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Nutrition Assistance Program Report Series The Office of Analysis, Nutrition and Evaluation Food Stamp Program Report No. FSP-01-CHAR Characteristics ofFoodStamp Households: Fiscal Year 2000 Vu w^-ocwtt KDA Unltedstates Food and October 2001 \JO\Jr\ Department of Nutrition Agriculture Service CL Nutrition Assistance Program Report Series The Office of Analysis, Nutrition and Evaluation Food Stamp Program Report No. FSP-01-CHAR Characteristics of Food Stamp Households: Fiscal Year 2000 USDA "nited Statf , ^d f and \JyJlsr\ Department of Nutrition October 2001 Agriculture Service C USDA United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service 3101 Park Center Drive Alexandria. VA 22302-1500 CHARACTERISTICS OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS: FISCAL YEAR 2000 AND TRENDS IN FOOD STAMPPROGRAM PARTICIPATION: 1994 TO 1999 Enclosed are copies of two reports: Characteristics ofFood Stamp Households: Fiscal Year 2000 and Trends in Food Stamp Program Participation: 1994 to 1999. The report Characteristics ofFood Stamp Households: Ftical Year 2000 is the most recent in a series providing information about the demographic and economic circumstances of food stamp households. The information is based on data collected by the Food Stamp Program Quality Control System for fiscal year 2000. The report Trends in Food Stamp Program Participation: 1994 to 1999 is the latest in a series of reports and memoranda providing the latest data on the trends in Food Stamp Program participation rates based on the March Current Population Survey. This report focuses on changes in rates from 1994 to 1999. It shows that participation rates fell by 17 percentage points between 1994 and 1999, from 74 percent to 57 percent. Some of the information reported here was included in the report The Decline in Food Stamp Participation: A Report to Congress, issued in July 200 i. If you have questions about the content of these reports or need additional copies, please contact the following: Office of Analysis, Nutrition, and Evaluation Food and Nutrition Service 3101 Park Center Drive Alexandria, Virginia 22302 Phone(703)305-2133 ENCLOSURE AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER 7! Summary of Characteristics ofFood Stamp Households: Fiscal Year 2000 On average, about 17.2 million people living in 7.3 million households received food stamps in the United States each month in FY 2000. Food stamp households are a diverse group. Because food stamps are available to most low-income households with few resources, regardless of age, disability status, or family structure, recipients represent a broad cross-section of the nation's poor. This report provides summary information about the demographic and economic circumstances of food stamp households. • Most food stamp recipients are children or elderly. Over half (51 percent) are children and another ten percent are age 60 or older. Working-age women represent 27 percent of the caseload, while working-age men represent 11 percent. • The majority of food stamp households do not receive cash welfare benefits. Nearly a third (32 percent) received Supplemental Security Income. Over one quarter (26 percent) received TANF benefits. Over one quarter (26 percent) received Social Security benefits. Eight percent had no cash income of any kind. • Many food stamp recipients work. Over one fourth (27 percent) of food stamp households have earnings. For these households, earnings are the primary source of income. • Food stamp households have little income. Only 11 percent are above the poverty line, while 33 percent have incomes at or below half the poverty line. The typical food stamp household had gross income of $620 per month and received a monthly food stamp benefit of $ 158. Over one-fifth of monthly funds (cash income plus food stamps) available to a typical household come from food stamps. • Food stamp households possess few resources. The average food stamp household possesses only about $156 in countable resources (including the non-excluded portion of vehicles and the entire value of checking and savings accounts and other savings). • Most food stamp households are small. The average food stamp household size was 2.3. but varied considerably by household composition. Households with children were relatively large, averaging 3.4 members. Households with elderly members tended to be smaller, with an average size of 1.3 people. October 2001 USDA United States Food and Department of Nutrition Agriculture Service October 2001 Food Stamp Program Report No. FSP-01-CHAR Characteristics of Food Stamp Households: Fiscal Year 2000 Author: Karen Cunnyngham Submitted by: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. 600 Maryland Avenue, S.W., Suite 550 Washington, D.C. 20024-2512 Project Director: Carole Trippe Submitted to: Office of Analysis, Nutrition and Evaluation USDA, Food and Nutrition Service 3101 Park Center Drive, Room 503 Alexandria, VA 22302-1500 Project Officer: Jenny Genser This study was conducted under Contract number 53-3198-9-008 with the Food and Nutrition Service. This report is available on the Food and Nutrition Service web site: http://www.fns.usda.gov/oane. Suggested Citation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Analysis, Nutrition and Evaluation, Characteristics ofFood Stamp Households: Fiscal Year2000, FSP-01-CHAR, by Karen Cunnyngham. Project Officer, Jenny Genser. Alexandria, VA: 2001. W The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326- W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. This report was prepared by Karen Cunnyngham of Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., for the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Analysis, Nutrition, and Evaluation. Many individuals made important contributions to the report. The author thanks Carole Trippe, Laura Castner, Scott Cody, and Randy Rosso for providing guidance and reviewing the report, Daisy Ewell for providing programming support, Micki Morris for preparing the manuscript, and Arnie Aldridge, Brianna Stanton, and Jaclyn Wong for their help developing the index. The author also thanks Jenny Genser of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food and Nutrition Service for providing guidance and program information. Author: MPR Project Director: MPR Project Number: FNS Project Officer: FNS Contract Number: Karen Cunnyngham Carole Trippe 8659-110 Jenny Genser 53-3198-9-008 October 2001 1/ CONTENTS Chapter Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xv 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 AN OVERVIEW OF THE FOOD STAMP PROGRAM 3 PROGRAM ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS 3 The Household 3 Income Eligibility Standards 3 Assets 5 Nonfinancial Eligibility Standards 6 APPLICATION PROCEDURES 7 BENEFIT COMPUTATION 7 FOOD STAMP ISSUANCE 8 PROGRAM CHANGES SINCE THE PREVIOUS FISCAL YEAR 8 FSP PARTICIPATION AND COSTS 8 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS AND PARTICIPANTS 13 THE POVERTY STATUS OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS 13 HOUSEHOLDS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS 15 Households With Children 15 Households With Elderly People 19 Households With Disabled People 20 Other Households Served by the FSP 20 Single-Person Households 20 CHARACTERISTICS OF FSP PARTICIPANTS 20 CHANGES IN THE ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS 22 ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS 25 /// CONTENTS (continued) Chapter Page APPENDIX A: DETAILED TABLES OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS 31 APPENDLX B: DETAILED TABLES OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS BY STATE 69 APPENDLX C: CHANGES TO THE FOOD STAMP PROGRAM DUE TO RECENT FEDERAL LEGISLATION 83 APPENDLX D: FISCAL YEAR 2000 FSP PARAMETERS AND MAXIMUM BENEFIT AMOUNTS 91 APPENDLX E: SOURCE AND RELIABILITY OF ESTIMATES 99 APPENDLX F: SAMPLING ERROR OF ESTIMATES 105 APPENDLX G: DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT 115 APPENDLX H: PREVIOUS REPORTS LN THIS SERIES 121 INDEX 125 VI //// TABLES Text Tables page 2.1 Major Economic Indicators, Calendar Years 1989-2000 11 3.1 Distribution of Households and Benefits by Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline, Fiscal Year 2000 14 3.2 Effect of Food Stamp Benefits on the Poverty Status of Food Stamp Households, Fiscal Year 2000 16 3.3 Household Composition and Selected Characteristics of Participating Households, Fiscal Year 2000 17 3.4 Average Values of Selected Characteristics by Household Composition, Fiscal Year 2000 18 3.5 Food Stamp Benefits of Participants by Selected Demographic Characteristics, Fiscal Year 2000 21 3.6 Average Nominal and Real Values of Selected Characteristics, Fiscal Year 1999 and Fiscal Year 2000 23 Appendix A Tables Summary Characteristics A-l Distribution of Participating Households, Persons, and Benefits by Household Composition, Income Source, and Food Stamp Benefit Amount 33 A 2 Average Gross and Net Income, Total Deduction, Countable Resources, Food Stamp Benefit, Household Size, and Certification Period of Participating Households by Household Composition, Income Source, and Food Stamp Benefit Amount 34 Income, Poverty Status, and Resources A-3 Distribution of Participating Households With Children, Elderly Persons, and Elderly or Disabled Persons by Amount of Gross and Net Income, Countable Resources, and Gross and Net Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline 35 Vll /> TABLES (continued) Page A-4 Distribution of Participating Households by Household Size and Amount of Gross and Net Income, Countable Resources, and Gross and Net Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline 36 A-5 Average Gross and Net Income, Average Gross and Net Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline, and Average Countable Resources of Participating Households by Household Composition and Size 37 A-6 Distribution of Participating Households With Children, Elderly Persons, and Elderly or Disabled Persons by Type of Income 38 A-7 Average Income, Total Deduction, Food Stamp Benefit, and Household Size of Participating Households by Type of Income 39 A-8 Distribution of Participating Households With Children, Elderly Persons, and Eiderly or Disabled Persons by Earned and Unearned Income Amounts 40 FSP Deductions A-9 Distribution of Participating Households by Type of Deduction and Household Composition, Income Source, and Food Stamp Benefit Amount 42 A-10 Average Values of Deductions of Participating Households by Household Composition, Income Source, and Food Stamp Benefit Amount 43 A-l 1 Distribution of Participating Households by Selected Household Characteristics and Amount of Deduction 44 A-12 Average Total Deduction for Participating Households by Amount of Gross Income and Household Size 46 Food Stamp Benefit A-13 Distribution of Participating Households by Selected Household Characteristics and Food Stamp Benefit Amount, Food Stamp Benefit as a Percentage of the Maximum Benefit, and Certification Period 47 A-14 Distribution of Participating Households by Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline and Food Stamp Benefit as a Percentage of the Maximum 48 A-15 Average Food Stamp Benefit of Participating Households by Amount of Gross Income and Household Size 49 Vlll X TABLES (continued) Page A-16 Distribution of Participating Households by Type of Most Recent Action and Expedited Service 50 Household Composition A-17 Distribution of Participating Households, Persons, and Benefits by Household Composition 51 A-18 Average Gross and Net Income, Total Deduction, Countable Resources, Food Stamp Benefit, Household Size, and Certification Period of Participating Households by Household Composition 52 A-19 Distribution of Participating Households by Income Type and Household Composition 53 A-20 Distribution of Participating Households With Children, Elderly Persons, and Disabled Persons by Selected Characteristics 54 A-21 Average Values of Selected Characteristics for Participating Households With Children, Elderly Persons, and Disabled Persons 55 A-22 Distribution of Participating Households With Earned Income and Unearned Income by Selected Characteristics 56 A-23 Average Values of Selected Characteristics for Participating Households With Earned and Unearned Income 57 A-24 Distribution of Participating Households With Selected Household Characteristics by the Race and Citizenship of the Household Head 58 A-25 Distribution of Participating Households With Selected Household Characteristics by Selected Employment Characteristics 59 A-26 Distribution of Participating Households and Persons by Household Composition 60 A-27 Distribution of Participating Households by Household Size, Number of Elderly Persons, Disabled Persons, Children, Preschool Age Children, and School Age Children 61 Participants A-28 Gender and Food Stamp Benefits of Participants by Selected Demographic Characteristic 62 IX XI TABLES (continued) Page A-29 Distribution of Participants by Thrifty Food Plan Sex-Age Groups and Household Size 63 A-30 Distribution of Household Heads, All Participants, and Nonelderly Adults Participants by Work Registration Status and Employment Status 64 A-31 Distribution of Participants by Age-Related Characteristics 65 Survey Comparisons: Fiscal Years 1989 to 2000 A-32 Comparison of Participating Households With Key Food Stamp Household Characteristics for Fiscal Years 1989 to 2000 66 A-33 Comparison of Average Nominal and Real Values of Key Food Stamp Household Characteristics for Fiscal Years 1989 to 2000 67 A-34 Comparison of Number of Food Stamp Participants in Thousands by Gender and Age for Fiscal Years 1989 to 2000 68 Appendix B Tables B-l Distribution of Participating Households by State 71 B-2 Average Monthly Values of Selected Characteristics by State 72 B-3 Distribution of Participating Households by Poverty Status and by State 73 B-4 Distribution of Participating Households by Shelter-Related Characteristics and by State 74 B-5 Distribution of Participating Households by Selected Charade- sties and by State 75 B-6 Distribution of Participating Households by Selected Income Sources and by State 76 B-7 Average Monthly Values of Selected Income Sources by State 77 B-8 Distribution of Entrant Households With and Without Expedited Service by State 78 B-9 Distribution of Participating Households by Race/Ethnic Origin of Household Head and by State 79 Kii TABLES (continued) Page B-10 Distribution of Participants by Age and by State 80 B-l 1 Distribution of Participants by Citizenship Status and State 81 B-12 Distribution of All Non-Citizen Alien FSP Participants by State and Age 82 Appendix D Tables D-l HHS Poverty Income Guidelines for Fiscal Year 2000 FSP 93 D-2 FSP Maximum Allowable Gross Monthly Income Eligibility Standards in Fiscal Year 2000 94 D-3 FSP Maximum Allowable Net Monthly Income Eligibility Standards in Fiscal Year 2000 95 D-4 Value of Standard, Maximum Dependent-Care, and Excess Shelter Expense Deductions in the Continental United States and Outlying Areas in Fiscal Year 2000 96 D-5 Value of Maximum Food Stamp Benefit in the Continental United States and Outlying Areas in Fiscal Year 2000 97 Appendix E Table E Comparison of Calculated and Reported Values for Selected Variables of Participating Households, Fiscal Year 2000 104 Appendix F Tables F-1 Standard Errors of Estimated Numbers of Food Stamp Households (Thousands), Fiscal Year 2000 110 F-2 Design Effects (d) for Standard Errors of Estimated Numbers or Percentages of Food Stamp Households, Fiscal Year 2000 111 F-3 Standard Errors of Estimated Means, Fiscal Year 2000 112 F-4 Range of Standard Errors of Mean Amounts Expressed as a Percentage of the Mean Amount, Fiscal Year 2000 113 XI iiil FIGURES Text Figure 2.1 Food Stamp Program Participants, Unemployed Individuals, and Individuals in Poverty (1984 - 2000) Page 10 Appendix C Figure Food Stamp Participants Affected By PRWORA's Work Requirement And Time Limit 89 Xlll EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Food Stamp Program (FSP) provides millions of Americans with the means to purchase food for a nutritious diet. The FSP is the largest of the 15 domestic food and