
1125
924
302
61.0
46.0
15.0
62
61
1.5
0.0
1.4
100
70
31
116
8.8
3.9
1.015
767
247
39.9
30.1
9.7
Disabled „
Living Alone _
Not Living Alone ..._
1.530
705
825
13.9
6.4
7.5
119
34
85
5.1
1.5
3.7
343
178
165
17.1
8.9
8.2
529
1
528
115
0.0
115
74
45
29
9.3
5.7
3.6
1.530
705
825
60.1
27.7
314
Other Homh«laV>
Single-Penon Household
Muto Person Household
1.861
1.604
256
16.9
14.6
13
258
170
88
11.1
7.3
3.8
177
137
40
8.8
6.8
10
72
47
25
1.7
1.1
0.6
552
511
41
69.5
64.4
5.1 - -
1 Hie sum of indmdual categories dees not match the table total because a household can have more than one of the characteristics in the table.
Households not containing children, elderly persons, or disabled persons.
" By definition these are mutually exclusive categories; therefore, no households will be found in these categoiies.
Source: Summer 1994 Food Stamp Quality Control sample
n
Table 34- Average Values of Selected Characteristics by Household Composition, Suranierl994
Avenge Vahw
HouMOotdiWith: Grot*
Monthly
(Dollar.)
Net
Monthly
(Dollar.)
Monthly
Food Stamp
Benefit
(DoBan)
Hoambold
Sim
(Pertont)
Total 314
591
334
134
292
447
343 m
716
635
477
806
214
ISO
423
273
333
266
334
137
226
290
231
451
391
219
550
73
55
200
163
219
211
233
131
211
64
49
110
114
52
167
107
91
165
15
3.3
S»g)e-Adult Hoaiebold 3.0
Mutople-Aduh- HomkU 4.5
n»h*r 1.7
Unknown
Dderrr _
3.7
1.4
Living Alone H iimi ii 1.0
Not Living Alone _
Mrtttrf
14
13
1.0
Not Living Alone ........ TI 3.5
Other HimmoHf 11
1.0
Muta-Penon HouieKold 12
1 Houteholdi not containing children, elderly penoni, or disabled penoni.
Source: Summer 1994 Food Sump Quality Control umplc.
II
A substantial proportion (17 percent) of food stamp households contained multiple adults and children,
representing 27 percent of all food stamp households with children.6 The characteristics of multiple-adult
households with children varied considerably from those of single-adult households with children.
The average monthly food stamp benefit for single-adult households with children was lower than that
of multiple-adult households, although the per capita benefit was higher for persons in single-adult
households with children compared with persons in multiple-adult households with children ($70
versus $56, respectively) because single-adult households were poorer. Single-adult households with
children had substantially lower gross monthly incomes ($524 versus $834). Of all multiple-adult
households with children, 51 percent received income from earnings, 43 percent received AFDC, 60
percent received income from other sources, and 4 percent had no income from any source.
Households with children constituted 85 percent of all food stamp households with earnings.
Households With Elderly Persons
In summer 1994, the FSP served 2.0 million elderly persons. Food stamp households containing elderly
members represented 16 percent of all food stamp households. These households received an average
food stamp benefit of $64 per month.
Elderly persons who received food stamps tended to live alone, and thus received relatively small food
stamp benefits. In summer 1994, 74 percent of all food stamp households with elderly members were
single-person households. These single elderly participants received an average food stamp benefit of
$49 per month compared with $110 in benefits for households with elderly persons not living alone.
Elderly persons not living alone lived in households averaging 2.4 persons.
Food stamp households that contained elderly persons tended to receive SSI and Social Stcurity
income. In summer 1994,58 percent of all food stamp households with elderly members received SSI,
70 percent received Social Security, and 36 percent received both SSI and Social Security income.
Food stamp households with elderly members represented 40 percent of food stamp households with
SSI and 61 percent of food stamp households with Social Security income.
Households With Disabled Persons
In summer 1994, households that contained disabled persons represented 14 percent of all food stamp
households. In this report, disabled persons are defined as persons who receive SSI but are not elderly.7
In summer 1994, these households received an average monthly food stamp benefit of $114.
6In multiple-adult households with children, the second adult may not necessarily be a parent. He
or she may be an adult child of the head, a grandparent, or even an unrelated member.
7The FSP considers persons disabled if they receive disability income from either SSI, GA, Social
Security, Railroad Retirement, or several other sources. The Food Stamp Quality Control sample only
identifies persons receiving disability income from SSI. Thus, disabled persons in this report are
defined as persons who receive SSI, but are not elderly.
19
LI
Similar to households with elderly members, households containing a disabled person living alone
received a lower average monthly food stamp benefit than did households that contained disabled
persons not living alone ($52 compared with $ 167). Over 45 percent of all food stamp households that
contained disabled persons were single-person households, while about 54 percent were multiple-person
households. Again, the difference in benefits between the two groups reflects differences in
average household size. Disabled persons who did not live alone lived in households averaging 3.5
persons.
Other Households Served by the FSP
The FSP serves other needy households besides those that contain children, elderly persons, or disabled
persons. In summer 1994, 17 percent of all food stamp households consisted solely of one or more
nonelderly, nondisabled adults. These households received an average food stamp benefit of$107 per
month. They tended to be single-person households (86 percent) and represented the majority (70
percent) of households that received General Assistance (GA).
Ofall food stamp households in summer 1994, 34 percent consisted of individuals who lived alone.
Because these households only contained one individual, the average monthly food stamp benefit was
only $72. Most of these individuals (57 percent) were female, and 36 percent were elderly. Compared
with all food stamp households, a relatively small proportion of food stamp participants living alone
received earnings (7 percent), and a relatively high proportion had zero gross income (20 percent).
CHARACTERISTICS OF FSP PARTICIPANTS
The FSP serves a broad spectrum of individuals. In summer 1994, more than half were children (less
than 18 years old), 42 percent were nonelderly adults (between ages 18 and 59), and 7 percent were
elderly persons.' Approximately 62 percent ofthe children served by the FSP were school age (between
ages 5 and 17). Seventy-three percent of elderly adults and 68 percent oi nonelderly adults were
female. The majority (72 percent) of nonelderly adult food stamp participants lived in households with
children-approximately 54 percent were single parents, and approximately 46 percent lived in
households containing at least one other adult and one child.
With the exception of certain groups of individuals, such as caretakers of small children and people
working at least 30 hours a week, all able-bodied nonelderly adult food stamp participants are required
to register for work and accept suitable employment as a condition of receiving food stamps. Similar
to participants in the FSP, participants in other assistance programs also often are required to register
Tor more information on FSP participants and household heads, see appendix tables A-24 and A-27
through A-30.
20
for work. In summer 1994, 26 percent of all food stamp household heads were registered for work
under the FSP or another assistance program.9 Most (72 percent) food stamp household heads were
exempt from work registration requirements--20 percent were disabled, 12 percent were younger or
older than the required ages, 22 percent were the caretakers of a child or an incapacitated adult, 10
percent were already employed full time, and 8 percent were exempt for other reasons.10
CHANGES IN THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS AND
INDIVIDUALS
The number of households receiving food stamps increased only slightly (by 1 percent) between
summer 1993 and summer 1994." Similarly, many of the characteristics of food stamp households
remained constant or changed only slightly during that time.12 For example, the percentage of
households with an elderly member ~emained constant at 16 percent between summer 1993 and summer
1994, and the percentage of households with children decreased only slightly from 62 to 61 percent.
The percentage of households with only one member increased from 32 to 34 percent, and the average
size of food stamp households decreased from 2.6 persons to 2.5 persons. The change in the percentage
of households with a disabled member was more substantial, increasing from 11 percent in summer
1993 to 14 percent in summer 1994.
On average, food stamp households were slightly worse off in summer 1994 than in summer 1993
(table 3.5). The average net income of food stamp households deceased by approximately 1 percent
in real dollars, and the percentage of households with zero net income increased from 23 to 24 percent.
Although the percentage of households with earnings remained constant at approximately 21 percent,
the slight decrease in the percentage of households with children was accompanied by a decrease in the
percentage of households receiving AFDC, from 40 percent in summer 1993 to 38 percent in summer
1994. The increase in the percentage of households with a disabled member was associated with an
increase in the percentage of households receiving SSI (from 20 percent to 23 percent).
'Reports in this series prior to summer 1989 included as work registrants only persons required to
register for work under the FSP; the summer 1989 through summer 1994 reports include as work
registrants food stamp participants registered for work under the FSP and food stamp participants
registered for the Job Opportunities and Basic Skills (JOBS) program. For more information on the
work registration status of food stamp participants and household heads, see appendix table A-29.
"The work registration status of 3 percent of household heads was unknown.
"For more information on trends in the characteristics of food stamp households, see appendix
tables A-31 and A-32.
,2This analysis is based on cross-sectional samples from summer 1993 and summer 1994. Thus,
whether changes in the characteristics of food stamp households reflect changes in the circumstances
of continuing participants, ofnew participants, or both is not known. In addition, the differences may
be the result of several factors including FSP legislation, changes in the economy, or changes in other
social programs.
21
Table 3.5-Average Nominal and Real Valuta of Selected Characteristic*, Summer 1993 and Summer 1W4
Selected
Characteristics
Average Gross Income'
Per Household
Per Person
Average Net Income*
Per Household
Per Person
Average Total Deduction*
Average Household Benefit*-' . ..
Maximum Coupon Benefit
(for a Family of Four)'
Consumer Price Index
All Items
Food at Home
Nominal Values
Summer
1993
$901
194
268
104
262
169
370
144.6
139.4
Summer
1994
$514
206
273
109
274
171
375
148.7
144.4
Percentage
Change
+ 2.6
+6.0
+ 1.9
+4.9
+4.6
+ 1.2
1.4
+2.8
+3.6
Real Values
Summer
1994
$500
200
265
106
266
165
362
Percentage
Change
-0.2
+3.1
-0.9
+2.0
+ 1.7
-2.3
-2.1
"Real values are in constant 1993 dollars adjusted by changes in the CPI-U for all hems between summer 1993
and summer 1994 (2.8 percent).