nutrition assistance programs administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food and Nutrition Service (FNS). In an average month in fiscal year 2000, the FSP served approximately 17.2 million people. This report presents the characteristics of food stamp households nationwide in fiscal year 2000 (October 1999 to September 2000). This information on household characteristics comes from FSP household data for fiscal year 2000 collected by FNS for quality control purposes. FSP Participation and Costs In an average month in fiscal year 2000, the FSP provided benefits to approximately 17.2 million people living in 7.3 million households across the United States. The total cost of the program over fiscal year 2000 was $17.1 billion, $15.0 billion of which were for food stamp benefits. The average monthly food stamp benefit in fiscal year 2000 was $158 per household. Compared with fiscal year 1999, the number of FSP participants decreased by 6 percent and FSP benefit costs decreased by 5 percent. Characteristics of Food Stamp Households and Participants In fiscal year 2000, slightly over half of all food stamp participants were children, 39 percent were nonelderly adults, and 10 percent were elderly people. About 68 percent of the children were school age, and 70 percent of adult participants were women. Approximately 89 percent of food stamp households lived in poverty, as measured by the fiscal year 2000 federal poverty guidelines issued by the Department of Health and Human Services (see Appendix D). Food stamp benefits were concentrated among poorer households—33 percent of all food stamp households had a gross income less than or equal to half of the poverty guideline, and these households received 54 percent of all benefits. If the value of food stamps is included as income, 6 percent of all food stamp households moved above the poverty guideline as a result of receiving food stamps, and 16 percent moved from below to above half of the poverty guideline. Of all food stamp households, 89 percent contained either a child or an elderly or disabled person, and these households received 91 percent of all benefits. Households with children received a relatively large average monthly food stamp benefit ($234), reflecting their larger household size. The average household with children had 3.4 people compared with an average The figure of 17.2 million people is based on FNS administrative records. The participant count of 17.1 million cited later in the report and the other figures provided throughout the report are estimates from the Food Stamp Program Quality Control (FSPQC) sample. For an explanation of the difference in the counts see Appendix E. xv of 2.3 people for all households. Most of the food stamp households with children were single-adult households. Almost half of these single-adult households with children received support from Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF). About 43 percent of all food stamp households with children had earned income; 39 percent of single-adult households with children and 65 percent of married-couple households with children had earnings. Twelve percent of all households with children had both TANF and earned income. Households with an elderly member received a relatively small average monthly food stamp benefit ($59), reflecting their relatively small average size (1.3). Almost 80 percent of food stamp households with an elderly member consisted of an elderly person living alone. These individuals received an average monthly benefit of $44 compared with average monthly benefits of $116 for households with elderly people not living alone and $184 for households without any elderly. xvi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION The Food Stamp Program (FSP) is a central component of America's anti-poverty program. The stated purpose of the FSP is "to permit low-income households to obtain a more nutritious diet by increasing their purchasing power" (The Food Stamp Act of 1977, as amended, P.L. 95-113). The FSP is the largest of the domestic food and nutrition assistance programs administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food and Nutrition Service (FNS). According to FNS administrative records, during fiscal year 2000, the FSP served approximately 17.2 million people in an average month at a total cost of $17.1 billion, $15.0 billion of which were for food stamp benefits. The FSP is the only low-income assistance program available nationwide to essentially all financially needy households because it imposes few nonfinancial categorical criteria.1 The FSP provides benefits electronically or through coupons. These benefits can be redeemed for food in approximately 155,000 authorized stores across the nation. Federal, state, and local governments share the costs and administration of the FSP. Congress authorizes the program and appropriates necessary funds. The Department of Agriculture establishes program regulations under the Food Stamp Act of 1977, as amended. FNS administers the FSP nationally, while state and local welfare agencies operate the program locally. The federal government fully funds the benefits of the FSP. Administrative costs are shared by the cooperating agencies, with FNS usually paying 50 percent of the costs. Since food stamps are available to most people who meet the income and resource standards set by Congress, the FSP serves a broad spectrum of the needy population. Using FSP household data collected periodically for quality control review, FNS sponsors several analyses to enhance its understanding of the people served by the FSP. The agency also produces a series of reports to document these analyses (see Appendix H for a list of titles). This report presents a picture of households and individuals participating in the FSP in fiscal year 2000. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the FSP, including the regulations used to determine eligibility and benefits, and the factors that affect program participation and costs, such as trends in the national economy. Chapter 3 describes the characteristics of individuals and households participating in the FSP in fiscal year 2000. The appendices include detailed tabulations of household and participant characteristics for the nation and by state; details of changes brought about by the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA), the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, and the Agricultural Research, Extension and Education Reform Act of 1998 (AREERA); and a brief description of the sample design and the sampling error associated with the estimates presented in the report. The FSP eligibility requirements include nonfinancial categorical criteria for certain groups. Specifically, many able-bodied, childless adults and legal permanent resident aliens are ineligible for food stamps. See Appendix C for more details on these individuals. A nn?lM CHAPTER 2: AN OVERVIEW OF THE FOOD STAMP PROGRAM The characteristics of food stamp households and the level of FSP participation change over time in response to legislative changes to the FSP as well as economic and demographic trends. This chapter explains FSP eligibility requirements, application procedures, benefit computation, and food stamp issuance. The chapter concludes with a summary of program participation and costs, including a discussion of how these costs are related to the economy in fiscal year 2000. PROGRAM ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS The Food Stamp Act of 1977, as amended, establishes uniform national eligibility standards for the FSP and defines the basic FSP unit as the "household." The eligibility criteria include gross and net income limits, an asset limit, and various nonfinancial criteria. There are exceptions to these criteria for certain high-cost areas, such as Alaska and Hawaii, and for certain individuals such as elderly people (age 60 and over) and people with disabilities. The Household Under FSP rules, a household is defined as individuals who live in a residential unit and purchase and prepare food together. The income and assets of each household member are aggregated to determine eligibility and benefits. Individuals who live together in a residential unit but do not purchase and prepare food together can apply as separate household units and their income and assets are considered separately in eligibility and benefit determinations. People who are elderly and disabled and cannot prepare and purchase food because of a substantial disability may apply as a separate household as long as the gross monthly income of the remainder of their residential unit is less than 165 percent of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services poverty guidelines.1 Income Eligibility Standards Monthly income is the most important determinant of household eligibility. The majority of households that apply for food stamps must meet two income eligibility standards: a gross income standard and a net income standard. Federal poverty guidelines for many assistance programs are established annually by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The FSP used 1999 poverty guidelines (published in the March 18, 1999 Federal Register) for all fiscal year 2000 income eligibility tests. These guidelines were developed on the basis of the 1998 Census poverty thresholds inflated to 1999 using the CPI-U. This means that the income eligibility tests applied to food stamp households in fiscal year 2000 are based on 1998 poverty measures inflated to 1999. See Appendix D for a listing of the fiscal year 2000 FSP poverty guidelines. As defined in the Food Stamp Act of 1977, as amended, gross income includes most cash income (with the exception of specific types of income such as loans) and excludes most noncash income, or in-kind benefits. To be eligible for the FSP, a household without an elderly or disabled member must have a monthly gross income that is at or below 130 percent of the poverty guideline ($1,810 for a family of four in the contiguous United States in fiscal year 2000). Households with elderly or disabled members are not subject to the gross income standard. Net income is determined by subtracting deductions permitted under the FSP from monthly gross income. The FSP deducts the following from a household's gross monthly income to arrive at the net monthly income:2 • Standard Deduction. All households automatically receive a standard deduction, equal to $134 in the contiguous United States in fiscal year 2000. The standard deduction for outlying states and territories varies to reflect price differences between these areas and the contiguous United States (Appendix D). • Earned Income Deduction. Households with earnings receive a deduction equal to 20 percent of the combined earnings of household members. • Dependent-Care Deduction. Households with dependents receive a deduction for expenses involved in caring for children and other dependents while other household members work, seek employment, or go to school. The maximum dependent-care deduction in fiscal year 2000 was $200 per month per dependent under age 2 and $175 per month per dependent age 2 or older (Appendix D). • Medical Deduction. A medical deduction is available only to households that contain elderly or disabled members. These households can deduct combined out-of-pocket medical costs exceeding $35 that are incurred on behalf of elderly or disabled members of the household. Medical expenses reimbursed by insurance or government programs are not deductible. • Child Support Payment Deduction. Households can deduct legally obligated child support payments made to or for a nonhousehold member. • Excess Shelter Expense Deduction. A household is entitled to a deduction equal to shelter costs (such as rent, mortgage payments, utility bills, property taxes, and insurance) that exceed 50 percent of its countable income after all other potential deductions are subtracted from gross income. The limit on the excess shelter expense deduction for households without elderly or disabled members was $275 in the contiguous United States in fiscal year 2000. Households that contain elderly or disabled members are entitled to subtract the full value of shelter costs that exceed 50 percent of their adjusted income. The limit on the excess shelter expense deduction ^here is a distinction between a household's deduction entitlement and the amount actually used to compute food stamp benefits. The entitlement is the deduction that a household receives if the total of allowable deductions is less than the household's gross income. Because net income cannot be less than zero, households with total deductions greater than their gross income can only claim a portion of their deduction entitlement. for outlying states and territories varies to reflect price differences between these areas and the contiguous United States (Appendix D).3 To be eligible for the FSP, a household must have a net monthly income at or below 100 percent of the poverty guideline ($1,392 for a family of four in the contiguous United States in fiscal year 2000). The gross and net income eligibility standards vary by household size, as well as for residents of Alaska and Hawaii (see Appendix D). A household is exempt from these income tests (as we ,\ as the asset test described below) if all of its members receive General Assistance, Supplemental Security Income (SSI), or cash or in-kind Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) benefits.4 Assets The second most important determinant of FSP eligibility is a household's assets. Households are permitted up to $2,000 in countable assets, or $3,000 in countable assets if at least one member is age 60 or older. Countable assets include cash, assets that can easily be converted into cash (such as money in checking or savings accounts, savings certificates, stocks or bonds, or lump-sum payments), and some nonliquid resources such as vehicles. However, certain types of property such as family homes, tools of a trade, or business property used to earn income are not counted. Certain vehicles are also not counted as assets for the purpose of determining eligibility. Any vehicle used as a home, to produce income, or as a means to transport disabled people is not included. Vehicles used for other purposes are counted in the following way: for the first vehicle and any additional vehicles used to commute to work or qualifying job training programs, any fair market value exceeding $4,650 is counted toward the asset limit; for all other vehicles, the higher of either any fair market value in excess of $4,650 or any equity (fair market value minus remaining liens) is counted.5 3The FY 2001 Agricultural Appropriations Act raised the limit on the excess shelter expense deduction to $340, effective March 1, 2001, and indexed it to inflation increases in subsequent years. Benefits for these categorically eligible households are determined according to the same rules used for other eligible households. 5Since the period covered by this report, the treatment of vehicles has changed. New regulations implemented in January 2001 excluded from the asset test any vehicle with equity below $1500 and eliminated the equity test for virtually all other vehicles. In addition, the FY 2001 Agricultural Appropriations Act, enacted in September 2000, flowed States to use TANF vehicle rules in place of food stamp rules if the TANF rules were more generous. Both of these changes were designed to make it easier for low-income workers to keep a car and still receive food stamps. 