'Average household benefit values are from program operations data rather than IQCS estimates.
'Real values are in constant 1993 dollars adjusted by changes in the CPI-U for food at home between summer
1993 and summer 1994 (3.6 percent).
Source of CPI-U average values for July and August: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Monthly Labor Review, vol. 118. no. 6. June 1995, Table 31.
Source of nominal values (other than for average household benefit): Summer 1993 and summer 1994 Food
Stamp Quality Control samples.
22
The average food stamp benefit decreased in real dollars from $169 in summer 1993 to $165 in summer
1994, a decrease of 2.3 percent" The real value ofthe maximum food stamp benefit also decreased,
from $370 to $362. The percentage of households receiving the maximum benefit increased slightly,
however, from 23 percent in summer 1993 to 24 percent in summer 1994.
"This decrease represents the change in real benefit dollars estimated using FSP operations data.
23
mm EM
CHAPTER 4: CHARACTERISTICS OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS
CONTAINING ELDERLY PERSONS
This chapter profiles the economic and demographic characteristics of food stamp households that
contain elderly persons (age 60 or over). Nearly one out of every six FSP households is an elderly
household, a proportion that will likely increase as the U.S. population ages (table 4.1). The Census
Bureau estimates that by the year 2030, persons over age 60 will constitute 25.5 percent of the U.S.
population, up from 16.8 percent in 1992. And while the poverty rate among elderly persons has
declined dramatically over the past 25 years-from 21 percent in 1970 to 12 percent in 1993-nearly 5
million elderly persons remain in poverty.1
The FSP augments the food purchasing power of these low income elderly, and seeks to improve their
nutritional status, which research indicates has a major impact on health and longevity among elderly
persons.2 Moreover, the FSP offers special income deductions and exemptions to elderly households,
recognizing that their situations and needs may differ from FSP households that do not contain elderly
persons (henceforth, nonelderly households).
This chapter consists of three sections. The first section compares elderly and nonelderly FSP
households and participants in terms of demographic characteristics. The second section repeats this
comparison, focusing on economic characteristics. The third section discusses the FSP's special
provisions for elderly FSP households and estimates the impact ofthese provisions on FSP participation
and benefit levels.
DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
Household Composition
Elderly FSP participants tend to live alone; nearly three quarters ofelderly households are single person
households, versus about one quarter of nonelderly households (table 4.2). Hence, while 16 percent
of all FSP households contain elderly persons, only 7 percent of all FSP participants are elderly. On
average, elderly households contain 1.4 persons-nonelderly households, 2.7 persons (appendix tables
B-7a and B-7b). Only 8 percent of elderly households contain children, versus over 70 percent of
nonelderly households (appendix table B-l).
'U.S. Bureau of the Census. Statistical Abstract ofthe United States: 1995 (115th edition.)
Washington, DC, 1995.
2U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Services. Office of the Surgeon
General. The Surgeon General's Report on Nutrition and Health. Washington, DC: Office of the
Surgeon General, 1988.
25
Tabte 4.1 - Distribution, of Participating Households, hmw, ud Benefits by Aft of Oldest Household
Mtnbcr, 1994
HmmkMOmtftMm
Total
HowefcoM CompoaMloa
No Elderly Penooi
Elderly Penom
CHde«t Member 6(V64 ...
Olden Member 65 74 ._
Oldeit Member 75 84 ._
Olde* Member 85* —
Food Stamp HotiMhoUt
(POO)
11.091
9.337
1.753
445
724
444
140
1000
84.2
15.1
4.0
6.5
4.0
1.3
Parbcipeou in Houteboldo
with Household
Characteristic
Number
(000)
28.009
25.545
2.463
690
1.015
571
117
100.0
91.2
8.8
2.5
3.6
2.0
0.7
Monthly Food Sump
Benefit*
Dollari
(000)
1.163.906
1.748.388
115.511
40.712
45.465
22.126
7.215
Percent
100.0
93.1
6.2
2.2
2.4
12
0.4
Source: 1994 Food Sump Quality Control umple.
Tablt 4J - Distribution of Partkipatin, Household* bj Agt of Oldest Household Me.her ud Household Si*. 1994
Households wNh.-
Household Composiiioa No FJderfy Peraoot □deity Oldest Member
Age 60-64
OldMt Member
Age 65-74
Oldest Member
Age 75-84
Oldest Member
Age 85*
Number
(000)
Percent Number
(000)
Percent Number
(000)
Percent Number
(000)
Percent Number
(000)
Percent Number
(000)
Percent
Total
HiniiaillSlns
9337
2.465
i242
1.997
Mil
721
494
100.0
26.4
24.0
21.4
15.2
7.7
5.3
1.753
urn
321
59
34
14
II
ioao
74.6
18.3
3.4
1.9
0.8
1.0
445
305
93
23
12
7
6
100.0
614
208
5.2
17
1.6
1.3
724
540
132
27
12
4
9
100.0
74.6
112
3.7
1.6
0.6
1.2
444
351
76
100.0
79.1
17.2
1.5
1.3
0.2
0.7
140
112
20
2
4
1
100.0
79.6
14.1
1.7
3.2
6* 1.0
0.4
Source: 1994 Food Stamp Quality Control umple.
26
Gender
Women outnumber men in the FSP, and this disparity increases with age. As shown in table 4.3,
women comprise 58 percent of nonelderly FSP participants, 67 percent of participants age 60 to 64,70
percent of participants age 65 to 74, 75 percent of participants age 75 to 84, and 79 percent of
participants age 85 or over. This trend is also witnessed among the U.S. population, though women
comprise a smaller percentage ofeach age group. In 1994, women comprised 50 percent of nonelderly
persons in the U.S., S3 percent of persons age 60 to 64,56 percent of persons age 65 to 74,62 percent
of persons age 75 to 84, and 72 percent of persons age 85 or over (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995).
Race
Elderly food stamp participants are more likely than nonelderly participants to be white (54 percent
versus 41 percent), and less likely to be either African-American (26 percent versus 34 percent) or
Hispanic (14 percent versus 19 percent).
Citizenship Status
Elderly FSP participants are less likely to be native-bom U.S. citizens than are nonelderly participants.
As shown in Table 4.3,79 percent of elderly participants, versus 92 percent of nonelderly participants,
are U.S. citizens by birth. Elderly persons are more likely, however, to be naturalized citizens (4
percent versus 1 percent) or permanent resident aliens (12 percent versus 5 percent).
Geographic Distribution
Elderly households constitute 16 percent of all FSP households, but this proportion varies across States
(appendix table B-3). Elderly households comprise over 25 percent ofFSP households in Arkansas and
Mississippi. Other States with a relatively high percentage of elderly FSP households include Florida,
Hawaii, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Vermont. Guam and the Virgin Islands also have a high
percentage of elderly FSP households. At the other end of the spectrum, elderly households comprise
less than 12 percent of the FSP caseload in Alaska, Arizona, Indiana, Maryland, Michigan, and
Washington. Note that elderly households represent less than 4 percent of the FSP caseload in
California. This is because California "cashes-out" benefits to SSI recipients-many of whom are
elderly persons—by replacing their food stamps with an addition to their SSI check.
Trends in Participation
Between 1985 and 1994, the number of elderly FSP participants increased by 15 percent, from 1.7
million to nearly 2.0 million.3 Over that same period, however, total participation increased by 45
percent, from 19.0 million to 27.6 million. Consequently, elderly persons now represent a smaller
percentage of the FSP participant population--? percent, compared with 9 percent in 1985.
31985 and 1994 participation figures are based on summer (July/August) IQCS samples.
27
Table 4J - Dattrlbutko. of PartkJpaaU by Aft, GcMkr, and Citizenship Statue, 1994
PartiopAni Cnmctanihc
Tntal
Gmttt
Male ....
Female.
White
African-Amencan _..._...
HltpMUC __._ mi,
Asian . . .„.__.„_
Native American
Unknown Race ..__„__
OttMuMpStelM
Ooaea. Bom in VS
Naturalized Citizen _
Permanenl Reiideat Alien
Other Aben
No Elderly Pereont
Number
(000)
26,054
10.9*6
1S.065
10,661
t.807
4.902
785
359
341
23.871
176
1,219
377
Percent
100.0
42.2
57.1
40.9
33.1
IIS
3.0
1.4
2.1
91.6
0.7
4.7
1.4
Elderly
Number
(000)
1.9S5
S66
1.389
1.054
508
272
73
14
34
1.541
71
235
48
Percent
100.0
29.0
71.0
53.9
26.0
13.9
3.7
0.7
1.7
78.8
3.6
110
2.5
Age 6044
Number
(000)
517
170
347
272
137
76
19
5
9
413
18
55
17
100.0
33.0
67.0
515
26.4
14.7
3.6
1.0
1.8
79.9
3.6
10.7
3.2
Age 65-74
Number
(000)
814
247
567
433
207
116
36
7
17
633
34
106
15
Percent
100.0
30.3
69.7
53.2
25.4
14.2
4.4
0.8
10
Age 7544
Number
(000)
479
119
360
274
122
58
15
27
77.8 381
4.2 14
13.0 59
1.8 13
Percent
ioao
24.8
75.2
57.2
25.5
111
3.1
0.5
1.5
79.6
3.0
113
17
Age 85*
Number
(000)
145
30
115
76
42
22
3
0
1
114
4
16
4
Percent
100.0
20.7
79.3
513
28.9
15.3
14
0.2
as
78.8
17
11.0
18
Source: 1994 Food Sump Quality Control umple.
This fact points to an underlying phenomenon: among persons that are eligible for the FSP, elderly
persons participate at a substantially lower rate than nonelderly persons, and this gap is widening.
Estimates based on the Survey of Income and Program Participation indicate that in August 198S, 37
percent ofeligible elderly persons participated in the FSP, versus 65 percent ofother eligible adults and
74 percent ofeligible children. Similar estimates in January 1992 reveal that elderly participation rates
had decreased marginally to 33 percent, while nonelderly participation rates had risen to 77 percent for
other adults and 86 percent for children.4
ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Income
On average, elderly FSP households have a higher monthly gross income ($539) than nonelderly
households ($501). The corresponding net income figures are $291 for elderly and $263 for nonelderly
(table 4.4). Given that elderly households are, on average, only half as large as nonelderly households,
this translates into a substantial difference in income relative to the poverty level. Elderly households
are twice as likely as nonelderly households to have gross income that exceeds the poverty level (16
percent versus 8 percent). Another 61 percent of elderly households, versus only 17 percent of
nonelderly, have gross income between 75 and 100 percent of the poverty level (appendix table B-5).
Elderly households also have higher net income as a percentage ofpoverty, though the levels are lower
for both groups. Interestingly, households in which the oldest member is age 65 or over tend to have
more gross and net income than households in which the oldest member is age 60 to 64, and surpass
the younger group in terms of income as a percentage of the poverty guideline. This is probably due
to the fact that they are more likely to receive SSI and Social Security (appendix table 3-6).
Elderly households are much less likely than nonelderly households to have earned income (4 percent
versus 25 percent), but are more likely to have unearned income (97 percent versus 84 percent). Social
Security and SSI are the most common income sources for elderly households. Together, they provide
87 percent of an elderly household's average monthly income~$469 out of $539 (appendix tables B-6,
B-7a, and B-7b).
Countable Resources
Elderly households tend to have more financial resources than nonelderly households. As shown in
appendix table B-5, 37 percent of elderly households have some countable resources. The average
value of those resources is $204 ($561 among elderly households with non-zero countable resources).
In comparison, 22 percent ofnonelderly households have some countable resources, with an average
value of $58 ($271 among households with non-zero resources).
4Trippe, Carole, and Julie Sykes. Food Stamp Program Participation Rates: January 1992.
Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., October 1994.
29
TaMt 4A - Average Grow and Net IKOM, Groat aad Net IKOBK as a Pevtentaft of Poverty Gatdctlae, Coaatabk Resources and Food
Stamp BMM of Partfclpatbif, Households by Aft of Oldest Household Member, 1994
Toui HaaakaWi AvenpMcemJyVamei
Number
(000)
Percent Grata Income
(DoDan)
Net Income
(DoUan)
Orou Income
ai a
Percentage of
Poverty
(Percent)
Net Income a.
aPercentate
of Poverty
(Percent)
Countable Retonrcei
(MM)
Homenold Character- ttic
Over AH
Hooaeboldi
Over
Houteoold.
With
Conntable
Resource*
Food Sump
Benefit
(Dollan)
Total 11.091
9337
1.753
445
724
444
140
100.0
84.2
15.1
4.0
6.5
4.0
13
507
501
539
494
557
554
546
261
263
291
244
303
312
316
56.7
51.9
82.0
72.0
84.7
86.7
84.3
28.3
253
43.0
34.0
44.7
47.7
47.3
•1
ss
204
12S
175
2*5
344
341
271
561
443
477
664
890
168
187
66
91
63
50
51
No Elderly Pertoos
EMeriy Penoru
Otdert Member 60-64
OMett Member 65-74
OMe« Member 75-84
OldMt Member 85+
Source: 1994 Food Stamp Quality Control lampie.
30
Food Stamp Benefits
While elderly households constitute 16 percent of all FSP households, they only receive 6 percent of
total FSP benefits, a difference that reflects their small size and high income relative to nonelderly
households (table 4.1). As shown in appendix table B-4, elderly households receive an average FSP
benefit of $66, versus $187 for nonelderly households. Moreover, 17 percent ofelderly households
receive the minimum FSP benefit of $10, and 64 percent qualify for less than half of the maximum
benefit In comparison, only 2 percent ofnonelderly households receive the minimum benefit, and 22
percent receive less than half of the maximum (appendix table B-8).
Some research suggests that a household is less likely to participate in the FSP if it is eligible for a small
food stamp benefit, as evidenced by an extremely low participation rate (19 percent) among households
eligible for the minimum benefit. Hence, the modest food stamp benefits for which most elderly
households qualify may help explain their low participation rate.5
Comparison of Economic Characteristics of Elderly FSP Households Across States
The economic characteristics ofelderly households vary somewhat across the 48 contiguous States;
Alaska and Hawaii are exceptional cases due to different income screens, standard deductions, and
maximum benefit levels. Across the contiguous States, the average monthly gross income in elderly
FSP households varies between $487 in Maryland and $649 in Massachusetts; average net income
varies between $217 in Michigan and $387 in Connecticut; and the average food stamp benefit varies
between $33 in New Hampshire and $86 in Arizona (appendix table B-9a). The average benefit of
$137 in California is due to the fact that elderly FSP households in California do not receive SSI, and
hence have less income than other elderly households.
FSP ELIGIBILITY TESTS AND DEDUCTIONS
Eligibility Tests
As explained in Chapter 2, the majority of households that apply for food stamps must meet three
eligibility standards: gross income must not exceed 130 percent of the poverty guideline, net income
must not exceed 100 percent of the poverty guideline, and assets must not exceed $2,000. Elderly
households, however, are not subject to the gross income standard, and may have up to $3,000 in assets.
Table B-S reveals that few elderly FSP households would lose eligibility under the stricter standards
faced by nonelderly households. Few would fail the gross income test, as less than 2 percent of elderly
households have gross income that exceeds 130 percent of poverty. Similarly, few would fail a more
restrictive asset test, as less than 2 percent have between $2,000 and $3,000 in assets. In fact, these
percentages represent upper bounds ofthe percentage of elderly that would become ineligible, as some
of these households may be composed entirely of persons who receive AFDC, GA, or SSI. Such
households are exempt from the FSP's income and asset tests.
Trippe and Sykes, October 1994.
31
Deductions
A household's food stamp benefit level depends on its net income, which is computed by subtracting
five allowable deductions from the household's gross income: a standard deduction, an earned income
deduction, a dependent-care deduction, a medical deduction, and an excess shelter expense deduction.6
The first three deductions (standard, earned income, and dependent care) are applied uniformly to all
households. The final two deductions (medical and excess shelter expense) offer preferential treatment
to households that contain elderly or disabled persons. The medical deduction allows a household to
deduct excessive medical costs incurred by an elderly or disabled person. The excess shelter expense
deduction allows households to deduct shelter costs that exceed a specified percentage of the
household's income; this deduction is subject to a cap, but the cap does not apply to households that
contain an elderly or disabled person.
On average, elderly households claim slightly less in total deductions ($265) than nonelderly
households ($274), as elderly households' larger shelter and medical deductions are more than offset
by smaller earned income and dependent care deductions. Over 90 percent of the average elderly
household's total deduction is composed of the standard deduction ($131) and the shelter deduction
($113). For the average nonelderly household, these two deductions comprise 85 percent of the total
deduction (table 4.5). Among elderly households, the excess shelter deduction decreases as the age of
the oldest household member increases. Conversely, the medical deduction appears to be lowest among
the youngest elderly households, in which the oldest member is between the ages of 60 and 64.
Comparison of Excess Shelter Expense Deductions Across States
The excess shelter expense deduction varies substantially across States and regions. Shelter deductions
among both elderly and nonelderly households are highest in northeastern States such as Maine,
Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Vermont, where shelter expenses tend to be high.
Impact on the FSP of Special Exemptions and Deductions for Elderly Households
Table 4.6 simulates the impact on Food Stamp Program participation and benefits of eliminating each
of the special provisions for elderly households.7 Eliminating all of the special provisions for elderly
households would cause 2.9 percent of elderly FSP households (0.5 percent of all FSP households) to
lose eligibility. Similarly, 2.9 percent of participants in elderly households (0.3 percent of all
participants) would lose eligibility. Finally, FSP benefits paid to elderly households would decrease
by 15.0 percent, while total benefits would decrease by 1.0 percent.
'See Chapter 2 for a detailed description of each deduction.
'Estimates are based on the 1994 QC Minimodel, a microsimulation model based on fiscal year 1994
Food Stamp Program Quality Control data.
32
TaMt 4S - Aw^e V«lMofMKHOMof****** MNHMH »y Aft ofOMMI H« MCBCHO NvvftsDCli 1^T**1
*WpA—of Dsdictioa
(MM)
—l*Mtt—m*
Total —
Earaedhcome PefilOw BIMII Shatter Medial
All With Al
nHiiM—N■■BLu.JtUif.l
With
DsdactJmi
Al
HoBSehold.
Wkh
Prhtmrn
Al
HnaiMoldi
WM
Defect**
Tetal 272
274
265
291
266
249
234
131
132
29
34
136
137
M
93
72
75
17
4
2
135
136
114
90
122
117
145
103
103
113
139
117
92
tl
157
154
172
200
177
145
133
3
0
16
10
14
24
It
96
Elderly Ptnw
127
93
100
S3
100
too
OMCM Member 60-64
Oldest Member 65-74
Oldest Member7544
Olden Member 15*
Source: 1994 Food StempQuabty Control
Table 4.6-Impact on the Food Stamp Progr— of FMminthtf Spec* Exemptions and Deductions for Elderly
Households, 1994
Percent Change m
rTuii u!■'CD■ ■■P■■t«m■f MnouMiofcouKfilna
Percent Change in
PirDCDtnts
Percent Change io Pood
Stamp Benefits
Teal
Elderly
Households Total
PcrKXtt ■
EMerty
Households Total
Benefits to
Treatment of Elderly Households
EMerty
Households
Apply Grou Income Ten •0.19 -1.20 -0.10 •1.14 -0.05 -0.77
Reduce Anet Limit» $2,000 •0.20 -123 •0.10 -1.11 -0.06 -0.99
EhmiDaK Medtcal Deducoou -0.19 •1.13 •0.12 -1.27 -0.42 -6.04
Limit Excess Shelter Expense
Deduction
•0.00 ■0.00 -0.00 -0.00 -0.51 ■IJ7
Coabind Impact of Al Four Chances -0.47 292 -0.26 -2.n -0.97 •14.97
Source: 1994 QC Mmunodel
33
31 WMME
ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS FOR USE WITH APPENDICES
/
■b"
H us; m&
ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS FOR USE WITH APPENDICES
ACRONYMS
AFDC- Aid to Families with Dependent Children
OA • General Assistance
SSI - Supplemental Security Income
EAT- Employment and Training Program
FSP- Food Stamp Program
TFP Thrifty Food Plan
IRCA - Immigration Reform and Control Act
UI - Unemployment Insurance
DEFINITIONS
Alien. Participant who it: a permanent resident, an
immigrant accorded permanent resident status under
the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
(IRCA), an immigrant accorded temporary resident
sums under IRCA, a refugee, a person granted
political asylum, an alien granted a stay of
deportation, an alien residing in the United States
under "color of law", a nonimmigrant admitted for a
specified period, a Mexican citizen with a "border"
card, or an undocumented alien.