5 Nonfinancial Eligibility Standards The FSP has some nonfinancial eligibility standards, such as restrictions on the participation of students, strikers, and people who are institutionalized. In addition, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) made most legal permanent resident aliens (PRAs) ineligible for benefits and imposed work registration requirements and time limits on able-bodied adults living in households without children. PRAs with 40 quarters of work in the United States were exempted from the alien restrictions on FSP participation. Veterans and PRAs who were serving in the U.S. Armed Forces were also exempted along with their spouses and minor children. In addition, PRAs who were accorded refugee, asylee or deportee status were exempted from the restrictions for five years after they entered the country. Effective November 1, 1998, the Agricultural Research, Extension and Education Reform Act of 1998 (AREERA) restored eligibility to PRAs who were in the United States when PRWORA was enacted and were over 65 on August 22, 1996, or are currently under age 18 or disabled. The Act also extended the eligibility period for refugees, asylees, and deportees from five to seven years. Certain other aliens, such as Hmong or Highland Laotians, American Indians boai in Canada, and battered spouses and children, may be eligible, as well. Additionally, PRAs who became naturalized U.S. citizens are eligible.6 Able-bodied adults living in households without children can receive benefits only if they work or participate in work-related activities. With certain exceptions, those who do not meet these work requirements are restricted to 3 months of food stamp benefits in any 36-month period. Participants age 18 to 49 are subject to this time limit unless they meet one of the following conditions: People who are disabled People who are mentally or physically unfit for employment Women who are pregnant People needed in the home to care for an ill or incapacitated person Relatives or other caretakers of dependent children Students meeting FSP eligibility requirements People who work at least 20 hours per week People who receive unemployment compensation People complying with work requirements under another program People participating in a drug or alcohol rehabilitation program People participating in a work experience program See Appendix C for more details on alien eligibility. APPLICATION PROCEDURES To apply for food stamps, individuals are required to appear in person at their local food stamp office. However, elderly and disabled people, and people who have transportation problems can be interviewed by telephone or at their home. All states must allow individuals to apply for food stamps when they apply for TANF or SSI benefits. The Food Stamp Act of 1977, as amended, requires that local offices process applications for food stamps within 30 days after they are received. However, applications from households with extremely low income or resources can be processed more quickly through the expedited food stamp eligibility verification procedures, allowing people to receive food stamp benefits within seven days after they apply. Those eligible for expedited service include (1) migrant or seasonal farm workers with assets equal to or less than $100, and (2) households with gross income equal to or less than $150 and assets equal to or less than $100. FSP participants are required to appear in person at their local food stamp offices periodically for recertification. The certification period varies according to the likelihood of a change in a food stamp household's financial circumstances. In fiscal year 2000, food stamp households were certified for food stamps for an average of almost 10 months. BENEFIT COMPUTATION After a household is certified for food stamps, its monthly food stamp benefit is computed on the basis of its net monthly income, the benefit reduction rate, and the maximum food stamp benefit for its household size and location. The maximum benefit to which a household is entitled is based on the June cost of the Thrifty Food Plan (TFP) for a family of four, adjusted for household size and geographic areas outside the contiguous United States. The cost of the TFP is based on an economical and nutritious diet, adjusted for household size and composition. Maximum benefits are revised annually to reflect changes in the cost of the foods in the TFP. As specified in the Food Stamp Act of 1977, as amended, the maximum benefit was 100 percent of the TFP through 1988, 100.65 percent in 1989, 102.05 percent in 1990, 103 percent from 1991 through 1996, and 100 percent of the TFP beginning in 1997.7 In fiscal year 2000 the maximum monthly benefit for a family of four in the contiguous United States was $426 (Appendix D). The benefit reduction rate is the .ate at which be .efits are reduced for every additional dollar of net income. The benefit reduction rate is 30 percent, reflecting the assumption that a household will spend 30 percent of its net income on food and that the FSP will provide the difference between that amount and the maximum benefit. Thus, benefits are reduced by 30 cents for every additional dollar of net income. A household's monthly food stamp benefit is computed by subtracting 30 percent of its net income from the maximum benefit. If a household has zero net income, it receives the maximum 7In 1993, the Act was amended to require that 1993 maximum benefit amounts in the contiguous United States remain constant at 1992 values despite a drop in the value of the TFP in June 1992. In 1995, legislation was adopted to freeze maximum benefit amounts for Alaska at their 1994 levels. 7 food stamp benefit. All eligible one- and two-person households are guaranteed a minimum benefit of at least $10 per month (except during the initial month of participation). For new participants, benefits are prorated for the first month. FOOD STAMP ISSUANCE State and local food stamp offices issue food stamp benefits in five main ways: • On-Line Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT). participant receives a "debit" card, similar to a bank card, which is used to purchase food at authorized retail stores. The household's monthly benefit is electronically transferred to an account created specifically for FSP benefits. When a purchase is made, the amount of the purchase is debited from the account. • Off-Line Electronic Benefit Transfer. Two states (Ohio and Wyoming) issue "smart cards." Unlike on-line electronic benefit transfer cards, these cards contain food stamp benefit information in a chip on the card. • ATP Card. An authorization-to-participate identification card is mailed to the participant each month; the participant then exchanges the card for food stamps at an authorized issuance office. • Mail. State and local offices mail the food stamps directly to the participant. • Manually. The participant goes directly to the food stamp office for coupons. By the end of Fiscal Year 2000, EBT projects operated statewide in 37 states and in parts of five others. More than three-fourths of all food stamp benefits were issued through EBT. PROGRAM CHANGES SINCE THE PREVIOUS FISCAL YEAR Effective July 1999, categorical eligibility was expanded to include households in which all members are authorized to receive benefits from means-tested programs funded over 50 percent by TANF and/or State Maintenance of Effort (MOE) funds. At a State's option, other programs that further the purposes of welfare reform may also be used to confer categorical eligibility. Thus, a family who leaves welfare to work but still receives transitional assistance, such as child care subsidies or transportation assistance, may still be considered categorically eligible for the FSP. States began implementing expanded definitions of categorical eligibility throughout Fiscal Year 2000. FSP PARTICIPATION AND COSTS After declining slowly from 1983 through 1989, FSP participation grew substantially during the early 1990s. As illustrated in Figure 2.1, FSP participation increased by 37 percent from fiscal year 1990 through fiscal year 1994. Since peaking at 28.0 million people in March 1994, the 8 number of FSP participants declined steadily through July 2000. There were 17.5 million participants at the beginning of fiscal year 2000, 16.9 million in July 2000 and 17.0 million at the end of fiscal year 2000. Thus, FSF participation declined by 39 percent from the 1994 peak to the end of fiscal year 2000. The decline in FSP participation was caused by several factors. Part of the decline is associated with the improved economy in the second half of the 1990's. Major economic indicators generally showed improvement from 1994 to 1998 (Table 2.1). However, participation fell more sharply than expected during this period of sustained economic growth. Recent research suggests that about a third of the total decline in FSP participation occurred because rising income and assets lifted people above the program's eligibility limits Another eight percent of the decline reflects welfare reform's restrictions on the eligibility of non-citizens and limits on the time during which childless able-bodied unemployed adults can receive benefits. The remainder of the decline—just over half—occurred because fewer eligible people participated in the program.8 Total FSP costs decreased from $17.7 billion in fiscal yvar 1999 to $17.1 billion in fiscal year 2000. The reduction in costs occurred in part because of the reduction in the FSP caseload and in part because the average monthly benefit fell from $69 per person in fiscal year 1999 to $68 per person in fiscal year 20CO. The total cost of the FSP in fiscal year 2000 included $15.0 billion in benefits and $2.1 billion in other costs, including the federal share of state administrative costs and employment and training programs, printing and processing, anti-fraud funding, and program evaluation. See Food and Nutrition Service, USDA, The Decline in Food Stamp Participation: A Report to Congress, July 2001. FIGURE 2.1 FOOD STAMP PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS, UNEMPLOYED INDIVIDUALS AND INDIVIDUALS IN POVERTY (1984-2000) Millions Year •Annual values. Source: Bureau of the Census. Poverty in the United States: 1,99, Series P6O-210 'Average monthly values Source: Food and Nutrition Service, Fiscal Years 1985-2000 FSP Participation and Issuance. 'Average monthly values. Source: Economic Report of the President. 2001 Table B-36. 10 BLANK PAGE Table 2.1-Major Economic Indicators, Calendar Years 1989-2000 Calendar Year Economic Indicator 1989 1990 1991 1992 993 1994 1995 19% 1997 1998 1999 2000 Real GDP Increase" 3.5 1.0 5.3 3.8 9.3 31,528 12.8 1.8 1.3 5.6 3.9 9.3 33,585 13.5 -0.5 II 6.8 3.6 8.8 35,708 14.2 3.0 3.9 7.5 2.4 1.1 38,014 14.8 2.7 69 2.4 7.2 39.265 15.1 4.0 1.3 6.1 2.1 8.0 38,059 14.5 2.7 0.7 S.6 2.2 7.6 36.425 13.8 3.6 2.8 5.4 1.9 7.4 36.529 13.7 4.4 2.3 4.9 1.9 7.3 35,574 13.3 4.4 2.8 4.5 1.3 6.5 34.476 12.7 4.2 2.8 4.2 1.5 7.1 32,258 11.8 5.0 4.2 4.0 2.0 7.6 31,139 11.3 Productivity Increase* Unemployment Ratec Inflation Rated Interest Rate' Individuals Below 100 Percent of Poverty Line Number in Thousands... Percentage of Total Population ' Percent change from preceding year. b Percent change from preceding year in output per hour, business sector. ' Unemployment rate for all civilian workers. d Percentage change from preceding year in the implicit price deflator for Gross Domestic Product. 'Corporate Aaa bond yield. Sources: First line of data: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts Second line of data: Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Major Sector Productivity and Costs Index." Third line of data: Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Fourth line of data: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts Fifth line of data: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Sixth and Seventh lines of data: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Poverty in the United Slates. /I 'A Rn f!\ npri7 r^n CHAPTER 3: CHARACTERISTICS OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS AND PARTICIPANTS The FSP serves the nutritional needs of a broad spectrum of low-income Americans.1 In an average month in fiscal year 2000, the FSP provided benefits to 17.1 million people living in 7.3 million households. Almost all food stamp households lived in poverty (according to the federal poverty guidelines for program eligibility in fiscal year 2000). The vast majority of food stamp households contained either a child (under age 18), an elderly person (over age 59), or a disabled person. The average food stamp household received an average monthly food stamp benefit of $158, had an average gross monthly income of $620, had an average net monthly income of $355, and was entitled to an average total deduction of $298 per month (Tables 3.4 and 3.6).3 The average household size was 2.3 people. Compared with fiscal year 1999, the number of FSP participants decreased by 6 percent and FSP benefit costs decreased by 5 percent. This chapter discusses the composition and economic status of food stamp households, the characteristics of food stamp participants, and the changes in the characteristics of food stamp households from fiscal year 1999 through fiscal year 2000. THE POVERTY STATUS OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS4 The FSP provides benefits to households in need. In fiscal year 2000, the gross monthly income of 89 percent of food stamp households was less than or equal to 100 percent of the federal poverty guideline (Table 3.1).5 The gross monthly income of almost three-fifths of all food stamp households was less than or equal to 75 percent of the poverty guideline, and the income of one-third of all food stamp households was less than or equal to 50 percent of the guideline. The information in this chapter and the estimates in Appendices A and B are based on a sample of 46,963 households that participated in the FSP in fiscal year 2000. The sample was drawn from food stamp households in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, and the Virgin Islands. Households in Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands were not included in the sample because Puerto Rico has its own Nutritional Assistance Program, which replaced the FSP there in July 1982, and the Northern Mariana Islands participate in another block grant program instead of the FSP. ^he estimate of 17.1 million participants differs slightly from the number of food stamp participants according to FNS administrative iecords (17.2 million people) because the sample estimate is weighted by households rather than by individuals (see Appendix E). TTiis estimate reflects the entire deduction to which households are entitled. Because households cannot deduct more than their gross income, this figure is greater than the average deduction actually received by households. For more information on the economic status of food stamp households, see Appendix Tables A-3 through A-8. 5See Appendix Table D-l for the poverty guidelines. 13 Table 3.1- Distribution of Households and Their Benefits by Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline, Fiscal Year 2000 Gross Income is a ntage of Poverty Guideline* Percentage of: Pera All Households All Benefits Total 100.0 16.8 16.2 25.3 30.3 10.4 1.0 100.0 26.9 26 - 50% 26.8 51. 75% 26.3 76 - 100* 15.7 4.1 0.2 ' Denned as the fiscal year 2000 poverty guidelines published by the Department of Health and Human Services (see Appendix D). Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample. 