Children. Age 17 or less.
Countable Resources. Cash on hand, assets which
can be easily converted to cash, such as money in
checking or savings accounts, savings certificates,
stocks or bonds, and lump sum payments. They also
include some nonliquid assets, although the family
home, one or more family vehicles if necessary to
transport disabled persons or to produce income, and
business tools or property are not counted. See also
Resource Limit.
Deductions. Allowable deductions from a
household's gross monthly income to arrive at FSP net
monthly income. The deductions shown in die tables
are those to which households were entitled. Some of
the deductions may not have been used, however,
before a household reached zero net income status.
Therefore, total deductions do not equal the difference
between gross and net income amounts. See also
Total Deduction, Standard Deduction, Earned Income
Deduction, Dependent<are Deduction, Excess Shelter
Deduction, Medical Deduction, and Standard
Dependent-ore Deduction. Deduction received by
food stamp households for expenses involved in caring
for dependents while other members work, seek
employment, or go to school. The deduction was
subject to a maximum of $160 per dependent per
month in fiscal year 1994. See also Deductions.
Disabled Persons. Participants who receive SSI but
are not over age 59 and live in households with no
elderly members.
Earned Income Deduction. Deduction received by
households with earnings, equal to 20 percent of the
combined earnings of household members. See also
Deductions.
Earned Income. Includes wages, sauries, self-employment,
and farm income.
Elderly. Adults over age 59.
Employed Fufl Tan*. Employed at least 30 noun per
week or receiving weekly earnings equal to or greater
than the Federal minimum wage multiplied by 30
hours. This estimate is based on an employment status
variable.
Employed Part Time,
per week.
Employed leu than 30 hours
Employment and Training (EAT). Refers to
employment and training services received under FSP
EAT programs. Services provided include work
experience, educational programs, and job search
training.
Entrant Households. Includes households newly
certified in July or August, 1994.
Exceas Shelter Deduction. Deduction received by
households with shelter costs, equal to those shelter
costs that exceed SO percent of die household's
countable income after all other potential deductions
are subtracted from gross income. There is a limit on
the shelter deduction for households that do not
contain elderly or disabled members. See appendix F.
See also Deductions.
37
Exempt from Work Registration. See Work
Registration Status Definitions and Notes below.
Expedited Service Households. Households which
initially received expedited service for die certification
period in effect in July or August, 1994.
Gross Income. Total monthly income of household in
dollars, before applying deductions.
Gross Income Limit. Food stamp program grots
monthly income eligibility standards, determined by
household size; equal to 130 percent of the poverty
guidelines. See appendix E.
Households With Preschool Age Children.
Households with at least one member less than age 5.
Households With Elderly. Households with at least
one member age 60 or more.
Households With Elderly or Disabled. Households
where at least one member is age 60 or more, or at
least one member receives SSI and no member is age
60 or more.
Households With School Age Children. Households
with at least one member age 5 to 17.
Households With Disabled. Households with SSI
income and no member age 60 or more.
Households With Children. Households with at least
one member age 17 or leu.
Initial Certification Households. Includes both
households certified for the first time within the
currently certified period and previously certified
households which have not received benefits for at
least 30 days.
Maximum Benefit. Based on 103 percent of the cost
of the Thrifty Food Plan in the preceding June for a
reference family of 4, rounded to die lowest dollar
increment. Maximum benefit varies by region. See
appendix G.
Minimum Benefit,
households.
$10 for one- or two-person
Medical Deduction. Deduction available to
households that contain elderly or disabled members,
equal to all medical expenses incurred by die elderly
or disabled person that exceed $35. Seep.4. See also
Deductions.
Net Income. Total monthly income of household in
dollars, after applying deductions.
Net Income Limit. Food stamp program net monthly
income eligibility standard, determined by household
size. See appendix E.
Nonelderly Aduhs. Adults age 18 to 59.
Not Employed. Not working and not looking for
work, and therefore not part of the labor force.
Other Alien. A lawful temporary resident under
IRCA, an alien accorded refugee status, an alien
granted political asylum, a nonimmigrant ■JMfctw' for
a specified period, an alien granted a stay of
deportation, a Mexican citizen with a 'border' card, or
an undocumented alien. See also Permanent Resident
Alien.
Permanent Resident Alien. An immigrant accorded
permanent resident status or a lawful permanent
resident under IRCA. See also Other Alien
Poverty Guideline. The poverty guidelines used in
1994 are issued by the Department of Health and
Human Services and published in die 1993 Federal
Register. These guidelines reflect changes in the CPI
U and are used for adniinistrative purposes such as
determining eligibility for the FSP The Bureau of the
Census establishes other poverty thresholds which are
used primarily for statistical purposes. See appendix
D.
Preschool Age Children. Children leu than 5 years
old.
Public Assistance. Includes Aid to Families with
Dependent Children (AFDC) and General Assistance
(GA).
Resource Limit. For most households the resource
limit was $2,000 in fiscal year 1994. Households with
at least one member age 60 or older, however, were
allowed up to $3,000 of resources. See also
Countable Resources.
Rural. A household is considered to be located in a
rural area if the county in which its local food stamp
agency is located is not in a Metropolitan Statistical
Area as defined by the Census Bureau.
School Age Children. Children age 5 to 17.
Shelter Deduction. See Excess Shelter Deduction.
Standard Deduction. Deduction received by all
households, which varies by area to reflect price
differences between areas. See appendix P. See also
Deductions.
Student. Participant age 18 years or older enrolled at
least half time in a recognized school, training
program, or institution of higher education.
Thrifty Food Plan. Market basket of goods based on
an economical and nutritious diet, adjusted for
household size and composition. Used to determine
maximum food stamp benefit amounts.
Total Deduction. Includes earned income,
dependent-care, excess shelter, medical, and standard
deductions to which the FSP household is entitled. In
some cases this exceeds the amount used before net
income reaches zero. See also Deductions.
Unearned Income. Includes Aid to Families with
Dependent Children (AFDC), General Assistance
(GA), Supplemental Security Income (SSI). Social
Security, Unemployment Income, Veterans' Benefits,
Workers' Compensation, Other Government Benefits,
Household Contributions, Household Deemed Income,
Educational Loans, Child Support Enforcement
Payments, and other unearned income.
Unemployed. Not working but looking for work, and
therefore part of the labor force.
Urban. A household is considered to be located in an
urban area if the county in which its local food stamp
agency is located is in a Metropolitan Statistical Area
as defined by the Census Bureau.
Work Registration Status Definitions and Notes
Required to register for work. Able-bodied food
stamp household beads required to register for work
under the FSP or JOBS.
Exempt from work registration. Food stamp
household heads not required to register for work for
one or more of die reasons listed below.
Under the required age. Persons less than age
18. (However, the Food Stamp Act of 1977, as
amended, requires 16- and 17-year-olds who are
household heads and who are not in school or
otherwise exempt to register for work.)
Over the required age.
more.
Persons age 60 or
Pregnant. This exemption applies only to die
AFDC program. States may exempt work
registrants from participation in FSP EAT
programs for this reason, but not from FSP work
registration.
Caretaker. For the FSP, this exemption
includes both caretakers of children under 6 and
caretakers of children under 18 where another
able-bodied parent is registered for work or
exempted because of employment; for the AFDC
program, this exemption applies to caretakers of
children under 3 (or age 1 as a state option).
Employed full tame. Employed at least 30
hours per week or receiving weekly earnings
equal to or greater dun the Federal minimum
wage multiplied by 30 hours. This estimate is
based on the work registration variable.
Student. Enrolled at least half time in a
recognized school, training program, or
institution of higher education.
Program not offered. This exemption applies
only to the AFDC program. States may exempt
work registrants from participation in FSP EAT
programs for this reason, but not from FSP work
registration.
39
**
mm (?a©E
APPENDIX A
CROSSWALK AND DETAILED TABLES OF FOOD STAMP
HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS
HI
YX wM mm
CROSSWALK
The formal of the appendix A tables in this report differs significantly from that of the
appendix A tables in reports prior to the Summer 1993 report. The tables have been changed
to allow the presentation of data in a more efficient sad convenient format. This crosswalk
enables the reader to locale information found in tables in reports prior to 1993 in dns report.
For each of the old tables, mis crosswalk lists the number of die new tabte containini the same
information.
V3
£L
rnra ffl ull
CROSSWALK FOB APPENDIX A TABLES
Previous Table Number and THk NcwTaMtl
Smmmmry of 1994 CkancUHttici
A-l Affregale wmmer 1994 participation totals A-l
A-2 Avenge values of selected characteristics by household consposition A-2
A-3 Averafe values of selected characteristics by income source A-2
A-4 Distribution of paxtkipatinf households with selected characterisiici A-l
A-5 Distribution of participatinf households by fross and net monthly income
Counts A-3
Avenges A-2
A-6 Distribution of participatinf households by fross monthly income and household size
Counts A-4
Averages A-3
A-7 Distribution of participating households by net monthly income and household size
Counts A-4
Averages A-3
A-8 Distribution of participating households by income source
Counts A-l
Averages A-7
A-9 Distribution of participating households, average income, average benefit, and average household size by
selected income sources
Counts A-6, A-7
Averages A-7
A-10 Distribution of participating households by gross monthly income as a percentage of the poverty line for all
households, households with elderly or disabled, and households with children
Counts A-3
Averages A-3
A-ll Distribution of participatinf households by net monthly income as a percentage of the poverty line for all
households, households with elderly or disabled, and households with children
Counts A-3
Averages A-3
A-12 Di tribution of participatinf households claiminf deductions and value of deductions claimed
Counts A-9
Averages A-10. A-2
A-13 Distribution of participating households by amount of total deduction
Counts A-ll
Averages A-2
A-14 Average total deduction for all participating households by gross monthly income end household size A-12
A-13 Distribution of participatinf households claiminf earned income deduction and value of deduction claimed
Counts A-9
Averages A-10
45
CROSSWALK(i iiiIhml)
.ItbkN-tar.-dTI* NnrW
A-16 Distribution of partkipatuig houserwkh by ainou^
22 A-ll
Avera«e, A-10
A-17 Distribution of participating households claimint dependent-care jgJMJM and van* nf AAiai«i n.i^
?",» A-9
Aver*«" A-10
A-18 Distribute of partkipating households by am^
?U0B A-ll
***"«« A-10
A-19 Distribution of participating households claiming excess shelter dediiaion and value of deduction claimed
<**> A-9
Aw"«e« A-10
A-20 Distribution of panicipating households by amount of excess shelter deduction
Count. A.„
Avera«e• A-10
A-21 Distribution of participating households by the value of shelter deduction A-ll
A-22 Distribution of participating households claiming rnedk^ deductwn and value of deduction claimed
C0untt A-9
Awi«e» A-10
A-23 Distribution of participating households by amount of medical deduction for ill households households with
elderly, and households with disabled
Couott A-ll
Am*«e, A-10
Bint flu amiIMMM
A-24 Distribution of participating households by amount of monthly food stamp benefit
C0UBB A-13
Aven«e' A-2
A-25 Average monthly food stamp benefit by gross monthly income and household size A-13
A-26 Warfca^tfhcjijsehoidsbyff^
^^ A-14
A-27 Duarfcuuon of peruarjeu^ households by 10^
elderly or disabled
?"» A-3
Ama,e, A-2. A-3
Owpagaajsj
A-21 Di»ftur«of-,»rtkaj^ A.,6
A-29 Distribution of participating households by length of certification period
ggr A-13
Avm^ A-2
46
CROSSWALK (continued)
rrcviou* Table Number and Title NewTnble*
FSF fWht—i Mai BmmMi Cm^oiMm
A-30 Diatritwioo of participating households ty
Counts A"20, A_22
Averages A *
A-31 Household conmoaition of participating households •••• • • VLV • • ■ A-25
A-32 Distribution of psrtici|>*ting household
and ichool age children J*
A-33 Wstributionofparticipants byage and sex . - . .. • ••■••_• *™
A-34 Wstribution of participants by Thrifty R>od Han aex-age groups aiid by hcuaebold size A-»
A-33 Afe-related characteristics of participants A-30
A-36 Distr*utionof|>artkipeiinghousdi©^ A-24
A-37 Distribution of participating households by ickcted characteristics of household members A-24
EmrbvmtHt utf Work RefiMtrtum
A-3S Distribute of partkipatiiuj households by^ A-W
A-39 r^ibutioo of partkipating households ty A-»
A-40 Diaributkjoofpartkapanttbyworkregiitralioos^ A-2§
A-41 Distribution of participating households, benefits and participants for households with and without earned
income •'::'"• A"i
A-42 Average value of lelected characteristics for participating houaehold* with and without earned income A-z
A-43 Diatribution of participating houaehoW* with and without earned income for selected characteristics A-22
EUUdyPtnoni
A-44 Duanlwtion of pankipating households, betiefMaiid
A-45 Average value of selected characteristics for participating households with and without elderly A-2
A-46 Distribution of partkipating households wim a«i witha* dd^ A-20
PIMIM ftmrrrr
A-47 Distribution of participating households, benefitt and participaiM for households wim aiid with^
A-48 Average value of selected characteristics for participating households with and without disabled A-2
A-49 Diatribution of participating households with and without disabled for selected characteristics A-20
cm—
A-50 Disuibution of participating households and benefits for households with children, school age children.
preschool age children, and no children >•» • • ■ A*l
A-31 Average value of selected chararieristics for participating households with children, school age children.
preschool age children, and no children A"2
A-32 Distribution of participating households with children, ichool age children, preschool age children, and no
children for selected characteristics A_2°
AFDC _ ._.
A-33 Distribution of participating households, benefits and participants for households with and without AFDC
income A"*
A-54 Average value of selected characteristics for |>nrtkipatiiig households win Mid witbttt A-2
A-33 Distribution of participaung households with and without AFDC income for selected charactrristics A-22
Smrvty C-yri—l 1990 through 1994
A-56 Comparison of average value of selected characteristics for August 19*0 - summer 1994 A-32
A-57 Comparison of percentage of participating households with selected charactfristics for
August 1M0 - summer 1994 A'31
47
*
DETAILED TABLES OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS
H<\
fu Wk
Table A-l. Dtatrlbutioa at Participating Homeholds, Peraoaa, aad Beaefltj by Houaebotd
Coaapoatioa, Imamt Source, and Food Stamp BearfH Amwmt
Honeehold Ourtcumtk
Pood Stamp _*»
Pitjcipaau in HoanboMi
with Houtehold
Claiaciarittic
Monthly Food Sump
Benefit*
Number
(000)
Percent
(000)
Percent DoOan
(000)
raccBNtf
Total 11.022 100.0 27452 100.0 1.815.718 100.0
Children 6,706
4.719
3.155
4,316
60.8
43.4
35.0
39.2
22,423
17482
13.289
5.129
81.4
63.8
41.2
18.6
1.470.827
1.109.804
885,804
344.961
81.0
School Age 61.1
fffflfcjtll Aje
48.8
19.0
No PUiriv Penoai
1.757
9.265
15.9
84.1
2.413
25,139
8.8
91.2
113.175
1.702,613
60
93.8
Diubled Pereoni
No DieaUed Peraoru
1.530
9.492
13.9
86.1
3492
23,960
13.0
87.0
174,199
1.641,589
9.6
90.4
lacaaMSoarc*
9.934
1,088
90.1
9.9
25.851
1.701
93.8
62
1.638.556
177J32
90.2
9.8
Net Iscome
No Nf* Income .............
M37
2,586
76.5
234
22.890
4.662
83.1
16.9
1438,166
477.622
73.7
26.3
2.324
8.698
21.1
78.9
7.946
19.606
28.8
7U
417.458
1498.330
23.0
77.0
llrviamed Income ,,,...... 9.546
1.476
86.6
13.4
24.641
2.911
89.4
10.6
1464.115
251.673
86.1
No I Inflamed Income .... ■ 13.9
4J37
6.785
38.4
61.6
13.838
13.714
50.2
49.8
961028
854.560
52.9
No AFDC Income 47.1
fiA Income 794
10,228
70
92.8
1.122
26.430
4.1
95.9
88.733
1.727.054
4.9
No GA Income 95.1
5.021
6.002
45.6
54.4
14.924
12,628
54.2
45.8
1.047.603
768.185
57.7
No AFDC or GA Income 42.3
ssi _ „„. 2445
M7«
23.1
76.9
4.979
22473
18.1
81.9
234.008
1481.779
12.9
No SSI
87.1
Social Security Income
No Socul Security Income
2.009
9.013
18.2
81.8
3.621
23.931
13.1
86.9
158436
1.657.252
8.7
91.3
Gram lacoaw as a PerceaUg* of
Parity GataeMai
0% __._„ 1.018
3.427
5.397
1.110
9.9
31.1
49.0
10.1
1.701
9.869
13.178
2.804
62
35.8
47.8
10.2
177032
848.841
722.685
67.029
9.8
1-50 . „. 46.7
39.8
100* ____ 3.7
F**d Sump Benefit
Mirumura Benefit
Maxanom Benefit
522
2^92
4.7
23.5
629
4.670
2.3
17.0
5023
478410
0.3
26.4
Soarce: 1994 hood Sump Quehty Control umpie
51
J*£*2L*2£*T** N,f 1aeomt'TeM Dw»"ctto"' CoMlrth Rewurce,, Pood Sump Bcaeflt, HonKhoM SIM, and Certification
Period of Pirtfctpattaf Households by Hou» bold Compodboo, Iocon* Somnt, ud Food Sump Benefit Aao.it
Household Quractenttjc
Tetal
Children
School A«e
Pmchool Age
No Children
Elderly Pemoni
No Elderly Penoni
Disabled Penon* ......
No Diubled Peraon.
IMMI Source
CIDU Income __.
No GIDII Income
Net Income
No Net Income
Earned Income
No Earned Income
Unearned Income
No Unearned Income
AFDC Income _
No AFDC Income _„..
GA Income
No GA Income ._..
AFDC or GA Income
No AFDC or GA Income
SSI
No SSI
Social Security Income —-,„„
No Social Security Income ...
Fend SUmp Benefit
Miramum Benefit
Maximum Benefit ._„„..