14 The FSP effectively targets benefits to the most needy households; poorer households receive larger food stamp benefits than do households with more income. The 33 percent of all food stamp households that had a gross monthly income less than or equal to 50 percent of the poverty guideline in fiscal year 2000 received 54 percent of all benefits. In contrast, the 11 percent of households with a gross monthly income over the poverty guideline received only 4 percent of all benefits. The impact of food stamps on a household's purchasing power is estimated by adding the dollar value of the food stamps to household income and examining the distribution of households by poverty status.6 As shown in Table 3.2, the combination of cash and food stamps yields a significantly different distribution of food stamp households by poverty status. Specifically, when food stamps are included in gross income, the resulting increase in income of food stamp households was enough to move 6 percent of them above the poverty guideline. Food stamp benefits had an ever, greater impact on the poorest food stamp households, moving 16 percent of them above 50 percent of the poverty guideline. HOUSEHOLDS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS7 The FSP effectively serves many households that contain people with special needs—children, elderly, or disabled people. In fiscal year 2000, 89 percent of all food stamp households contained a child, an elderly person, or a disabled person. These households received 91 percent of all food stamp benefits (Table A-17). Households with Children In fiscal year 2000, the FSP served approximately 4.0 million households with children each month, representing more than half (54 percent) of all households (Table 3.3). These households constituted 86 percent of all food stamp households with earnings. Twelve percent of all households with children received a combination of TANF and earnings (Table A-6). Compared with other food stamp households, those that contained children received a relatively high average food stamp benefit of $234 per month (Table 3.4). This relatively high benefit primarily reflects the fact that the average household size among food stamp households with children (3.4 people) was larger than the average household size among all food stamp households (2.3 people). Children who received food stamps in fiscal year 2000 tended to live in households that were headed by a single adult. Sixty-eight percent of all food stamp households with children were headed by a single adult, representing 37 percent of all food stamp households (Table 3.3). ^is comparison assumes that program participants value their food stamp benefits at face value. 7See Appendix fables A-3, A-6, 4-11, A-13, A-14, A-17, A-18, A20 - A-22, and A-28 for more details concerning these households. 15 Table 3J-Efltet Of Food SUmp Benefits On The Poverty Status Of Food Stamp Households, Fiscal Year 2000 Distribution of Households in Relation to Poverty Guideline Gross Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline" Based on Cash Only Based on Cash and Food Stamps Difference in Percentage Points J 100% 33.4 55.4 11.2 100% 17.9 64.6 17.5 0 -15.5 9.2 6.3 ' Defined as the fiscal year 2000 poverty guidelines published by the Department of Health and Human Services (see Appendix D). Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample. 16 BLANK PAGE Table 3J-- Household Composition and Selected Characteristics of Participating Households, Fiscal Year 2000 Households With: Total* Children') Single-Adult Household Mulnple-Adult Household Married Couple Household Other Multiple-Adult Household Children Only Unknown Elderly Living Alone Not Living Alone ->J Disabled Living Alone Not Living Alone Other Households Single-Person Household Multi-Person Household All Households Number (000) 7.335 3,955 2,704 867 573 294 382 1 1,542 1,226 316 2.017 1,154 863 837 774 64 Percent 100.0 53.9 369 11.8 7.8 40 5.2 0.0 210 16.7 4.3 27.5 15.7 11.8 11.4 10 5 0.9 Households With Earned Income Number (000) 1.993 1.707 1.049 525 371 154 132 0 54 23 30 202 71 131 167 136 31 Percent 1000 85.6 52.7 263 18.6 7.7 6.6 0.0 2.7 1.2 1.5 10.1 3.5 6.6 8.4 6.8 1.6 Social Security Number (000) 1,870 360 239 112 71 42 9 1,068 866 202 836 536 300 0 0 Percent 1000 193 128 6.0 3.8 2.2 0.5 57.1 46.3 10 8 44.7 28.6 16.1 0.0 0.0 TANF Number (000) 1.891 1.842 1.332 290 162 128 220 0 49 1 48 379 2 377 38 28 9 Percent 1000 974 704 15.3 8.6 6.7 11.6 0.0 26 0.1 2.5 20 1 0.1 19.9 20 15 0.5 General Assistance Number (000) 395 37 24 12 8 4 2 79 62 17 79 55 24 232 225 7 Percent 100.0 9.3 60 29 2.0 1.0 0.4 19 9 15.7 4.2 200 13 9 6.0 586 56.9 1.8 SSI Number (000) 2,324 622 421 192 113 79 10 0 914 723 191 1.634 895 740 0 0 Percent 1000 268 181 8.3 49 34 0.4 0.0 39.3 31.1 8.2 70 3 38.5 31.8 0.0 0.0 1 The sum of individual categories does not match the table total because a household can have more than one of the characteristics. b Household composition categories are based on characteristics of participating individuals only, and do not factor in characteristics of nonparticipanls who may live in the same household with the participants. For example, single-adult households have exactly one participating adult and at least one participating child, but may have one or more nonparticipating adult or an adult participating in a separate case not included in the FSPQC sample. ■ Households not containing children, elderly persons, or disabled persons. " No sample households are found in this category. Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample. '7 Table 3.4-- Average Values of Selected Characteristics by Household Composition, Fiscal Year 2000 Households With; Total Children' Single-Adult Household Multiple-Adult Household Married Couple Household Other Multiple Adult Household Children Only Unknown Elderly Living Alone Not Living Alone Disabled Living Alone Not Living Alone Other Householdsb Single-Person Household Multi-Person Household Average Values Gross Monthly Income (Dollars) S20 727 667 1031 1081 933 465 675 617 564 821 711 565 906 192 170 462 Net Monthly Income (Dollars) 355 436 387 678 715 606 233 399 356 308 546 440 294 635 57 45 202 Monthly Food Sump Benefit (Dollars) 158 234 230 271 269 276 174 333 59 44 116 99 47 169 121 116 189 Household Size (Persons) 2.3 3 4 3.2 4.5 46 4.4 21 4.3 1.3 1.0 24 2.0 1.0 3.3 1.1 1.0 2.1 » Household composition categories are based on characteristics of participating individuals only, and do not factor in characteristics of nonparticipants who may live in the same household with the participants. For example, single-adult Households have exactly one participating adult and at least one participating child, but may have one or more nonpamcipating adult or an adult participating in a separate case not included in the FSPQC sample b Households not containing children, elderly persons, or disabled persons Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Sump Program Quality Control sample 18 Almost half (49 percent) of these single-adult food stamp households received TANF, 39 percent had earnings, and 16 percent received SSI. In addition, 15 percent received child support, and 6 percent had no income. Eight percent of food stamp households contained married couples and children, representing 14 percent of all food stamp households with children. Of all married-couple households with children, 65 percent had earned income and 28 percent received TANF (Table 3.3). The characteristics of married-couple households with children varied considerably from those of single-adult households with children. The average monthly food stamp benefit for single-adult households was lower than that of married-couple households ($230 versus $269) due to the smaller size of single-adult households (Table 3.4). The per capita benefit was higher for people in single-adult households than for people in married-couple households ($72 versus $58) in part because single-adult households were poorer. Single-adult households with children had a substantially lower gross monthly income ($667 versus $1,081). Households with Elderly People In fiscal year 2000, the FSP served an average of 1.5 million households containing elderly people (age 60 or older) each month, representing 21 percent of all households (Table 3.3). These households received an average food stamp benefit of $59 per month and had an average household size of 1.3 people (Table 3.4). Elderly people who received food stamps tended to live alone and thus received relatively small food stamp benefits. In fiscal year 2000, 80 percent of all food stamp households with elderly members were single-person households (Table 3.3). These households received an average food stamp benefit of $44 per month compared with $116 in benefits for households with elderly people not living alone and $184 for households without elderly members (Tables 3.4 and A-2). The average size of households containing elderly people not living alone was 2.4 people. A majority of food stamp households that contained elderly people received SSI or Social Security income. In fiscal year 2000, 59 percent of all food stamp households with elderly members received SSI and 69 percent received Social Security (Table 3.3). Thirty-four percent of households with elderly members received both SSI and Social Security income (Table A-6). Food stamp households with elderly members represented 39 percent of all food stamp households with SSI and 57 percent of food stamp households with Social Security income. 19 Households with Disabled People In fiscal year 2000, the FSP served an average of 2.0 million households containing disabled people (Table 3.3).8 Households that contain disabled people represented 28 percent of all food stamp households and received an average monthly food stamp benefit of $99 (Table 3.4). About 57 percent of food stamp households that contained disabled people were single-person households (Table 3.3). Households containing a disabled person living alone received a lower average monthly food stamp benefit than did households containing disabled people not living alone ($47 compared with $169) (Table 3.4). Once again, the difference in benefits between the two groups reflects differences in average household size. Disabled people who did not live alone lived in households with an average of 3.3 individuals. Other Households Served by the FSP The FSP serves needy households other than those that contain children, elderly people, or disabled people. In fiscal year 2000, 11 percent of all food stamp households consisted solely of one or more nonelderly, nondisabled adults (Table 3.3). These households tended to be single-person households (92 percent) and represented the majority (59 percent) of households that received General Assistance. They received an average food stamp benefit of $121 per month (Table 3.4). Single-Person Households Of all food stamp households in fiscal year 2000, 43 percent were individuals who lived alone. These households received an average monthly food stamp benefit of $65. Most of these individuals (62 percent) were female, and 39 percent were elderly. Compared with all food stamp households, a relatively small proportion of food stamp participants living alone had earned income (9 percent), and a relatively high proportion had zero gross income (12 percent) (Tables A-4, A-5, A-15, A-20, A-22 and A-29). CHARACTERISTICS OF FSP PARTICIPANTS The FSP serves a broad spectrum of individuals. In fiscal year 2000, 51 percent of FSP participants were children (younger than 18 years old), and they received 53 percent of pro-rated FSP benefits (Table 3.5). Over two-thirds of the children served by the FSP were school age (age 5 to 17). Thirty-nine percent of participants were nonelderly adults (age 18 to 59), and 10 percent were elderly adults. Seventy percent of nonelderly adults and 71 percent of elderly adults were 8In this report, disabled children are defined as individuals under age 18 who are receiving SSI. Disabled adults are defined as individuals age 62 to 64 who receive SSI or age 18 to 61 who receive SSI, Social Security, veterans' benefits, or other government benefits as a result of a disability. Because individuals over age 64 can receive Social Security or SSI without being disabled (age 61 for Social Security), disability status of adults over age 64 cannot be identified accurately in the FSPQC sample. 20 Table 3.5 - Food Stamp Benefits of Participants by Selected Demographic Characteristics Participant Characteristic Total Participants Number (000) Percent1 Pro-rated Benefitsb Dollars (000) Percent Total Citizenship' Citizen Non-Citizen Unknown Able-bodied Adults Living In Households Without Children and Subject to Work Registration11 At. Children Preschool Age Children 0-1 2-4 School Age Children 5-7 HI 12-15 16-17 Nonelderly Adults (18-59) ... Elderly Adults (60 or more) Unknown Age Disabled* Children (0-17) Nonelderly Adults (18-59) Elderly Adults (60-64) 17.091 16.291 745 55 347 8.765 2.846 1.132 1.714 5.919 1.709 2.056 1.559 594 6.623 1.702 2 2.197 256 1.710 231 100 0 95.3 4.4 0.3 2.0 51.3 16.7 6.6 100 34.6 100 12.0 9.1 3.5 38.7 10.0 0.0 12.9 1.5 10.0 1.4 1.159.008 1.107.151 48.031 3.825 38.492 613.761 215.086 88,012 127.074 398.675 121.127 137.795 101.360 38394 470.141 74.945 159 104.401 12.345 81.671 10.384 100.0 955 4.1 0.3 3.3 53.0 18.6 7.6 11.0 34.4 10.5 11.9 8.7 3.3 406 6.5 0.0 9.0 1.1 7.0 0.9 ' Percent of all participants. Pro-rated benefits equal the benefits paid to households multiplied by the ratio of participants with selected characteristic to total household size. c Because of an administrative change in how citizenship data were collected in the FSPQC. naturalized citizens, permanent resident aliens and individual classifications of permanent resident aliens cannot be identified. Citizenship tables in this report contain information only for citizens and non-citizens and therefore are not directly comparable with tables in Characteristics ofFood Stamp Households reports prior to the Fiscal Year 1999 edition. These participants are zge 18-49. not disabled, not living with participating children under age 18. and not exempt from work registration. With some exceptions (for example, those in waiver areas or receiving state exemptions), these participants must meet work requirements or face time limits on benefit receipt. See Appendix C for more details on work requirements and time limits ' Disability status of nonelderly adults age 18 to 64 is determined partially on the basis of SSI and Social Security receipt. Because identifiers such as SSI and Social Security receipt are not valid indicators of disability for adults over age 64 (Social Security is not a valid indicator after age 61). disability status of adults over age 04 cannot be identifed accurately in the Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample. Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample. 21 female (Table A-28). The majority (67 percent) of nonelderly adult food stamp participants lived in households with children—approximately 60 percent were single adults and 26 percent were married adults (Table A-31). Thirteen percent of FSP participants were disabled.1 With the exception of certain groups of individuals, such as caretakers of small children and people working at least 30 hours per week, able-bodied nonelderly adult food stamp participants are required to register for work and accept suitable employment as a condition of receiving food stamps. Like participants in the FSP, participants in other assistance programs often are required to register for work. In fiscal year 2000, 14 percent of all food stamp household heads were registered for work under the FSP or another assistance program (Table A-30).2 Most food stimp household heads (78 percent) were exempt from work registration requirements. Twenty-nine percent of household heads were exempt due to physical or mental disability, 15 percent were exempt because they were caretakers of a child under age 6 or an incapacitated adult, and 10 percent were exempt because they were already employed full-time. CHANGES IN THE ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS The overall economic conditions of the average food stamp household improved slightly from fiscal year 1999 to fiscal year 2000, although not as much as in previous years. While average gross income decreased in real dollars from $603 in fiscal year 1999 to $600 in fiscal year 2000, the average total deduction to which households are entitled decreased by 4 percent, resulting in a 2 percent increase in real dollars in average net income (Table 3.6). The percentage of households with zero net income decreased from 21 percent in fiscal year 1999 to 20 percent in fiscal year 2000. The percentage of households with earnings remained fairly constant at 27 percent. The percentage of households receiving TANF dropped from 27 percent to 26 percent as the percentage of all FSP households with children decreased from 56 percent to 54 percent (Table A-3?). The average food stamp benefit decreased in real dollars from $162 in fiscal year 1999 to $155 in fiscal year 2000. The real drop in the average monthly benefit reflects the real increase in net income (Table 3.6). 'For more information on FSP participants and household heads, see Appendix Tables A-24 and A-28 through A-31. 