Total Houseboldi
Number
(000)
11.022
6.706
4.789
3.855
OI6
1.757
9.265
1.530
9.492
9.934
1.088
8.437
2.586
2324
8.698
9346
1.476
4.237
6.785
794
10.228
5.021
6.002
2345
8.478
2.009
9.013
522
2392
Percent
100.0
60.8
43.4
35.0
39.2
15.9
•4.1
13.9
86.1
90.1
9.9
76.5
23.5
21.1
78.9
86.6
13.4
38.4
61.6
7.2
92.8
45.6
54.4
23.1
76.9
18.2
81.8
4.7
23.5
Grow Income
(Dalian)
514
598
654
586
384
543
509
655
492
571
0
628
142
855
423
564
192
533
503
358
526
505
522
613
485
615
492
689
142
Net Income
(Dollan)
273
333
312
325
179
290
270
398
253
303
0
356
0
487
216
301
93
288
263
133
284
263
281
359
247
364
253
517
0
Average Monthly Value*
Total
Deduction
(Dollar.)
274
286
291
286
256
271
275
263
276
282
201
272
282
380
246
277
255
255
286
267
275
257
289
261
278
257
278
173
282
Countable
Resource*
(Dollars)
Food Sump
Benefit
(Dollan)
89
65
71
65
127
231
63
76
92
94
46
101
50
120
81
94
58
42
119
36
94
42
129
103
85
221
60
247
50
165
219
232
230
80
64
184
114
173
165
163
159
185
180
161
164
170
227
126
112
169
209
128
92
187
79
184
10
185
Household
Size
(Penoot)
2.5
3.3
3.7
3.4
1.2
1.4
2.7
Certification
Period
(Monthi)
9.9
9.3
9.4
9.2
10.9
12.8
9.4
2.3 10.9
2.5 9.8
2.6 10.2
1.6 7.4
2.7 10.5
1.8 8.2
3.4 8.7
2.3 10.3
2.6 10.3
2.0 7.8
3.3 9.8
2.0 10.0
1.4 10.1
2.6 9.9
3.0 9.8
2.1 10.0
2.0 11.9
2.7 9.3
1.1 12.4
2.7 9.4
12 12.5
1.8 8.2
Source: Summer 1994 Food Stamp Quality Control lample.
52
TakJt A-3. DtotributJoa of PwtJdp*ik*| fcwMt Wttk CkUdrcs, Elderly
AMUI of Gro» mi Net IKOM, Comtabk Rimwcee, aad Grow art Ntt
•id Elderly or Dkeabkd Pereoeu by
M■ Ptrctataft of Poverty Guideline
Total HOUMIMI* HonMbokUWiih:
Houaehold Chancurittic Number Parent
ChiMiw Elderly Elderly ex Disabled
(000) Number
(000)
Pare** Number
(000)
rMOMt Number
(000)
Peroaot
TtfaJ 11.022 100.0 6.706 100.0 1.757 100.0 3.287 100.0
Owl—i
so LOW
70S
1234
3.409
9.9
64
20.3
30.9
325
420
1359
1.452
4.8
63
23.2
21.7
42
IS
154
1.059
14
OS
8.8
60.3
42
20
213
1.862
1.3
1-199 _.„ 06
200-399 65
400-599 566
600-799 1.613 14.6 1.174 173 305 17.3 600 112
100-999 —~ 939
1.031 9.4
785
992
11.7
14.8
121
61
69
3.5
318
233
9.7
1,000* 7.1
Nate—
so... 1586
2.903
233
26.3
1.115
1.873
166
27.9
187
420
106
23.9
276
756
8.4
1-199 23.0
200-399 2.688 24.4 1383 20.6 733 41.7 1.268 38.6
400-599 1.414 12.8 1.029 15.3 273 15.5 530 161
00-799 S05 7.3 694 10.3 107 61 239 7.3
800-999 327
300
3.0
2.7
313
299
4.7
43
25
13
1.4
07
123
95
3.7
1.000+ 19
CMHUMC Hmmutm
•395 762 5.186 77.3 1.095 62.3 2.303 7tt 1
1-500 1.916 17.4 1.194 17.8 380 21.6 617 18.8
501-1.000 376 3.4 207 3.1 117 67 1S9 4.8
1,001-1.500 1S5 1.7 72 1.1 88 SO 111 3.4
1.501-1.750 36 0.3 16 0.2 14 OS 19 06
1.751-1000 37 0.3 16 02 12 07 17 05
2.001-3.000 44 0.4 2 0.0 41 2.3 43 1.3
3.001 ♦ 1 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 1 0.0
Groa IKNM H I
PerceaUge of Poverty
Omimm
No Grow Income —__. 1.088 9.9 325 4.8 42 14 42 1.3
1-25* — 868 7.9 668 10.0 9 05 IS 0.5
26-50 — 2.558 23.2 2.092 317 87 4.9 191 5.8
51-75 2.647 24.0 2.029 30.3 236 13.4 631 19.2
76-100 2.751 25.0 931 13.9 1.077 61.3 1.946 59.2
101-125 — 916 8.3 565 8.4 249 14.2 373 11.3
126-130 111 1.0 75 1.1 21 1.2 27 as
131-150 54
28
0.5
0.3
3
17
0.0
02
30
5
1.7
03
47
12
1.4
151+ 0.4
NUIKMMHI
Percentage of Poverty
COHIH»I
2.516 233 1.115 166 187 106 276 8.4
1-25* 3.158 28.7 2363 35.2 326 18.6 604 18.4
2.719
1.887
634
26
24.7
17.1
5.7
0.2
1.801
1011
401
7
26.9
15.1
6.0
0.1
491
554
190
t
27.9
313
10.8
04
1.016
1,048
314
25
309
51-75 31.9
76-100 9.6
101-125 as
126-130 - - - - - - -
131-150 10 0.1 9 0.1 1 0.1 2 ai
151+ 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 oo 2 ai
" No umple households in thu category.
Source: Summer 1994 Food Sump Quality Control umple.
53
e££*K-tl1E!ia^^
Household
OuracUhttK
Total
Graaa
SO
1-199....
200-399
400-599
600-799
800-999
1.000+..
Net
$0
1-199...
200-399
400-599
600-799
100-999
1.000*.
CMiMUbkRc
$0
1-500
501-1,000...
1.001-1.500.
1.501-1.750.
1.751-2.000.
2.001-3.000.
3,001 *
Grwi IMCMM as a
Pcrceatagc of Poverty
GaldtMae
No Groti Income
1-25*
26-50 „,
51-75
76-100 _..
101-125
126-130
131-150
151*
Net Income as »
Parcaatagtaf Poverty
GaMttlae
No Net Income
1-25* __
26-50 „._
51-75 „.
76-100
101-125
126-130
131-150
151*
Total Households
Numbw
(000)
11.022
1.088
708
2J34
3.409
1.613
939
1.031
2.586
2.903
2,688
1.414
805
327
300
8.395
1.916
376
185
36
37
1.088
868
2.558
2,647
2.751
916
111
54
28
2.586
3.158
2.719
1.887
634
26
10
2
Percent
100.0
9.9
64
20.3
30.9
14.6
8.5
9.4
23.5
26?
24.4
12.8
7.3
3.0
2.7
76.2
17.4
3.4
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.0
9.9
7.9
23.2
24.0
25.0
8.3
1.0
0.5
0.3
23.5
21.7
24.7
17.1
5.7
0.2
0.1
0.0
HouMbold Siae
1
Nomber
(000)
3,769
772
276
663
1.776
240
38
5
1.416
971
1.143
219
18
I2
2,890
57;;
129
91
21
18
28
0
772
172
403
489
1.612
249
21
41
II
1.416
709
782
695
146
16
2
2
Percent
100.0
20.5
7.3
17.6
47.1
64
1.0
0.1
37.6
25.8
30.3
5.8
0.5
0.0
0.0
20.5
4.6
10.7
13.0
42.8
6.6
0.6
1.1
0.3
37.6
18.8
20.8
11.4
3.9
0.4
0.1
0.1
Number
(000)
2.632
149
250
756
737
426
254
59
612
936
558
360
148
99
76.7 2.055
15.3 457
3.4 66
2.4 25
0.5 2
0.5 7
0.7 12
0.0 1
149
257
747
731
424
257
47
11
9
612
939
554
349
160
9
Percent
100.0
5.7
9.5
2t.7
280
16.2
9.6
2.2
23.2
35.6
21.2
13.7
5.6
0.3
0.3
78.1
17.4
2.5
1.0
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.0
5.7
9.8
28.4
27.8
16.1
9.8
1.8
0.4
0.4
23.2
35.7
21.1
13.3
61
0.4
0.3
Number
(000)
2.007
96
122
489
485
412
213
191
323
607
489
316
188
84
1,600
320
58
10
853
96
212
651
592
255
181
10
2
8
323
780
485
293
126
100.0
4.8
61
24.4
24.2
20.5
10.6
95
16.1
30.2
24.3
15.8
9.4
4.2
79.7
15.9
2.9
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.1
4.8
10.6
32.4
29.5
12.7
9.0
0.5
0.1
0.4
16.1
38.9
240
14.6
63
Nomber
(000)
1.412
38
45
235
248
350
179
316
155
251
321
303
202
108
71
1.013
308
55
23
3
50
38
129
413
418
277
111
25
0
155
426
456
269
107
•nsfccot
100.0
2.7
3.2
167
17.6
24.8
1Z6
214
11.0
17.8
218
21.5
14.3
7.6
5.1
71.8
21.8
3.9
1.6
0.2
0.4
0.0
2.7
9.1
29.3
29.6
19.6
7.8
1.8
0.0
11.0
30.2
313
19.0
7.6
Nomber
(000)
689
16
12
72
HI
116
144
219
54
95
121
122
137
83
78
475
140
50
21
1
1
16
64
197
224
109
75
40
54
188
232
155
59
0
Percent
100.0
13
1.7
10.4
161
168
20.9
31.8
7.8
13.8
17.5
17.7
19.8
111
11.3
68.9
20.3
7.2
3.0
0.2
0.1
13
9.3
28.6
315
15.8
10.9
0.6
Number
(000)
514
18
3
19
52
69
112
241
26
43
56
93
112
42
141
361
116
19
16
2
1
Percent
18
34
148
193
75
43
3
0.0
-
7.8 26
27.3 116
33.7 210
215 126
8.6 36
0.0 -
- -
100.0
3.4
0.5
3.7
101
13.4
21.8
46.8
5.2
8.4
10.9
18.1
21.8
81
27.5
70.3
22.5
3.6
3.0
0.3
0.1
3.4
67
28.7
37.6
14.6
8.4
0.5
5.2
22.5
40.8
24.5
7.1
" No sample households in this category.
Source: Summer 1994 Food Sump Quality Control • aple.
54
Table A-5. Average Grw and Net Income, Average Gran and Ntl Income as ■ Percentage of Poverty Guideline,
Average Countable Retearces of Partfclpating Household* by Household Composition and Six
Household Ouusctenibc
Total Households
Number
(000)
Percent
Average Monthly Vstoes
Groti Income
(DoOan)
Net Income
(Dollars)
Oitwi Income
• l
Percentage of
Poverty
(Percent)
Net Income at
• Percentage
of Poverty
(Percent)
(DoOan)
Over AD
Over
Household!
With
Countable
Resources
Total
CompoaWoa
Children _
School Age
Preschool Age
No Children
EMerty or Disabled
Persons
No Elderly or Disabled
Persons _
EMerty Persons _...._
No Elderly Persons —
Disabled Persons .—
No Disabled Persons
Household She
11.022
6.706
4.789
3.855
4316
3.287
7.735
1.757
9-265
1.530
9.492
3.769
2.632
2.007
1.412
689
323
113
78
100.0
60.8
43.4
35.0
39.2
29.8
70.2
15.9
84.1
13.9
86.1
34.2
23.9
18.2
12.8
6.3
2.9
1.0
0.7
514
598
654
586
384
595
480
543
509
655
492
342
456
545
704
83«
968
1,017
1.163
273
333
382
325
179
340
244
290
270
398
253
148
211
281
419
541
663
729
889
57.9
55.5
57.8
52.6
61.5
80.7
48.2
82.8
53.1
78.3
54.6
58.7
57.9
54.9
58.8
59.5
60.3
56.1
53.8
29.0
29.6
32J
27.7
28.1
43.4
22.9
42.9
26.4
44.0
26.6
25.4
26.8
28.3
35.0
38.6
41.2
40.2
40.9
89
65
71
65
127
159
60
231
63
76
92
112
72
59
80
120
135
61
98
380
291
301
295
502
541
^A
622
298
371
381
491
334
294
285
389
424
275
321
Source: Summer 1994 Food Surr.p Quality Control sample.
55
TaM* A-«. MtfritaatJoti of Pmrtdf^taf HomM* With ChlMna, ElderlyNMMmi Elderly or Dfcabtod by Type of lacoas*
Typaof
Tool Households
Told*
Wi*:
Children
Number
(000)
Elderly
(000)
Elderly or Disabled
Number
(000)
Perceoi
Tetnl
Wants avl Salami .-
SeJf-Eanployment
Caher Earned Income
Aid to Famine* with Dependent Children
0—1 Aitmance ....
AFDCorOA Income
Supplemental Secunty Income
Social Security
Unemployment Income ......
Vetenos- BeoefHi
Worken' Compensation ....
Onto Government Benefits
Household Coninbuooni
Household Deemed Income
Educational Loans mi,-, ,
Quid Support Enforcement PlymenU
Omar Unearned Income ......................
Nc
11.022
2J24
2.120
134
95
9.546
4037
794
5.021
2.545
2.009
192
153
44
156
414
4
13
513
1.561
1.0M
100.0
21.1
19.2
1.2
0.9
16.6
31.4
7.2
45.6
23.1
112
1.7
1.4
0.4
1.4
3.1
0.0
0.1
4.7
14.2
9.9
6,706
1570
1419
•0
IS
6.094
4.161
•4
4.235
711
479
150
23
28
106
366
47
499
1.219
325
100.0
29.4
27.1
1.2
1.3
90.9
62.0
1.2
63.1
11.6
7.1
2.2
0.3
0.4
1.6
5.5
0.1
ai
7.4
112
4.1
1.757
65
53
II
1
1.705
62
100
162
1.015
1025
5
101
3
24
90
17
117
42
100.0
3.7
3.0
0.6
0.1
97.0
3.5
5.7
9.2
57.7
69.7
0.3
S.S
0.2
1.4
0.5
0.0
0.1
0.4
10.6
2.4
• The ton of individual income tourcei does not add to the total because households can receive income from more than one source.
Source: Summer 1994 Food Stamp Quality Control sample
3.217
114
162
IS
7
3^35
591
174
761
2^45
1.568
5
113
7
36
53
0
1
56
262
42
100.0
5.6
4.9
0.4
0.2
914
110
5.3
23.2
77.4
47.7
0.1
3.4
0.2
I.I
1.6
0.0
0.0
1.7
10
1.3
56
Table A-7. Average Income, Total Deducted, Food Stamp Benefit, aad Ho—hold Slat of Partkipatiag Hoaaaaotdj by Type of Income
Toul HauteooM. Avenge Monthly Value*
Type erf Income
TotaF Petceol
Uroti
Income
(DoOan)
Net
Income
(DoOan)
Income"
Source
(DoOan)
Total
Deduction
(Dollar.)
Food Sump
Benefit
(Dollar.)
HouteboM
Sue
(Penan.)
Self Emdovroert
11.022
2324
2.120
134
95
9346
4.237
794
5.021
2345
2,009
192
153
44
156
414
4
13
513
1361
1.088
100.0
21.1
19.2
1.2
0.9
•6.6
314
12
45.6
23.1
11.2
1.7
1.4
0.4
1.4
3.S
0.0
0.1
4.7
14.2
9.9
514
155
175
571
•06
564
533
35«
505
613
615
688
581
154
521
568
621
641
605
742
0
273
417
497
276
548
301
Z.-
133
263
359
364
424
322
629
314
311
247
479
347
405
0
693
724
301
386
425
37»
233
451
351
445
4S2
263
586
174
197
243
275
119
•3
274
380
3*6
355
261
277
255
267
257
261
257
27*
277
22S
219
2S4
377
113
265
347
201
165
1(0
180
191
131
164
227
112
209
92
79
in
77
129
■S3
212
327
94
215
165
163
2J
3.4
33
19
Olber Earned Income —»—
ULMSnMfl UMMBC .....»..««.».».«.».........
Aid lo Famibet with Dependant Children
2.7
U
3.3
1.4
3.0
Supplemental Security Income
Unemployment Income .....................................
2.0
1.8
3.3
Veteran*' Benefit*
Worken' Compenubon ...__..._
1.6
3.4
2.1
Houieboid Contribution. _... ___.
Houiehoid Deemed Income
12
4.4
2.0
3.3
3.0
Na Income -. _ 1.6
* The ram of individual income .ourcei doe* not add to the lota! became houieboid* can receive income from mare
b Average value of *pecified touroe over houieboid* with income from *ource.
" Not Applicable.
Source: Summer 1994 Food Sump Quality Control .ample.
than one Murce.
57
T«bkA-«. Dtetributk»ofP«rtklpaJlii|Hc>uf«bofctaWlthCkUdreB,EWerljP*r»o«,iBdEklerlyof Dkableti Penotu by Eara«d
■ad UHtfMd bcoac A mounts
HooMhold QWMHMC
Total HouMhoMi
Number
(000)
Percent
HouteboldsWith:
Children
Number
(000)
Percent
Elderly
Number
(000)
Percent
Elderly or DiMbled
Number
(000)
Percent
Total
SO
1-199 —
200-399 -
400-599 ...
600-799 ...
800-999 ...
1.000*
IfcoanMd
$0
1-199 .....
200-399
400-599
600-799.
800-999
1,000V ...
AFDCIacwM
SO
1-199
200-399
400-599
600-799
800-999 „
1.000V ...
GAUcone
SO „_
1-199
200-399
400-599
600-799
800-999
1.000V .
AFDCOTGAIMMM
SO
1-199
200-399
400-599
600-799
800-999 .....
1.000*
SO
1-199
200-399
400-599
600-799
800-999
1,000+
11.022
8.698
304
343
369
421
341
546
1,476
1.821
2.371
3.299
1053
552
250
6.785
777
1.750
1.079
467
150
13
10^28
318
409
47
16
2
2
6.002
1.086
2.156
1.127
484
152
15
8.478
702
381
1082
100
72
9
100.0
78.9
2.8
3.1
3.3
3.8
3.1
5.0
13.4
16.5
21.5
29.9
11.4
5.0
2.3
61.6
7.1
15.9
9.8
4.2
1.4
0.1
92.8
2.9
3.7
0.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
54.4
9.9
19.6
10.2
4.4
1.4
0.1
76.9
6.4
3.5
11.6
0.9
0.7
0.1
6,706 100.0
4.737 70.6
175 2.6
266 4.0
288 4.3
382 5.7
319 4.8
540 8.1
612 9.1
1.432 21.4
1.748 26.1
1.382 20.6
866 12.9
439 6.6
227 3.4
2.545 38.0
753 11.2
1.712 25.5
1.071 16.0
461 6.9
150 22
13 0.2
6.622 98.8
32 0.5
23 0.3
16 02
10 02
2 0.0
1 0.0
2.472 36.9
776 11.6
1.732 25.8
1.087 162
473 7.1
152 2.3
14 02
5.925 88.4
96 1.4
117 1.7
468 7.0
43 0.6
50 0.7
7 0.1
1.757 100.0
1.692 96.3
IS 1.0
19 1.1
9 as
6 0.3
6 0.3
7 0.4
52 3.0
31 1.7
154 8.8
1,073 61.1
289 164
111 63
48 27
1.695 965
22 1.3
23 1.3
17 1.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
1,657 94.3
43 15
55 3.1
2 ai
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
1.595 90.8
65 3.7
77 4.4
19 1.1
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 ao
743 423
462 263
181 10.3
317 18.0
45 26
8 0.5
1 ao
3287 ioao
3.103 94.4
58 1.8
32 1.0
39 1.2
24 07
14 0.4
17 as
52 1.6
39 1.2
230 7.0
1.908 58.1
587 17.9
293 19
178 5.4
2.696 820
193 5.9
241 7.3
131 4.0
23 0.7
4 ai
0 0.0
3.113 94.7
96 19
75 23
3 ai
0 ao
0 ao
0 ao
2.526 768
285 8.7
314 9.5
135 4.1
24 0.7
4 ai
0 ao
743 216
702 21.4
381 11.6
1282 39.0
100 3.0
72 12
9 tt3
58
TaMtA-l Dtetribntk* of r«rttdprttog Ho^efcoW. WKfc CUdifi, Elderly
i UMimd hHM kmmmm—CmHamk
•ad Elderly or Diubled
HoaaaBoldCkafaciariMic
$0
1-199 —
200-399
400-599
600-799
WO-999
1.000* ..