2Reports in this series prior to summer 1989 included as work registrants only people required to register for work under the FSP; the summer 1989 through fiscal year 1997 reports include as work registrants food stamp participants registered for work under the FSP or for the Job Opportunities and Basic Skills (JOBS) program. Beginning with the fiscal year 1998 report, work registrants include those registered for work under the FSP or any other assistance program. For more information on the work registration status of food stamp participants and household heads, see Appendix Table A-30. 22 Table 3.6 Nominal and Real Values of Selected Characteristics, Fiscal Year 1999 and Fiscal Year 2000 Nominal Values Real Values Selected Characteristics Fiscal Year 1999 Fiscal Year 2000 Percentage Change Fiscal Year 2000 (in 1999 dollars) Percentage Change Average Gross Income* Per Household Per Person $603 317 $620 331 +2.8 +4.4 $600 320 -0.5 + 1.0 Average Net Income" Per Household Per Person 338 165 355 178 +5.0 +7.9 343 172 +1.6 +4.4 Average Total Deduction* 299 298 -0.3 288 -3.6 Average Household Benefit1" 162 158 -2.5 155 -4.6 Maximum Coupon Benefit for a Family of Four in the Continents; U.S.b 419 426 +1.7 417 -0.6 Consumer Price Index All Items Food at Home 166.6 164.2 172.2 167.9 +3.4 +2.3 ' Real values are in constant fiscal year 1999 dollars. Fiscal year 2000 values were deflated by the change in the CPI-U for all items between fiscal year 1999 and fiscal year 2000 (3.4 percent). b Real values are in constant fiscal year 1999 dollars. Fiscal year 2000 values were deflated by the change in the CPI-U for food at home between fiscal year 1999 and fiscal year 2000 (2.3 percent). Source of CPI-U average values: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Source of nominal values: Fiscal Year 1999 and Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control samples. 23 Jf ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS P/ Ajo mmmi ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS ACRONYMS AFDC -Aid to Families with Dependent Children AREERA -Agricultural Research, Extension and Education Reform Act of 1998 E&T -Employment and Training Program FNS -U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service FSP -Food Stamp Program FSPQC -Food Stamp Program Quality Control GA -General Assistance HHS -U.S. Department of Health and Human Services JOBS -Job Opportunities and Basic Skills PRA -Permanent Resident Alien PRWORA -Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 SSI -Supplemental Security Income TANF -Temporary Assistance to Needy Families TFP -Thrifty Food Plan UI -Unemployment Insurance USDA -U.S. Department of Agriculture DEFINITIONS Alien. Participant who is a non-citizen, including permanent residents, immigrants accorded permanent resident status, refugees, individuals granted political asylum, aliens granted a stay of deportation, aliens residing in the United States under color of law, nonimmigrants admitted for a specified period, Mexican citizens with a "border" card, and undocumented aliens. See also Legal Immigrants, Other Alien, Permanent Resident Alien. Children. Individuals under age 18. Child Support Payment Deduction. Deduction for households with legally obligated child support payments made to or for a non-household member. See also Deductions. Countable Resources. Cash on hand and assets that can be converted easily to cash, such as money in checking or savings accounts, savings certificates, stocks or bonds, and lump sum payments. They also include some nonliquid assets, although the family home, one or more family vehicles if necessary to transport disabled individuals or to produce income, and business tools or property are not counted. See also Resource Limit. Deductions. Allowable deductions from a household's gross monthly income to arrive at FSP net monthly income. The deductions shown in the tables are those to which households were entitled. Some of the deductions may not have been used, however, before a household reached zero net income status. Therefore, total deductions do not equal the difference between gross and net income amounts. See also Total Deduction, Standard Deduction, Earned Income Deduction, Dependent-Care Deduction, Excess Shelter Deduction, Medical Deduction and Child Support Payment Deduction. Dependent-Care Deduction. Deduction received by food stamp households for expenses involved in caring for dependents while other members work, seek employment, or go to school. In fiscal year 2000 the deduction was subject to a maximum of $200 per month for each dependent under age 2 and $175 per month for each dependent age 2 or more. See also Deductions. Disabled Individuals. Disabled individuals are defined as individuals under age 65 who receive SSI and individuals age 18 to 61 who receive Social Security, veterans benefits, or other government benefits as a result of disability. 27 Because identifiers such as Social Security and SSI receipt are not valid indicators of disability for individuals over age 64 (Social Security is not a valid indicator for individuals over age 61), disability status of adults over age 64 cannot be identified accurately in the FSPQC sample. Earned Income Deduction. Deduction received by households with earnings, equal to 20 percent of the combined earnings of household members. See also Deductions. Earned Income. Includes wages, salaries, and self-employment income. Elderly. Adults age 60 or older. Employed Full Time. Employed at least 30 hours per week or receiving weekly earnings equal to or greater than the federal minimum wage multiplied by 30 hours. This estimate is based on an employment status variable. Employed Part Time. Employed less than 30 hours per week. Employment and Training (E&T). Refers to employment and training services received under FSP E&T programs. Services provided include work experience, educational programs, and job search training. Entrant Households. Includes households newly certified during fiscal year 2000. Excess Shelter Deduction. Deduction received by households with shelter costs, equal to those shelter costs that exceed 50 percent of the household's countable income after all other potential deductions are subtracted from gross income. There is a limit on the shelter deduction for households that do not contain elderly or disabled members. See Appendix D. See also Deductions. Exempt from Work Registration. See Work Registration. Expedited Service Households. Households which initially received expedited service for the certification period in effect during fiscal year 2000. Grosr. Income. Total monthly income of household in dollars, before applying deductions. Gross Income Limit. Food stamp program monthly gross income eligibility standards, determined by household size; equal to 130 percent of the poverty guidelines. See Appendix D. Household. Individuals who live in a residential unit and purchase and prepare food together. Households With Preschool-Age Children. Households with at least one member under age 5. Households With Elderly. Households with at least one member age 60 or older. Households With Elderly or Disabled. Households in which at least one member is age 60 or over or at least one member is under age 65 and receives SSI, or at least one member is age 18 to 61 and receives Social Security, veterans' benefits, or other government benefits as a result of disability. Households With School-Age Children. Households with at least one member age 5 to 17. Households With Disabled. Households with at least one member who is under age 65 and receives SSI or at least one member who is age 18 to 61 and receives Social Security, veterans' benefits, or other government benefits as a result of disability. Households With Children. Households with at least one member age 17 or less. Initial Certification Households. Includes both households certified for the first time within the current certification period and previously certified households that have not received benefits for at least 30 days. Legal Immigrants. All immigrants legally residing in the United States, including all 28 permanent resident aliens, refugees, asylees, and deportees. See also Other Aliens, Permanent Resident Aliens, and Refugees. Married-Couple Household. Household with two or more individuals age 18 or older and at least one spouse. Maximum Benefit Based on 100 percent of the cost of the Thrifty Food Plan in the preceding June for a reference family of four, rounded to the lowest dollar increment. Maximum benefit varies from the Continental U.S. in Alaska, Hawaii, Guam and the Virgin Islands. See Appendix D. Medical Deduction. Deduction available to households that contain elderly or disabled members, equal to all medical expenses incurred by the elderly or disabled person that exceed $35. See page 4. See also Deductions. Minimum Benefit $10 for one- or two-person households. Multiple-Adult Household. Household with two or more individuals age 18 or older. Net Income. Total monthly income of household in dollars, after applying deductions. Net Income Limit FSP monthly net income eligibility standard, determined by household size. See Appendix D. Nonelderiy Adults. Adults age 18 to 59. Not Employed. Not working and not looking for work, and therefore not part of the labor force. Other Alien. A nonimmigrant admitted for a specified period, a Mexican citizen with a "border" card, an undocumented alien, or an alien permanently residing in the United States under color of law. See also Legal Immigrants, Permanent Resident Alien, Refugee. Permanent Resident Alien. An immigrant lawfully admitted for permanent resident status. See also Legal Immigrants, Other Alien, Refugee. Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRVVORA). This act disqualified many permanent resident aliens and able-bodied adults from the Food Stamp Program. Poverty Guideline. The poverty guidelines used in fiscal year 2000 were issued by the Department of Health and Human Services and published in the 1999 Federal Register. Dividing tlvse guidelines by 12 yields the monthly net income limits for the FSP. The Bureau of the Census establishes other poverty thresholds which are used primarily for statistical purposes. See Appendix D. Preschool-Age Children. years old. Children less than 5 Refugee. An alien accorded refugee status, an alien granted political asylum, or an alien granted a stay of deportation. See also Legal Immigrants, Permanent Resident Alien, Other Alien. Resource Limit For most households the resource limit was $2,000 in fiscal year 2000. Households with at least one member age 60 or older were allowed up to $3,000 of resources. See also Countable Resources. Rural. A household is considered to be located in a rural area if the county in which its local food stamp agency is located is not in a Metropolitan Statistical Area as defined by the Census Bureau. School-Age Children. Children ages 5 to 17. Shelter Deduction. See Excess Shelter Deduction. Single-Adult with Children Household. Food stamp household with exactly one person age 18 or older and at least one person under age 18. Standard Deduction. Deduction received by all households which varies by area to reflect price differences among areas. See Appendix D. See also Deductions. Student Participant age 18 or older enrolled at least half time in a recognized school, training program, or institution of higher education. 29 Thrifty Food Plan (TFP). Market basket of goods based on an economical and nutritious diet, adjusted for household size and composition. Used to determine maximum food stamp benefit amounts. Total Deduction. Includes earned income, child support payment, dependent-care, excess shelter, medical, and standard deductions to which the FSP household is entitled. In some cases this exceeds the amount deducted from gross income because net income cannot be less than zero. See also Deductions. Unearned Income. Includes Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, General Assistance, Supplemental Security Income, Social Security, Unemployment Income, Veterans' Benefits, Workers' Compensation, Other Government Benefits, Household Contributions, Household Deemed Income, Educational Loans, Child Support Enforcement Payments, and other unearned income. Unemployed. Not working but looking for work, and therefore part of the labor force. Urban. A household is considered to be located in an urban area if the county in which its local food stamp agency is located is in a Metropolitan Statistical Area as defined by the Census Bureau. Work Registration. Many able-bodied food stamp household heads are required to register for work with their welfare office or state unemployment agency and must agree to accept any suitable job that is offered to them Individuals who are exempt from FSP work registration rules include the following: • All individuals under age 16 or over age 60, and some individuals age 16 and 17 • Individuals responsible for the care of a dependent child under age 6 or the care of an incapacitated person Individuals who are physically or mentally unfit for work Individuals complying with work requirements of other assistance programs • Students enrolled at least half time in a school, training program, or institution of higher education • Regular participants in a drug addiction or alcoholic treatment program • Individuals working 30 hours a week or earning more than an amount equal to 30 hours times the minimum wage. Workfare. A program in which food stamp participants perform work in a public service capacity in exchange for the food stamp benefits to which their household is entitled. The positions are in public or private not-for-profit organizations only. The hours of participation are limited to the number of hours needed to pay off the household's monthly benefit allotment at the higher of the applicable federal or state minimum wage. 30 APPENDIX A DETAILED TABLES OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS 2/ ^ Table A-l. Distribution of Participating Households, Persons, and Benefits by Household Composition, Income Source, and Food Stamp Benefit Amount Household Characteristic Food Stamp Households Number (000) Percent Participants in Households With Household Characteristic Number (000) Percent Monthly Food Stamp Benefits Dollars (000) Percent Tatal Household Comporition Children School Age Preschool Age No Children Elderly Persons No Elderly Persons .. Disabled Persons No Disabled Persons Locality Urban... Rural.... Income Source Gross Income No Gross Income Net Income No Met Income .... Earned Income No Earned Income Unearned Income No Unearned Income TANF Income No TANF Income GA Income No GA Income SSI No SSI Social Security Income No Social Security Income Groat Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline No income >0-50% 51-100 101+ Food Stamp Benefit Minimum Benefit Maximum Benefit 7.335 3.955 3.036 2,055 3,380 1.542 5.793 2,017 5.317 5.543 1.789 6.717 617 5.857 1.477 1.993 5.342 5.775 1.560 1.891 5.444 395 6.940 2.324 5.010 1.870 5.464 617 1.804 4.076 837 801 1.481 1000 53.9 41.4 28.0 46.1 21.0 79.0 27.5 72.5 75.6 24.4 91.6 8.4 79.9 20.1 27.2 72.8 78.7 21.3 25.8 74.2 5.4 94.6 31.7 68.3 25.5 74.5 8.4 24.6 55.6 114 10.9 20.2 17.091 13.294 10.953 7.287 3,797 1.987 15.104 4.005 13.087 12.891 4.194 15,984 1,107 14.300 2,792 6.550 10.542 13.016 4.076 6.091 11.000 515 16.576 4.173 12.918 2.957 14.134 1,107 5,123 8.855 2.006 901 2.799 1000 77.8 64 1 426 22.2 11.6 88.4 23.4 76.6 75.4 24.5 93.5 6.5 83.7 16.3 38.3 61.7 76.2 23.8 35.6 644 3.0 97.0 24.4 75.6 17.3 82.7 65 30.0 51.8 11.7 5.3 16.4 1.159.008 925.373 736.758 527.731 233.634 90.364 1.068.644 200.247 958.761 888.241 270.450 1.030.262 128,746 836,333 322.674 382.185 776.822 835.408 323.600 430.831 728.177 44.143 1.114.865 207.295 951.713 130.020 1.028.988 128,746 493.477 487,518 49,266 8.008 323440 100.0 79.8 63.6 45.5 20.2 7.8 92.2 17.3 82.7 76.6 23.3 88.9 11.1 72.2 27.8 33.0 67.0 72.1 27.9 37.2 62.8 3.8 96.2 17.9 82.1 11.2 88.8 111 42.6 42.1 4.3 0.7 27.9 Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Sump Program Quality Control simple 33 Table A-2. Average Gross and Net income, Total Deduction, Countable Resources, Food Stamp Benefit, Household Size, and Certification Period of Participating Households by Household Composition, Income Source, and Food Stamp Benefit Amount Total Households Average Monthly Values Household Characteristic Number (000) Percent Gross Income (Dollars) Net Income (Dollars) Total Deduction (Dollars) Countable Resources (Dollars) Food Stamp Benefit (Dollars) Household Size (Persons) Certification Period (Months) Total 7.335 3.955 3.036 2.055 3.380 1.542 5.793 2.017 5.317 5,543 1.789 6,717 617 5.857 1.477 1.993 5.342 5,775 1.560 1.891 5.444 395 6.940 2.274 5.060 2.324 5.010 1.870 5.464 801 1.481 100.0 53.9 41.4 28.0 461 21.0 790 27.5 72.5 75.6 24.4 916 8.4 799 20.1 27.2 72.8 78.7 21.3 25.8 74.2 54 94.6 31.0 690 31.7 68.3 25.5 74.5 109 20.2 620 727 782 708 494 617 621 711 585 618 626 677 0 734 167 942 500 646 521 677 600 413 632 630 615 670 5% 683 598 714 167 355 436 483 416 261 356 355 440 323 345 387 388 0 445 0 555 281 378 273 415 335 179 365 372 348 406 332 418 334 536 0 298 321 326 324 272 277 304 282 305 307 272 306 217 289 335 402 259 285 347 274 307 274 300 275 309 273 310 275 306 178 335 156 133 146 112 183 275 124 150 158 139 209 164 70 174 82 178 147 165 123 91 178 88 160 90 185 149 159 261 120 287 82 158 234 243 257 69 59 184 99 180 160 151 153 209 143 218 192 145 145 207 228 134 112 161 208 136 89 190 70 188 10 218 2.3 3.4 3.6 3.5 II 13 2.6 2.0 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.4 1.8 2.4 1.9 3.3 2.0 2.3 2.6 3.2 2.0 1.3 2.4 2.9 2.1 1.8 2.6 1.6 2.6 1.1 1.9 9.6 Household Composition Children 7.9 School Age 8.0 Preschool Age 7.6 No Children 11.6 12.9 No Elderly Persons ... 