tmmVmamU
so
1-199
200-399
400-599
600-799
800-999
1.000*
Total Haoaaholdt
Number
(000)
9,013
1S3
732
770
242
•1
31
1.088
2.116
405
220
131
40
23
III
1.4
6.6
7.0
2.2
0.7
0.3
73.4
192
3.7
2.0
\2
0.4
02
HooMkokJtWi*:
Ouldron
Number
<000)
6027
97
156
lOt
56
36
26
4392
1,667
329
150
110
37
23
92.9
1.4
2.3
1.6
0.1
0.5
0.4
65.5
24.9
4.9
2.2
1.6
0.5
0.3
Elderry
Namber
(000)
532
40
480
479
171
45
9
1.431
256
30
31
6
3
0
30.3
2.3
27.3
27.3
9.7
16
as
•1.4
14.5
1.7
l.S
as
0.2
ao
Elderly or DiMbtod
(000)
1.719 52.3
94 19
644 19.6
589 17.9
171 5.4
so 1.5
13 0.4
2.774 84.4
401 12.2
55 1.7
44 1.3
8 0.2
6 0.2
0 ao
Source: Summer 1994 Food Stamp Qashty Coouol urople.
59
Table A». Dktribu.k-o of P.rtWjMUln, HouMkoMt by Type of Deduction ud HooeboU Co.ipo.Woo, IMOBK Source,
ud Food Sump Benefit AnounI
HOOMBOM Characteristic
TttiJ
H
Children
School Age
Preschool Afe
No OilWren ......
Bderty Persons
No Elderly Penaoi.
Total Households
Number
(000)
Disabled Perrons ......
No Diubted Penoai
l—we Seorce
Grou Income
No Gitwi Iooome
Net Income
No Net Income
Earned Income
No Earned Income
Unearned Income
No Unearned Income ....
AFDC Income
No AFDC Income
GA Income .
No GA Income
AFDC or GA Income ....
No AFDC or GA
Income
SSI
No SSI
Social Security
Income
No Social Security
Income ....
Feed SUmp
Mjnimnm Benefit.
Maximum Benefit
11.022
6.706
4.719
3.155
4316
1.757
9.265
1.530
9.492
9.934
1.0M
8.437
2.586
2.324
1.698
9346
1.476
4237
6.785
794
10.228
5.021
6.002
2345
8.478
2.009
9.013
522
2392
Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
loao
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
loao
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
loao
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
loao
Type of Deduction
Earned Income
Number
(000)
2324
1.970
1.468
1.140
355
65
2.260
119
1205
2,324
2,108
216
2,324
1.937
388
526
1.799
37
1287
562
1.762
139
2.185
101
2.216
68
216
Percent
21.1
29.4
30.7
29.6
8.2
3.7
24.4
7.8
23.2
23.4
25.0
14
100.0
20.3
26.3
12.4
26.5
4.7
2X4
11.2
29.4
5.5
25.8
5.4
24.6
12.9
13
Dependent Care
Number
(000)
318
297
199
219
21
7
311
20
298
318
0
294
24
284
34
281
37
62
256
318
62
256
25
293
15
303
11
24
Percent
' Percent of ncaiteecjdt wrdi deduction that receive the maximum.
" No sample households in this category.
Source: Summer 1994 Food Stamp Quahty Control sample
19
4.4
42
5.7
as
0.4
3.4
1.3
3.1
3.2
0.0
3.5
0.9
12.2
0.4
19
15
1.5
3.8
3.1
1.2
A3
1.0
3.5
0,7
3.4
11
0.9
With
Maxi
23.7
20.2
10.0
20.0
719
94.7
212
33.0
23.0
23.7
218
33.6
19.7
57.2
24.8
IA8
34.1
21.2
23.7
3A1
21.2
47.1
21.6
41.3
218
100.0
33.6
Exceii Shelter
Number
(000)
7.319
4.581
3,276
2347
1737
1.133
6.186
1.019
6.300
6.913
406
5326
1.793
1.448
5.171
6.638
681
3.029
4.290
635
6.683
3.656
3.662
1.677
5.642
1.279
6.039
134
1.796
Percent
66.4
613
614
66.1
63.4
64.5
66.8
66.6
66.4
69.6
37.3
65.5
69.3
613
67.5
69.5
46.1
71.5
63.2
80.0
65.3
718
61.0
65.9
66.6
63.7
67.0
25.7
69.3
Percent
With
Max.
mom*
30.1
37.9
312
39.7
17.0
0.2
35.6
0.2
35.0
28.5
57.2
24.6
47.0
35.1
219
28.0
50.9
37.3
25.0
34.2
29.7
36.7
23.5
0.1
39.0
10.1
34.4
as
46.9
Medical
Number
(000)
324
22
21
5
302
299
25
25
299
324
295
29
12
312
324
14
310
2
322
16
308
90
234
296
28
60
30
Percent
19
0.3
0.4
0.1
7.0
17.0
tt3
1.6
3.2
3.3
3.5
1.1
0.5
3.6
3.4
0.3
4.6
0.3
3.2
0.3
S.I
33
18
14.7
0.3
113
1.2
60
Table A-10. Average VahMt of Deduction* of Participating Households by Ho—ibold CoaapoaWoa, latami Source, aad Pood Stamp
BeacfM ABKMiDt
Total
Home-bokls
(000)
Avenge Amount of Deduction
(DoBan)
HoBMhoM Characteristic Earned Income Dependent Care Exceis Shelter Medical
AD
Houaeboida
With
Deduction
An
Households
With
Deduction
A0
HoMebaidi
With
Deduction
AD
HooMholds
Witfc
Deduction
Tetal 11.022 29 139 4 144 106 160 3 100
Children
School Agt
Preschool Ate .._
6.706
4.789
3.855
4,316
44
48
47
6
ISO
155
158
73
6
6
91
146
146
152
121
104
106
99
110
152
IS4
150
174
0
0
0
47
49
48
104
Elderly Persons _...
No Elderly Persons
1.757
9.265
3
34
93
140
1
5
156
144
US
104
1S3
156 »
103
64
Disabled Person 1.530
9.492
7
33
91
141
2
4
157
143
122
104
IS3
157
64
No Disabled Persons 103
Iacoeae Soartr
No Gnu Income .—
9.934
1.088
32
0
139
0
50
144
3
111
70
159
IS6
100
0
8.437
2.586
37
3
149
40
5
1
143
156
95
143
145
206
88
No Net Income 220
2,324
8.698
139
0
139
0
IS 145
137
91
HI
147
164
94
No Earned Income 101
9.546
1.476
28
38
137
146
4
3
148
114
no
82
159
17S
100
No Unearned Income — 0
AFDC Income
No AFDC Income
4037
6,785
12
40
97
151
3
5
175
137
109
105
153
166
25
104
GA Income 794
10.228
5
31
103
139
0
4
0
144
130
105
163
160
90
100
AFDC or GA Income 5,021
6.002
11
45
98
152
2
6
175
137
112
102
154
166
33
No AFDC or GA Income ..... 104
SSI
No SSI . „
2^45
8.478
5
37
88
142
2
5
158
143
119
103
ISO
154
133
88
Social Security Income
No Social Security
2.009
9.013
5
35
95
141
1
5
180
142
106
107
167
159
13 89
224
Feed SUa^ Benefit
Mjnjrniirn Benefit — 522
2^92
13
3
101
40
3
1
160
156
19
143
75
206 1
so
216
Source: Summer 1994 Food Sump Quality Control sample
61
Table A-ll. Distribution of Participating Households by Selected Household Characteristic! and Amount of Deduction
HoutehoM Characteristic
Total Houieholdi
Number
(000)
Total
TetalPeduett—
$115-131
132-150
151-200
201-250
251-300 _..
301-350
351-400
401*
Earned Income
None
$1-50 .._
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301+ ,
Dependent Cart
Noot
$1-50
51-100 „
101-150
151-200
201*
Medical
None _
$1-25
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-150
151-200
201-300
301+ _
ExceatSbefter
None
$1-50
51-100 —
101-150
151-200
201-230 ._ _
231 —
232*
None
Leu Than Cap
Equal to Cap
Benefit < Mai
Benefit-Max ......
Greater Than Cap ...
11.022
2.651
317
966
1.099
1.271
2.386
860
1.467
8.698
371
449
532
441
308
138
86
10.704
46
57
55
100
59
10.698
113
42
22
30
50
19
24
22
3.704
944
1.167
1.173
932
2.114
320
669
3.704
4.355
2204
1362
142
759
Percent
100.0
24.1
2.9
8.8
10.0
11.5
21.6
7.8
13.3
78.9
3.4
4.1
4.8
4.0
2.8
1.2
0.8
97.1
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.9
0.5
97.1
1.0
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
33.6
8.6
10.6
10.6
8.5
19.2
2.9
6.1
33.6
39.5
20.0
12.4
7.6
6.9
Houieholdi With:
Children
Number
(000)
6.706
1.324
191
517
603
811
1.751
562
948
4,737
220
364
448
410
304
137
86
6.409
41
57