8.7 Disabled Persons 11.5 8.9 Lacaitty Urban 97 Rural 9.5 Income Source 9.9 6.3 10.2 7.3 7.2 10.5 10.5 6.3 TANF Income 9.3 No TANF Income 9.7 11.2 9.5 TANF or GA Income 9.6 No TANF or GA Income 9.6 SSI 12.1 No SSI 8.5 12.2 No Social Security Income Food Stamp Benefit 8.7 12.7 7.3 Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample 34 TaMe A-3. Distribution or Participating Households With Children. I rly Persons, and Elderly or Disabled Persons by Amount of Gross and Net Income, Countable Resources, and Gross et Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline Household Characteristic Total Households Number (000) Percent Households With: Children Number (000) Percent Elderly Number (000) Percent Elderly or Disabled Number (000) Percenl Total Gross I $0 1-199 ... 200-399 400-599 600-799 800-999 1.000+ NatlacoaM $0 1-199 200-399 400-599 600-799 800-999 1.000+ Countable Resources $0 1-500 501-1.000 1.001-1.500 1.501-1,750 1.751-2.000 2.001-3.000 3.001+ Gross Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline No Gross Income >0-25% 26-50 51-75 76-100 101-125 126-130 131-150 151+ Net Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline No Net Income >0-25% 26-50 51-75 76-100 101-125 126-130 131-150 151+ 7.335 617 373 878 2.343 1.285 725 1,115 1.477 1.312 1.909 1.175 706 370 385 4.864 1.616 445 215 62 51 41 10 617 618 1.187 1.854 2.222 707 54 53 23 1.477 1.602 1.875 1.808 526 30 3 49 100.0 8.4 5.1 12.0 31.9 17.5 9.9 15.2 20.1 17.9 26.0 16.0 9.6 5.0 5.3 66.3 22.0 6.1 2.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.1 8.4 8.4 16.2 25.3 30.3 9.6 0.7 0.7 0.3 20.1 21.8 25.6 24.6 7.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 3.955 250 218 564 704 641 541 1.036 688 698 709 635 527 322 377 2.705 853 201 109 31 27 7 5 250 477 916 1.106 754 398 36 10 7 688 1.047 1.093 806 307 7 I2 4 100 0 6.3 5.5 14.3 17.8 16.2 137 26.2 17.4 17.7 17.9 16.0 13.3 8.1 9.5 68.4 21.6 5.1 2.8 0.8 0.7 0.2 0.1 6.3 12.1 23.2 28.0 19.1 10.1 0.9 0.3 0.2 17.4 26.5 27.6 20.4 7.8 0.2 00 0.0 0.1 1.542 17 14 65 831 419 125 71 134 228 644 339 137 41 18 830 405 157 71 20 16 32 3 17 14 56 308 924 189 9 18 6 134 211 403 624 159 7 0 12 1000 1.1 0.9 4.2 53.9 27.2 8.1 4.6 8.7 14.8 41.8 22.0 8.9 2.6 1.2 53.8 26.3 10.2 4.6 1.3 1.0 2.1 0.2 1.1 0.9 3.6 20.0 59.9 12.3 0.6 1.2 0.4 8.7 13.7 26.1 40.5 10.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 3.301 21 20 110 1.671 819 328 332 228 504 1.264 687 338 144 136 1.953 838 277 115 35 25 36 6 21 24 182 974 1.655 365 20 44 16 228 498 970 1.241 330 25 2 25 100.0 0.6 0.6 3.3 50.6 24.8 9.9 10.1 6.9 15.3 38.3 20.8 10.3 43 4.1 59.2 25.4 8.4 3.5 1.1 0.8 1.1 0.2 0.6 0.7 5.5 29.5 50.1 111 0.6 1.3 0.5 69 IS. I 294 37.6 10.0 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.2 Source Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample. 35 Table A-4. Distribution of Participating Households by Household Size and Amount of Gross and Net Income, Countable Resources, and Gross and Net Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline Total Households Household Size Household Number (000) Percent 1 2 3 4 5 6+ Characteristic Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent 7.335 617 373 878 2.343 1.285 725 1.115 1,477 1312 1.909 1.175 706 370 385 4.864 1.616 445 215 62 SI 41 10 6P 618 1.187 1.854 2.222 707 54 S3 23 1,477 1.602 1.875 1.808 526 30 3 49 1000 8.4 5.1 12.0 31.9 17.5 9.9 15.2 20.1 17.9 26.0 16.0 9.6 50 5.3 66.3 22.0 6 1 2.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.1 8.4 8.4 16.2 25.3 30.3 9.6 0.7 0.7 0.3 20.1 21.8 25.6 24.6 7.2 0.4 00 0.0 0.1 3.126 372 163 364 1.583 526 99 19 799 627 1.146 466 71 12 5 2.059 670 210 93 26 20 28 5 372 144 301 684 1.314 246 14 38 12 799 550 715 880 157 18 1 2 4 100.0 11.9 5.2 11.6 50.6 16.8 3.2 0.6 25.6 20.1 36.7 14.9 2.3 0.4 0.1 65.9 21.4 6.7 3.0 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.1 11.9 4.6 9.6 21.9 42.0 7.9 0.5 1.2 0.4 25.6 17.6 22.9 28.1 5.0 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 1.481 103 102 238 364 320 215 140 304 324 314 260 211 56 11 1.023 317 76 31 13 9 6 1 103 157 260 408 352 165 14 12 10 304 373 360 306 119 12 2 2 5 100.0 6.9 6.9 16.0 24.6 21.6 14.5 9.5 20.5 219 21.2 17.6 14.2 3.8 0.8 69.0 21.4 5.2 2.1 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.1 6.9 10.6 17.6 27.6 23.7 111 1.0 0.8 0.7 20.5 25.2 24.3 20.7 8.0 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.3 1.160 78 64 150 205 214 190 259 207 197 231 210 174 112 29 779 265 57 34 9 8 2 2 78 146 247 316 232 127 12 2 207 305 316 243 88 100.0 6.7 5.5 12.9 17.7 18.4 16.4 22.3 17.8 17.0 19.9 18.1 15.0 9.7 2..'i 67.2 22.9 5.0 2.9 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.2 6.7 12.6 21.3 27.2 20.0 11.0 1.1 0.1 17.8 26.3 27.3 21.0 7.6 832 39 28 78 113 ISO 119 304 105 99 145 137 134 104 107 546 194 52 23 8 6 1 39 92 189 239 170 94 8 1 0 105 214 245 187 80 1 0 100.0 4.7 3.4 9.4 13.6 18.0 14.3 36.5 12.6 11.9 174 16.5 16.2 12.5 12.8 65.5 23.3 6.2 2.8 1.0 0.7 0.1 0.1 4.7 11.0 22.7 28.7 20.5 11.3 0.9 0.1 0.0 12.6 25.7 29.4 22.5 9.7 0.1 0.0 429 17 11 33 51 47 58 213 43 42 46 66 68 50 114 270 99 28 18 352 1 17 47 102 117 % 46 3 0 43 92 137 109 48 100.0 3.9 2.5 7.6 12.0 10.8 13.6 49.6 10.0 9.8 10.6 15.4 15.9 11.7 26.5 63.0 23.1 6.4 4.2 0.8 1.2 0.4 0.2 3.9 10.9 23.8 27.4 224 10.7 0.8 0.1 10.0 21.5 31.8 25.5 11.2 306 8 4 15 25 29 44 180 19 21 27 36 48 35 120 188 70 21 IS 3 3 2 1 8 32 87 90 59 29 2 0 19 68 102 82 34 0 100.0 Groat Income $0 2.7 1-199 1.3 200-399 5.0 400-599 8.3 9.6 800-999 14.5 1,000+ 58.7 Net Income $0 6.4 1-199 7.0 200-399 8.8 400-599 11.6 600-799 15.6 800-999 11.4 1,000+ 39.2 Countable Resources $0 61.4 1-500 23.0 511-1.000 7.0 1.001-1,500 4.9 1.501-1.750 1.0 1,751-2.000 1.1 2.001-3.000 0.5 3,001 + 0.5 Gross Income as a Percentage of Poverty GsMsHne No Grots Income >0-25% 2.7 10.4 26-50 28.3 51-75 29.3 76-100 19.1 101-125 9.5 126-130 0.6 131-150 0.1 151+ Net Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline 6.4 >0-25» 22.2 33.3 51-75 26.8 76-100 11.3 101-125 0.1 131-150 151+ ~ No sample households in this category. Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample 36 Table A-5. Average Gross and Net Income, Average Gross and Net Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline, and Average Countable Resources of Participating Households by Household Composition and Size Household Characteristic Total Households Number (000) Percent Average Monthly Values Gross Income (Dollars) Net Income (Dollars) Grots Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline (Percent) Net Income asa Percentage of Poverty Guideline (Percent) Countable Resources (Dollars! Over All Households Over Households With Countable Resources Total Household Composition Children School Age Preschool Age. No Children Elderly or Disabled Persons No Elderly or Disabled Persons Elderly Persons No Elderly Persons Disabled Persons No Disabled Persons Household Size 8+. 7.335 3.9S5 3.036 2.055 3.380 3.301 4.034 1342 5.793 2.017 5.317 3.126 1.481 1.160 832 429 180 77 49 100.0 53.9 41.4 28.0 46.1 45.0 55.0 21.0 79.0 27.5 72.5 42.6 20.2 15.8 11.3 5.9 2.5 1.0 0.7 620 727 782 708 494 670 579 617 621 711 585 456 572 676 837 991 1.127 1.174 1.513 355 436 483 416 261 403 316 356 355 440 323 230 314 384 519 662 789 845 1137 62.8 57.9 59.9 54.2 68.6 80.2 48.6 82.0 57.7 79.1 56.6 663 61.9 58.4 60.0 60.8 60.4 55.9 60.0 34.7 33.7 36.1 30.7 359 46.4 25.1 46.6 31.5 46.6 30.2 33.4 34.0 33.1 37.2 40.7 42.3 40.2 45.0 156 133 146 112 183 206 114 275 124 150 158 170 130 133 144 184 203 206 258 466 424 441 394 510 509 415 600 412 414 488 503 422 409 420 503 544 536 627 Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Sump Program Quality Control simple. 37 Table A-t Distribution of Participating Households With Children, Elderly Persons, and Elderly or )isabled Persons by Type of Income Total Households Households With. Type of Income Total* Percent Children Elderly Elderly or Disabled Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Total 7.335 1.993 1.857 129 34 5.775 1.891 395 2,324 1.870 130 103 28 50 265 53 485 442 2.274 477 367 4.141 636 101 911 3.284 181 21 217 617 100.0 27.2 25.3 1.8 0.5 78.7 258 5.4 317 25.5 1.8 1.4 0.4 0.7 3.6 0.1 00 6.6 60 31.0 65 5.0 56.5 8.7 1.4 12 4 448 2.5 0.3 30 8.4 3.955 1.707 1.607 95 27 2.912 1.842 37 622 360 109 IS 22 20 213 32 479 218 1.869 470 360 2.123 542 100 151 831 103 8 216 250 100.0 43.2 40.6 2.4 0.7 73.6 466 09 15.7 9.1 2.7 0.4 0.6 0.5 5.4 0.1 0.0 12.1 5.5 47.3 119 9.1 53.7 13.7 2.5 3.8 21.0 2.6 0.2 5.5 63 1.542 54 42 10 2 IJ1I 49 79 914 1.068 3 63 2 22 20 008 163 127 6 27 975 27 3 530 1.452 22 11 17 100.0 3.5 2.7 0.7 0.1 98.0 3.2 5.1 59.3 69.3 0.2 4.1 0.1 1.4 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.5 106 8.2 0.4 1.7 633 1.8 0.2 34.4 94.2 15 0.1 0.1 11 3301 246 216 27 8 3.265 413 144 2324 1.765 10 91 7 37 52 10 94 242 549 43 367 2.416 189 31 911 3.178 181 8 15 21 100.0 7.4 Wages and Salaries 6.5 0.8 0»her Earned Income 0.2 98.9 TANF 12.5 4.4 70.4 535 0.3 2.8 0.2 1.1 1.6 0.0 0.0 2.8 7.3 TANForGA Income 16.6 TANF »"d Earnings 1.3 TANF and SSI 11.1 73.2 (TANF or SSI or GA) and Earnings TANF and Child Support 5.7 0.9 SSI and Soriil St^ty 27.6 SSI or Social Security 96.3 5.5 GA and Eamc** 0.2 0.4 No Income 0.6 1 The sum of individual income sources does not add to the total because households can receive income from more than one source. Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample 38 Table A-7. Average Income, Total Deduction, Food Stamp Benefit, and Household Size of Participating Households by Type of Income Type of Income Total Earned Income Wages and Salaries ... Self-Employment Other Earned Income Unearned Income TANF General Assistance Supplemental Security Income Social Security Unemployment Income Veterans' Benefits Workers' Compensation Other Government Benefits Household Contributions Household Deemed Income Educational Loans Child Support Enforcement Payments Other Unearned Income TANF or GA Income TANF and Earnings TANF and SSI TANF or SSI or GA (TANF or SSI or GA) and Earnings .... TANF and Child Support SSI and Social Security SSI or Social Security SSI and Earnings GA and Earnings Earnings and Child Support No Income Total Households Total* 7.335 1.993 1.857 129 34 5.775 1.891 395 2.324 1.870 130 103 28 50 265 5 3 485 442 2.274 477 367 4.141 636 101 911 3.284 181 21 217 617 Percent 1000 27.2 25.3 1.8 0.5 78.7 25.8 5.4 317 25.5 1.8 14 0.4 0.7 3.6 0.1 0.0 6.6 6.0 310 6.5 5.0 56.5 8.7 1.4 12.4 448 2.5 0.3 3.0 8.4 Average Monthly Values Grots Income (Dollars) 620 942 959 750 863 646 677 413 670 683 827 670 871 751 586 558 503 809 730 630 1.002 938 625 1.007 783 651 683 1.102 873 1.074 0 Net Income (Dollars) 355 555 567 419 538 378 415 179 406 418 557 416 579 512 336 339 275 506 435 372 658 686 363 663 507 401 414 762 529 679 lncomeb Source (Dollars) 749 770 384 429 529 374 213 403 515 536 254 558 357 201 359 118 242 133 348 941 785 417 953 449 598 579 911 690 995 0 Total Deduction (Dollars) 298 402 407 366 337 285 274 274 273 275 281 261 299 242 289 228 300 317 314 275 348 253 275 349 281 255 279 344 356 400 217 Food Stamp Benefit (Dollars) 158 192 190 226 178 145 228 112 89 70 202 67 148 102 219 105 188 227 136 208 196 173 148 175 238 64 85 122 133 190 209 Household Size (Persons) 2.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.3 3.2 1.3 1.8 16 3.4 1.5 2.9 2.2 2.9 1.7 24 3.5 2.3 2.9 36 3.5 2.3 3.4 3.6 15 1.8 3.1 24 3.7 18 1 The sum of individual income sources does not add to the total because households can receive income from more than one source b Average value of specified source over households with income from source. Source Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample 39 Table A-8. Distribution of Participating Households With Children, Elderly Persons, and Elderly or Disabled Persons by Earned and Unearned Income Amounts Total Households Households With: Household Characteristic Number (000) Percent Children Elderly Elderly or Disabled Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Tttal 7.335 5.342 260 256 293 307 314 563 1.560 599 1,047 2.349 1.077 409 293 5.444 407 743 480 190 52 19 6.940 169 196 25 3 3 0 5,060 566 936 504 192 55 20 5.010 591 331 1.219 90 40 S3 1000 72.8 3.5 3.5 40 4.2 43 7.7 21.3 8.2 143 3.V0 Ml 56 4.0 74.2 5.6 101 65 2.6 07 0.3 946 2.3 2.7 03 0.0 0.0 00 690 7.7 12.8 69 2.6 0.8 0.3 683 8.1 4.5 16.6 1.2 05 0.7 3.955 2.248 155 194 233 275 295 555 1.043 463 754 713 483 258 240 2.112 395 714 474 189 52 18 3.918 IS 12 6 3 0 0 2.085 403 724 480 191 53 19 3332 73 62 410 19 14 45 1000 56.8 3.9 49 5.9 7.0 7.5 14.0 264 11.7 19.1 180 12.2 6.5 6.1 534 10.0 181 120 48 13 0.5 99.1 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 00 0.0 52.7 10.2 18.3 12.1 4.8 13 03 84.3 1.9 16 10.4 0.5 0.4 1.1 1342 1.488 18 12 10 3 6 5 31 14 68 840 414 115 58 1.492 21 19 6 4 00 1.463 47 25 6 0 0 0 1.415 67 44 12 4 0 0 627 347 177 320 47 18 5 100.0 963 1.2 08 06 0.2 04 03 20 09 4.4 545 269 75 3.8 968 1.4 1.2 0.4 0.2 0.0 00 949 30 1.7 04 00 00 00 91.8 4.3 2.8 0.8 0.2 00 0.0 40.7 22.5 113 207 3.1 \2 03 3.301 3.055 80 50 38 22 23 32 36 26 125 1.756 815 307 235 2888 148 182 58 18 5 1 3.157 97 38 7 10 0 2.751 239 219 66 19 5 1 977 591 331 1,218 90 40 S3 1000 Earned Income SO 92.6 1-199 2.4 200-399 1.5 400-599 12 600-799 ... 0.7 800-999 ... 0.7 1.000+ 1.0 Unearned Income SO 1.1 1-199 08 200-399 38 400-599 53.2 600-799 24.7 800-999 93 1.000+ 71 TANF Income SO 875 1-199 . 43 200-399 5 5 400-599 18 600-799 0.5 800-999 ... 0.2 1.000+ 00 GA Income so 956 1-199 29 200-399 11 400-599 02 600-799 0.0 800-999 ... 0.0 1.000+ 00 TANF or GA Income so 834 1-199 7.2 200-399 66 400-599 2.0 600-799 06 800-999 ... 02 1.000+ SO 1-199 0.0 29.6 17.9 200-399 10.0 400-599 600-799 800-999 1.000+ 36.9 2.7 U 1.6 40 Table A-8. Distribution of Participating Households With Children, Elderly Persons, and Elderly or Disabled Persons by Earned and Unearned Income Amounts— Continued Household Characteristic Total Households Number (000) Percent Households With Children Number (000) Percent Elderly Number (000) Percent Elderly or Disabled Number (000) Percent Social Security $0 I-I99 200-399 400-599 600-799 800-999 1.000+ Other Unearned Income $0 1-199 200-395 400-599 600-799 800-999 1.000+ 5.464 111 410 789 406 107 48 5.913 763 333 173 83 39 31 74 5 1.5 5.6 10.8 5.5 15 06 806 10.4 4.5 2.4 I.I 0.5 0.4 3.594 90.9 55 14 87 2.2 100 2.5 55 1.4 34 09 30 0.8 2.949 74.6 472 11.9 268 6.8 136 34 64 16 37 09 29 0.7 474 43 239 465 248 54 20 1.275 195 42 17 9 22 307 28 155 30.2 161 3.5 1.3 1.535 80 380 765 395 102 44 46.5 24 11.5 23.2 12.0 3.1 13 827 2.792 846 12 6 340 10.3 2.7 94 29 1.1 42 1.3 06 21 06 0.1 5 02 0.1 6 02 Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample. 41 Table A-9. Distribution of Participating Households by Type of Deduction and Household Composition, Income Source, and Food Stamp Benefit Amount Total Households Type of Deduction Number (000) Percent Earned Income Dependent Care Excess Shelter Medical Child Support Household Characteristic Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Percent With Maxi-mum' Number (000) Percent Percent With Maxi-mum* Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Total 7.335 3.955 3.036 2.055 3.380 1342 5,793 2.017 5.317 6.717 617 5.857 1.477 1.993 5.342 5.775 1.560 1.891 5.444 395 6.940 2.274 5.060 2324 5.010 1.870 5.464 801 1.481 100.0 1000 1000 100.0 1000 1000 100 0 1000 1000 1000 1000 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1000 1000 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.990 1.706 1.342 975 284 54 1.936 199 1.790 1.990 1.787 203 1.990 1.048 942 476 1.513 21 1.969 497 1.493 180 1.810 129 1.861 101 204 27.1 43.1 44.2 450 8.4 3.5 33.4 9.9 33.7 296 30.5 13.7 999 18.1 60.4 25.2 27.8 5.4 28.4 21.9 29.5 7.7 36.1 6.9 34.0 12.7 13.8 290 283 198 201 7 3 287 16 274 287 3 254 36 263 27 149 141 52 238 1 289 54 237 IS 276 12 278 5 36 4.0 7.2 6.5 98 0.2 0.2 50 0.8 5.2 4.3 0.5 4.3 2.5 13.2 0.5 2.6 9.1 2.8 4.4 0.3 4.2 2.4 4.7 0.6 5.5 0.6 5.1 0.6 23 5.3 5.4 3.5 5.2 5.3 1.3 5.5 5.2 13.3 50 7.0 4.7 10.6 3.9 6.7 33 5.7 41.9 5.1 4.1 53 1.4 53 3.7 53 1.2 69 4.357 2321 1.764 1.189 2.036 908 3.449 1.247 3.110 4.120 237 3.354 1.003 1.086 3.271 3345 812 1.136 3.221 278 4.079 1.410 2.947 1.422 2.935 1.093 3.264 191 1.007 594 58.7 58.1 57.9 60.2 58.9 59.5 61.8 585 61.3 38.4 57.3 67.9 54.5 61.2 61.4 52.1 60.1 59.2 70.5 58.8 62.0 58.2 61.2 58.6 58.5 59.7 23.9 68.0 16.9 25.3 25.0 26.7 7.2 0.3 21.2 0.2 23.5 15.2 45.2 113 34.9 26.2 13.8 13.0 33.8 233 146 203 16.6 22.8 14.0 0.3 24.9 1.3 22.1 0.4 34.9 326 40 35 13 287 212 114 133 193 326 0 303 23 23 304 326 1 13 314 3 323 16 311 80 246 292 35 92 23 4.4 1.0 1.1 0.6 85 138 2.0 6.6 3.6 4.9 0.0 5.2 1.6 1.1 5.7 5.6 0.0 0.7 5.8 0.8 4.7 0.7 6.1 33 4.9 15.6 0.6 11.5 1.6 79 58 47 31 21 4 75 23 56 77 2 68 10 44 34 54 25 13 66 1 78 14 65 16 63 16 63 3 10 1.1 Household Composition Children ... 1.5 School Age .. 1.5 Preschool Age 13 No Children 0.6 Elderly Persons 0.2 No Elderly Persons Disabled Persons 1.3 1.1 No Disabled Persons 1.1 Income Source 1.2 0.3 1.2 0.7 2.2 No Earned Income 0.6 0.9 1.6 TANF Income 0.7 NoTANF Income 1.2 03 1.1 TANF or GA Income 0.6 No TANF or GA Income SSI 1.3 0.7 No SSI 1.2 Social Security Income No Social Security Income ... Food Stamp Benefit 0.8 1.2 0.4 0.7 1 Percent of households with deduction that receive the maximum " No sample households in this category Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample 42 Table A-10. Average Values of Deductions of Participating Households by Household Composition, Income Source, and Food Stamp Benefit Amount Household Characteristic Tottl House holds (000) Average Amount ol Deduction (Dollars) Earned Income All Households With Deduction Dependent Care All Households With Deduction Excess Shelter All Households With Deduction Medical All Households With Deduction Child Support All Households With Deduction Total Household Composition Children School Age Preschool Age No Children Elderly Persons No Elderly Persons Disabled Persons No Disabled Persons Income Source Gross Income No Gross Income Net Income No Net Income Earned Income No Earned Income Unearned Income No Unearned Income .... TANF Income No TANF Income GA Income No GA Income TANF or GA Income .... No TANF or GA lOCOfTJC ssi No SSI Social Security Income No Social Security Income Food Stamp Benefit Minimum Benefit.... Maximum Benefit ... 7.335 3.955 3.036 2.055 3.380 1342 5.793 2.017 5.317 6.717 617 5.857 1.477 1.993 5.342 5.775 1.560 1.891 5.444 395 6.940 1274 5.060 2,324 5.010 1.870 5.464 801 1.481 41 70 74 75 6 3 51 10 52 44 0 49 6 150 0 24 104 31 44 5 43 27 47 8 56 6 52 15 6 150 162 168 167 74 89 151 98 156 150 0 162 47 150 0 130 172 124 158 95 150 123 159 99 155 89 154 120 47 9 8 12 0 0 6 2 6 5 1 5 4 16 I 3 11 3 6 0 5 2 6 1 7 1 6 125 122 128 121 221 260 124 197 121 125 126 119 166 124 134 127 122 103 130 126 125 104 130 195 121 182 122 119 166 111 104 105 » 119 123 107 125 105 114 80 94 179 94 117 115 95 103 113 130 110 108 112 124 105 113 110 20 179 186 177 180 172 197 20* 180 203 180 185 209 163 263 173 191 188 182 172 191 185 187 175 192 202 179 194 184 83 263 1 1 0 II 15 3 9 4 6 0 5 9 3 6 7 0 1 7 I 6 1 8 5 6 19 1 124 89 90 67 129 HI 148 142 112 124 546 90 572 307 110 124 288 127 124 171 124 136 123 133 121 122 145 67 569 2 3 3 1 0 2 I 2 162 169 176 174 141 142 163 123 178 160 257 151 235 186 131 157 173 149 164 74 163 1 144 2 166 1 124 2 172 1 116 2 173 0 60 2 235 Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample 43 Table A-ll. Distribution of Participating Households by Selected Household Characteristics and Amount of Deduction Total Households Households With: Household Characteristic Number (000) Percent Children Elderly Disabled Earned Income TANForGA Income Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Total Total Deduction $118-133 7.335 2 1.904 220 662 698 697 645 539 857 306 804 5.345 335 334 381 386 272 156 125 7,044 78 75 47 44 46 7.008 110 47 33 23 35 27 20 32 7.256 18 15 14 994 II 2.977 657 680 644 500 420 188 1000 0.0 26.0 3.0 9.0 9.5 9.5 88 7.3 11.7 4.2 11.0 72.9 46 4.6 5.2 5.3 3.7 2.1 1.7 96.0 1.1 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 95.6 IJ 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 98.9 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 40.6 9.0 9.3 8.8 6.8 $.7 2.6 3.955 1 799 95 306 337 388 408 330 587 200 504 2.249 208 261 331 361 267 154 124 3.671 76 73 47 44 43 3.915 22 3333 312 3.896 12 II 10 67 3 8 1.634 345 354 342 263 212 96 1000 00 20.2 2.4 7.7 8.5 98 10.3 8.3 14.8 SI 12.8 569 5.3 6.6 8.4 9.1 6.8 3.9 3.1 92.8 1.9 1.9 1.2 1.1 1.1 99.0 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 98.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 41.3 8.7 8.9 86 6.7 5.4 2.4 1.542 1 511 69 174 161 122 104 101 76 53 171 1.488 22 14 67211 1.539 01 1 1.330 64 33 25 18 26 18 13 IS 1.538 20010 1 633 153 146 124 103 93 38 100.0 00 33.2 4.5 11.3 10.4 7.9 6.7 6.5 5.0 3.4 11.1 96.5 1.4 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 99.8 0.0 0.1 0.1 86.2 4.2 2.1 1.6 1.1 1.7 1.2 0.8 1.0 99.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 41.1 9.9 95 8.0 6.7 6.0 2.5 2.017 0 609 74 218 214 198 160 135 120 72 218 1.818 76 46 29 21 13 8 5 2,001 43216 1.884 53 19 10 6 10 98 18 1.994 6 770 186 200 192 149 130 65 100 00 30.2 3.7 108 10.6 98 7.9 6.7 5.9 3.6 10.8 90.1 3.8 2.3 1.5 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.3 99.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 93.4 2.6 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.9 98.9 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 38.2 92 9.9 9.5 7.4 6.4 3.2 1.993 00 34 134 175 233 279 226 240 195 478 3 335 334 381 386 272 156 125 1.730 68 70 45 40 41 1.970 53 212227 1.948 7 895 638 907 169 172 161 117 105 46 100.0 0.0 00 1.7 6.7 8.8 11.7 14.0 11.3 12.0 98 24.0 0.1 16.8 168 19.1 19.4 13.7 7.8 6.3 86.8 3.4 3.5 2.2 2.0 2.1 98.9 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 97.8 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.4 45.5 8.5 8.6 8.1 5.9 53 2.3 2.274 1 570 80 235 263 257 199 152 339 59 120 1.777 108 no 110 93 42 18 16 2.221 23 14 5 66 2058 82211101 2J60 7220002 864 221 215 226 160 117 57 100.0 0.0 134 25.0 135-150 3.5 151-200 10.3 201-250 ... 11.6 251-300 . 11.3 301-350 8.7 351-400 6.7 401-450 14.9 451-500 ... 2.6 501+ 5.3 Earned Income None .... 78.1 $1-50 4.8 51-100 4.8 101-150 4.8 151-200 4.1 201-250 ... 1.9 251-300 .. 0.8 301+ 0.7 Dependent Care None 97.6 $1-50 1.0 51-100 0.6 101-150 0.2 151-200 0.3 201+ 0.3 Medical None 99.3 $1-25 0.3 26-50 0.1 51-75 0.1 76-100 0.0 101-150 0.0 151-200 ... 0.1 201-300 0.0 301+ 0.0 CbM Support None 99.4 $1-50 0.3 51-100 0.1 101-150 ... 0.1 151-200 0.0 201-250 0.0 251-300 0.0 301+ 0.1 Excess Shelter None 38.0 $1-50 9.7 51-100 ... 9.4 101-150 ... 9.9 151-200 7.0 201-250 5.2 251-274 Z5 See footnotes at end of table. 44 Table A-ll. Distribution of Participating Households by Selected Household Characteristics and Amount of Deduction — Continued Household Characteristic Total Households Number (000) Percent Households With: Children Number (000) Percent Elderly Number (000) Percent Disabled Number (000) Percent Earned Income Number (000) Percent TANForGA Income Number (000) Percent Exceai Shelter 275 276-300 301+ None Less Than Cap ... Equal to Cap Benefit < Max Benefit^ Max .. Greater Than Cap 731 10.0 585 79 1.1 18 456 6.2 106 2.977 40.6 1.634 3.096 42.2 1.615 735 10.0 588 384 5.2 354 351 4.8 234 526 7.2 118 14.8 0.5 2.7 413 40.8 14.9 90 5.9 3.0 3 32 216 633 659 3 21 247 0.2 2.0 14.0 41.1 42.7 0.2 0.1 0.0 16.0 3 53 268 770 924 3 30 320 0.1 2.6 13.3 38.2 45.8 0.1 0.1 0.0 15.9 283 5 28 907 772 285 202 82 30 14.2 0.2 14 45.5 38.7 14.3 10.2 4.1 1.5 319 14 81 864 998 321 191 131 90 14.0 06 3.6 38.0 43.9 14.1 8.4 5.8 4.0 " No sample households in this category Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample. 45 Table A-12. Average Total Deduction for Participating Households by Amount of Gross Income and Household Size Gross Income Average Total Deduction by Household Size (Dollars) All Households 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8+ (Dollars) Total 267 192 214 244 259 285 288 262 305 293 356 422 650 292 233 248 229 249 276 303 278 289 268 338 351 398 325 260 239 265 251 278 274 300 302 311 335 365 422 343 270 262 302 256 268 287 311 324 302 318 358 412 348 287 252 308 236 275 277 272 304 278 295 339 410 352 300 322 284 258 224 267 289 301 266 317 303 404 340 2% 213 247 236 280 278 274 251 266 269 308 386 400 304 3% 279 354 180 291 277 242 387 279 450 298 SO 217 1 -99 230 100- 199 250 200-299 253 300-399 279 400-499 289 500-599 268 600 - 699 303 700-799 288 800-899 332 900-999 358 1000+ 416 No sample households in this category. Source. Fiscal Year 2000 Food Sump Program Quility Control sample 46 BLANK PAGE Table A-13. Distribution of Participating Households by Selected Household Characteristics and Food Stamp Benefit Amount, Food Stamp Benefit as a Percentage of the Maximum Benefit, and Certification Period 5 Housriio.d Characteristic Total Food Stamp Benefit $10 or less... 11-25 26-50 51 -75 76 - 100 101 -150 151-200 201-300 301 or more I2 3 45 67 8• 10 II 12 13+ Unknown Toul Households Benefit as a Percentage of the Maximum Minimum <25%" 25-50 51-75 76-99 Maximum Months ir Certification Number (000) 7,335 449 543 490 516 1,563 590 1,233 1,143 801 921 1.373 1.501 1.258 1.481 35 83 1.240 332 139 935 156 52 41 43 126 3.506 619 29 Percent 1000 M.0 6.i 7.4 6.7 7.0 21.3 8.0 16.8 15.6 10.9 12.6 18.7 20.5 17.2 20.2 0.5 1.1 16.9 4.5 19 12.8 2.1 0.7 0.6 0.6 1.7 47.8 8.4 0.4 Households With: Children Number (000) 3,955 65 40 111 156 209 544 534 1,156 1,139 59 337 845 1.063 960 690 18 56 953 230 99 701 114 35 24 22 48 1.521 124 10 Percent 100.0 1.7 1.0 2.8 3.9 5.3 13.8 13.5 29.2 28.8 1.5 8.5 21.4 26.9 24.3 17.5 0.5 1.4 24.1 5.8 2.5 17.7 2.9 0.9 0.6 0.5 1.2 38.5 3.1 0.3 Elderly Number (000) 1.542 459 223 236 157 144 223 37 45 17 459 342 292 219 95 135 1 2 41 18 8 84 9 5 6 9 38 1.043 267 II Percent 1000 29 8 14.5 15.3 10.2 9.4 14.5 2.4 2.9 1.1 29.8 22.2 18.9 14.2 6.1 8.7 0.1 0.2 2.7 I.I 0.5 5.5 06 03 0.4 0.6 2.5 67.6 17.3 0.7 Disabled Number (000) 2.017 339 236 264 232 214 311 131 173 117 337 421 546 419 187 109 3 7 128 46 27 254 39 II II 14 45 1.129 291 II Percent 100.0 16.8 11.7 13.1 IIS 10.6 15.4 6.5 8.6 5.8 16.7 20.9 27.1 20.8 9.3 5.4 0.1 0.3 6.4 2.3 1.3 12.6 1.9 0.6 0.5 0.7 2.2 55.9 14.4 0.6 Earned Income Number (000) 1,993 106 39 94 117 146 367 280 464 380 102 256 577 538 314 205 10 37 682 144 45 265 43 13 10 8 19 656 55 4 Percent 100 0 53 2.0 4.7 5.9 7.3 18.4 14.0 23.3 190 5.1 12.8 29.0 27.0 15.8 10.3 0.5 1.8 34.2 7.2 2.3 13.3 2.2 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.9 32.9 2.8 0.2 TANF Income Number (000) 1.891 36 21 48 73 97 284 269 569 494 32 135 355 573 577 219 6 14 199 58 45 389 67 23 14 IS 30 942 81 8 Percent 1000 19 II 2.5 3.9 5.1 150 14.2 30 1 26.2 1.7 7.1 188 30.3 30.5 11.6 0.3 0.7 105 3.1 2.4 20.6 3.6 12 0.8 0.8 1.6 49.8 4.3 0.4 1 Does not include households with the minimum benefit Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Sump Program Quality Control sample. fl Table A-14 Wnrib»ik>« of Partldpatlag HoMcfcoMi by I Perceatage of the MaxiasM at a Percentage of Poverty GakteUae aad Food Stamp Beaeflt •• a Groat Income a* a Percentage of Poverty Guideline Total Households Number (000) Percent Benefit u a Percentage of the Maximum Benefit Minimum Number (000) Percent <25» Number (000) Percent 25-50 Number (000) Percenl 51-75 Number (000) Percent 76-99 Number (000) Percent Maximum Number (000) Percent All Households Total No Income . >0-50H.... 51 - 100 101-130 ... 131+ Hs—aslds With Children Total No Income >0-50% 51 -100 101 - 130 131+ Households With Elderly Total No Income >0-50S 51 -100 101-130 131+ Hoasehalds With Disabled Total No Income =■0-50% 51-100 101 - 130 131+ Households With Earned laconic Total >0-50S 51 -100 101 - 130 131+ Ho.KhoW.Wha TANFI Total >0-50H 51 -100 . 101-130 131+ 7.335 617 1.804 4.076 761 76 3.955 250 1.394 1.860 433 17 1,542 17 70 1.232 198 24 2.017 4 141 1.619 215 39 1.993 395 1.125 439 34 1.891 847 926 105 14 100.0 S.4 24.6 55.6 10.4 1.0 100.0 6.3 35.2 47.0 11.0 0.4 100.0 I.I 4.5 79.9 12.9 1.6 100.0 0.2 7.0 80.2 10.6 1.9 100.0 19.8 56.5 22.0 1.7 100.0 44.8 49.0 5.5 0.7 801 495 251 54 59 10 36 13 459 314 129 16 337 207 103 27 102 20 55 27 32 7 14 II 100.0 61.8 31.4 6.8 1000 16.2 61.9 21.8 100.0 68.4 28.1 3.5 100.0 61.6 30.5 7.9 100.0 19.4 54.4 26.3 100.0 21.0 43.2 35.8 921 653 260 I 337 112 222 3 342 314 26 2 421 354 62 4 256 49 202 4 135 69 64 2 100.0 70.9 28.3 0.8 I00.C 33.1 659 1.0 100.0 91.9 7.6 0.5 100.0 84.1 14.8 1.0 100.0 19.3 79.1 1.6 100.0 50.9 47.7 1.4 1.373 3 1.170 196 5 845 3 688 154 I 292 267 24 2 546 0 510 33 4 577 423 154 I 355 3 328 24 0 100.0 0.2 85.2 14.2 0.4 100.0 0.3 81.3 18.2 0.1 100.0 91.3 8.2 0.5 100.0 0.0 93.4 6.0 0.7 100.0 73.2 26.6 0.2 100.0 0.8 92.4 6.7 0.1 1.501 297 1.161 39 3 1.063 251 793 20 219 19 186 12 2 419 58 348 II 1 538 50 466 22 0 573 171 399 2 100.0 19.8 77.4 2.6 0.2 100.0 23.6 74.6 1.8 100.0 8.6 85.1 5.5 0.8 100.0 13.8 83.1 2.7 0.3 100.0 9.2 86.5 4.2 0.1 100.0 29.9 69.7 0.4 1.258 836 413 8 2 960 720 239 I 95 19 71 4 1 187 58 126 2I 314 168 143 3 577 461 116 I 100.0 66.4 32.8 0.6 0.2 100.0 75.0 24.9 0.1 100.0 19.6 74.6 4.4 1.5 10C.0 31.0 67.3 1.3 0.5 100.0 53.6 45.5 0.9 100.0 79.8 20.0 0.1 1.481 617 669 184 7 3 690 250 420 20 0 135 17 33 80 3 I 109 4 25 74 3 2 205 177 25 2 I 219 212 7 0 100.0 41.7 45.2 12.4 0.5 02 1000 36.2 60.8 2.9 0.1 100.0 12.9 24.3 59.5 2J 0.9 100.0 3.4 23.4 682 3.1 18 I0C.0 86.1 12.0 1.2 0.7 100.0 966 3.3 0.1 * Doe* not include households with the minimum benefit. " No sample houaeholds in this category Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample 48 Table A-15. Avenge Food Stamp Benefit of Participating Households by Amount of Gross Income and Household Size Gross Income Average Food Sump Benefn by Household Size (Dollars) All Househe Ids 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8+ (Dollars) Average Food Stamp Benefit Per Household 65 128 128 127 118 102 76 45 38 24 22 30 23 144 235 234 231 220 205 186 157 126 88 81 60 36 221 336 335 333 321 306 284 262 233 203 183 161 103 273 428 427 424 414 395 375 351 333 293 270 249 159 310 506 507 507 489 480 456 421 404 367 347 324 205 375 612 607 606 596 571 548 527 502 471 445 424 275 424 6,5 671 678 667 644 613 601 558 537 499 483 327 510 815 791 808 810 701 781 713 673 660 611 422 158 SO 209 1-99 222 100- 199 235 200-299 236 300-399 207 400-499 209 500-599 93 600-699 133 700-799 143 800-899 164 900-999 174 1000* 162 | No sample households in this category. Source Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample 49 Table A-14. Distribution of Participating Households by Type of Most Recent Action and Expedited Service Total Households Entrants Other Households Most Recent Action and Expedited Service Number (000» Percent Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Total 7.335 1.692 297 1.395 4.291 158 4.133 1000 23 1 4.0 19.0 585 2.2 564 401 401 131 270 1000 100.0 32.7 673 6,934 1.291 166 1.125 4.291 158 4.133 100.0 186 24 16.2 61 9 2.3 No Expedited Service 59.6 ~ By definition these are mutually exclusive categories: therefore, no households will be found in these categories Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample 50 Table A-17. Distribution of Participating Households, Persons, and Benefits by Household Composition Household Cofnposi tron** Food Sump Households Number (000) Percent Participants tn Households With Household Characteristic Number (000) Percent Monthly Food Stamp Benefits Dollars (000) Percent Tots** Chtldria Single-Adult Household Multiple Adult Household Married Couple Household Other Multiple-Adult Household Children Only Unknown EM"* Living Alone Not Living Alone Living Alone Not Living Alone Other HoauaoW Single-Person Household Mulu -Person Household 7.335 3.9J5 2.704 167 573 294 3(2 I 1.542 1.226 316 2.017 1.154 863 837 774 64 100.0 53.9 369 11.8 7.8 40 5.2 0.0 21.0 16.7 4.3 27.5 15.7 118 114 10.5 0.9 17.091 13.294 8341 3.939 2.652 1.286 812 2 1.987 1.226 762 4.005 1.154 2.851 909 774 135 100.0 77.8 500 23.0 15.5 7.5 4.7 0.0 116 7.2 4.5 23.4 6.8 16.7 5.3 4.5 0.8 1.159.008 925J73 623J15 235.231 153.882 81.349 66.637 191 90.364 53.697 36.666 200.247 54.333 145.914 101.634 89.614 12.021 100.0 79.8 538 203 13.3 7.0 5.7 0.0 7.8 4.6 3.2 17.3 4.7 12.6 8.8 7.7 1.0 ' Household composition categories are based on characteristics of participating individuals only, and do not factor in characteristics of nonparticipanu who may live in the same household with the participants. For example, single-adult households have exactly one participating adult and at least one participating child, but may have one or more nonpamcipaung atbUt or an adult participating in a separate case not included in the FSPQC sample. b The sum of ;.Kii»~u«l categories does not match the table total because a household can have more than one of the characw.iucs in the table. c Households not containing children, elderly persons, or disabled persons. Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample. 51 Table A-18. Avenge Grow and Net Income, Total Deduction, Countable Resources, Food Stamp Benefit, Household Size, and Certification Period of Participating Households by Household Composition Total Households Avenge Monthly Values Household Composition* Number (000) Gross Income (Dollars) Net Income (Dollars) Total Deduction (Dollars) Countable Resources (Dollars) Food Stamp Benefit (Dollars) Household Size (Persons) Certification Period (Months) Total 7.335 3.953 2.704 867 573 294 382 1342 1.226 316 2.017 1.154 863 837 774 64 100.0 539 36.9 11.8 7.8 4.0 5.2 00 21.0 16.7 4.3 27.5 15.7 11.8 11.4 10.5 0.9 620 727 667 1031 1081 933 465 675 617 564 821 711 565 906 192 170 462 355 436 387 678 715 606 233 399 356 308 546 440 294 635 57 45 202 298 321 309 376 392 345 281 276 277 272 298 282 283 280 245 238 335 156 133 III 235 280 •46 59 19 275 275 274 150 146 155 64 58 126 158 234 230 271 269 276 174 333 59 44 116 99 47 169 121 116 189 13 3.4 3.2 4.5 4.6 4.4 2.1 4.3 1.3 1.0 14 2.0 1.0 3.3 II 1.0 2.1 9.6 rMMron 7.9 Single-Adult Household Multiple-Adult Household ... Mathed Couple Household Other Multiple-Adult Household 7.8 7.5 7.3 7.7 Children Only 9.4 59 119 13.3 11.2 Disabled 111 13.4 9.0 Other Households6 7.2 Single-Person Household Multi-Person Household 7.2 7.3 * Household composition categories are based on characteristics of participating individuals only, and do not factor in characteristics of nonparucrpants who may live in the same household with the participants. For example, single-adult households have exactly one participating adult and at least one participating child, but may have one or more nonparticipating adult or an adult participating in a separate case not included in the FSPQC sample. k Households not containing children, elderly persons, or disabled persons. Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample. 52 Table A-l9. Distribulioa of Participating Households by Income Type an! Household Composition Household Composition* Tool Households Number (000) Percent Income Type Earned Income Number (000) Percent Unearned Income Number (000) Percent TANF Income Number (000) Percent CA Income Number (000) Percent SSI Number (000) Percent Social Security Income Number (000) Percent Tata*. Single-Adult Household Muluple-Aduli Household Married Couple Household Other Mulupic-Adult Household Children Only Unknown Elderly Living Alone Not Living Alone . Disabled Living Alone Not Living Alone .. Other Households' Single-Person Multi-Person 7.335 3.955 2.704 867 573 294 382 I 1342 1.226 316 2.017 1.154 863 837 774 64 1000 53.9 36.9 11.8 7.8 4.0 5.2 0.0 21.0 16.7 4.3 27.5 15.7 11.8 11.4 10.5 0.9 1.993 1.707 1.049 525 371 154 132 0 54 23 30 202 71 131 167 136 31 100.0 85.6 52.7 26.3 18.6 7.7 6.6 0.0 2.7 1.2 1.5 10.1 35 6.6 8.4 6.8 1.6 5.775 2.912 2.075 569 343 227 267 0 1.511 1.204 308 2.012 1.151 861 350 323 27 100.0 50.4 35.9 9.9 5.9 3.9 4.6 0.0 26.2 20.8 5.3 34.8 19.9 14.9 6.1 5.6 0.5 1.891 1.842 1.332 290 162 128 220 0 49 I 48 379 2 377 38 28 9 100.0 97.4 70.4 15 3 8.6 6.7 11.6 0.0 2.6 0.1 2.5 20.1 0.1 19.9 2.0 1.5 0.5 395 37 24 12 8 79 62 17 79 55 24 232 225 7 100.0 9.3 6.0 2.9 2.0 1.0 04 19.9 15.7 4.2 20.0 139 6.0 58.6 56.9 1.8 2.324 622 421 192 113 79 10 0 914 723 191 1.634 895 740 1000 26.8 18.1 8.3 4.9 3.4 0.4 0.0 39.3 31 1 8.2 70.3 38.5 31.8 0.0 0.0 1.870 360 239 112 71 42 I 1.068 866 202 836 536 300 100.0 19.3 12.8 6.0 3.8 2.2 0.5 57.1 46.3 10.8 44.7 28.6 16.1 0.0 0.0 * Household composition categories are based on characteristics of participating individuals only, and do not factor in characteristics of nonpwticipants who may live in the same household with the participants For example, single-adult households hive exactly one participating adult and at least one participating child, but may have one or more nonparucipating adult or an adult parucipaung in a separate case not included in the FSPQC simple. b The sum of individual categories does not match the table total because a household can have more than one of the characteristics in the table. c Households not containing children, elderly persons, or disabled persons ™ No sample households in this category. Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample 53 Table A-2*. Distribution of Partkipntint Households With Children, Elderly Persons, and Dis. led Persons by Selected Characteristics Household Characteristic Gross Income No Gross Income Net Income No Net Income Earned Income Unearned Income TANF Income GA Income SSI Social Security Income Countable Resources Deductions Tool Deduction Earned Income Deduction Dependent Deduction Excess Shelter Deduction Medical Deduction Child Support Ded
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Title | Nutrition Assistance Program Report Series, Food Stamp Program, Characteristics of Food Stamp |
Date | 2001 |
Contributors (group) | United States. Food and Nutrition Service;United States. Food and Nutrition Service. Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation;United States. Food and Nutrition Service. Office of Analysis and Evaluation;United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Food and Consumer Service. Office of Analysis and Evaluation;Food Stamp Program (U.S.);United States. Food and Nutrition Service. Office of Analysis, Nutrition, and Evaluation;United States. Food and Nutrition Service. Office of Research and Analysis |
Subject headings | Food stamps--United States--Statistics--Periodicals |
Type | Text |
Format | Pamphlets |
Physical description | v. ; 28 cm. |
Publisher | [Washington, D.C.] : Food and Nutrition Service |
Language | en |
Contributing institution | Martha Blakeney Hodges Special Collections and University Archives, UNCG University Libraries |
Source collection | Government Documents Collection (UNCG University Libraries) |
Rights statement | http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ |
Additional rights information | NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES. This item has been determined to be free of copyright restrictions in the United States. The user is responsible for determining actual copyright status for any reuse of the material. |
SUDOC number | A 98.2:H 81/2000 |
Digital publisher | The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, University Libraries, PO Box 26170, Greensboro NC 27402-6170, 336.334.5482 |
Full-text | Nutrition Assistance Program Report Series The Office of Analysis, Nutrition and Evaluation Food Stamp Program Report No. FSP-01-CHAR Characteristics ofFoodStamp Households: Fiscal Year 2000 Vu w^-ocwtt KDA Unltedstates Food and October 2001 \JO\Jr\ Department of Nutrition Agriculture Service CL Nutrition Assistance Program Report Series The Office of Analysis, Nutrition and Evaluation Food Stamp Program Report No. FSP-01-CHAR Characteristics of Food Stamp Households: Fiscal Year 2000 USDA "nited Statf , ^d f and \JyJlsr\ Department of Nutrition October 2001 Agriculture Service C USDA United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service 3101 Park Center Drive Alexandria. VA 22302-1500 CHARACTERISTICS OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS: FISCAL YEAR 2000 AND TRENDS IN FOOD STAMPPROGRAM PARTICIPATION: 1994 TO 1999 Enclosed are copies of two reports: Characteristics ofFood Stamp Households: Fiscal Year 2000 and Trends in Food Stamp Program Participation: 1994 to 1999. The report Characteristics ofFood Stamp Households: Ftical Year 2000 is the most recent in a series providing information about the demographic and economic circumstances of food stamp households. The information is based on data collected by the Food Stamp Program Quality Control System for fiscal year 2000. The report Trends in Food Stamp Program Participation: 1994 to 1999 is the latest in a series of reports and memoranda providing the latest data on the trends in Food Stamp Program participation rates based on the March Current Population Survey. This report focuses on changes in rates from 1994 to 1999. It shows that participation rates fell by 17 percentage points between 1994 and 1999, from 74 percent to 57 percent. Some of the information reported here was included in the report The Decline in Food Stamp Participation: A Report to Congress, issued in July 200 i. If you have questions about the content of these reports or need additional copies, please contact the following: Office of Analysis, Nutrition, and Evaluation Food and Nutrition Service 3101 Park Center Drive Alexandria, Virginia 22302 Phone(703)305-2133 ENCLOSURE AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER 7! Summary of Characteristics ofFood Stamp Households: Fiscal Year 2000 On average, about 17.2 million people living in 7.3 million households received food stamps in the United States each month in FY 2000. Food stamp households are a diverse group. Because food stamps are available to most low-income households with few resources, regardless of age, disability status, or family structure, recipients represent a broad cross-section of the nation's poor. This report provides summary information about the demographic and economic circumstances of food stamp households. • Most food stamp recipients are children or elderly. Over half (51 percent) are children and another ten percent are age 60 or older. Working-age women represent 27 percent of the caseload, while working-age men represent 11 percent. • The majority of food stamp households do not receive cash welfare benefits. Nearly a third (32 percent) received Supplemental Security Income. Over one quarter (26 percent) received TANF benefits. Over one quarter (26 percent) received Social Security benefits. Eight percent had no cash income of any kind. • Many food stamp recipients work. Over one fourth (27 percent) of food stamp households have earnings. For these households, earnings are the primary source of income. • Food stamp households have little income. Only 11 percent are above the poverty line, while 33 percent have incomes at or below half the poverty line. The typical food stamp household had gross income of $620 per month and received a monthly food stamp benefit of $ 158. Over one-fifth of monthly funds (cash income plus food stamps) available to a typical household come from food stamps. • Food stamp households possess few resources. The average food stamp household possesses only about $156 in countable resources (including the non-excluded portion of vehicles and the entire value of checking and savings accounts and other savings). • Most food stamp households are small. The average food stamp household size was 2.3. but varied considerably by household composition. Households with children were relatively large, averaging 3.4 members. Households with elderly members tended to be smaller, with an average size of 1.3 people. October 2001 USDA United States Food and Department of Nutrition Agriculture Service October 2001 Food Stamp Program Report No. FSP-01-CHAR Characteristics of Food Stamp Households: Fiscal Year 2000 Author: Karen Cunnyngham Submitted by: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. 600 Maryland Avenue, S.W., Suite 550 Washington, D.C. 20024-2512 Project Director: Carole Trippe Submitted to: Office of Analysis, Nutrition and Evaluation USDA, Food and Nutrition Service 3101 Park Center Drive, Room 503 Alexandria, VA 22302-1500 Project Officer: Jenny Genser This study was conducted under Contract number 53-3198-9-008 with the Food and Nutrition Service. This report is available on the Food and Nutrition Service web site: http://www.fns.usda.gov/oane. Suggested Citation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Analysis, Nutrition and Evaluation, Characteristics ofFood Stamp Households: Fiscal Year2000, FSP-01-CHAR, by Karen Cunnyngham. Project Officer, Jenny Genser. Alexandria, VA: 2001. W The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326- W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. This report was prepared by Karen Cunnyngham of Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., for the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Analysis, Nutrition, and Evaluation. Many individuals made important contributions to the report. The author thanks Carole Trippe, Laura Castner, Scott Cody, and Randy Rosso for providing guidance and reviewing the report, Daisy Ewell for providing programming support, Micki Morris for preparing the manuscript, and Arnie Aldridge, Brianna Stanton, and Jaclyn Wong for their help developing the index. The author also thanks Jenny Genser of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food and Nutrition Service for providing guidance and program information. Author: MPR Project Director: MPR Project Number: FNS Project Officer: FNS Contract Number: Karen Cunnyngham Carole Trippe 8659-110 Jenny Genser 53-3198-9-008 October 2001 1/ CONTENTS Chapter Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xv 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 AN OVERVIEW OF THE FOOD STAMP PROGRAM 3 PROGRAM ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS 3 The Household 3 Income Eligibility Standards 3 Assets 5 Nonfinancial Eligibility Standards 6 APPLICATION PROCEDURES 7 BENEFIT COMPUTATION 7 FOOD STAMP ISSUANCE 8 PROGRAM CHANGES SINCE THE PREVIOUS FISCAL YEAR 8 FSP PARTICIPATION AND COSTS 8 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS AND PARTICIPANTS 13 THE POVERTY STATUS OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS 13 HOUSEHOLDS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS 15 Households With Children 15 Households With Elderly People 19 Households With Disabled People 20 Other Households Served by the FSP 20 Single-Person Households 20 CHARACTERISTICS OF FSP PARTICIPANTS 20 CHANGES IN THE ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS 22 ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS 25 /// CONTENTS (continued) Chapter Page APPENDIX A: DETAILED TABLES OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS 31 APPENDLX B: DETAILED TABLES OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS BY STATE 69 APPENDLX C: CHANGES TO THE FOOD STAMP PROGRAM DUE TO RECENT FEDERAL LEGISLATION 83 APPENDLX D: FISCAL YEAR 2000 FSP PARAMETERS AND MAXIMUM BENEFIT AMOUNTS 91 APPENDLX E: SOURCE AND RELIABILITY OF ESTIMATES 99 APPENDLX F: SAMPLING ERROR OF ESTIMATES 105 APPENDLX G: DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT 115 APPENDLX H: PREVIOUS REPORTS LN THIS SERIES 121 INDEX 125 VI //// TABLES Text Tables page 2.1 Major Economic Indicators, Calendar Years 1989-2000 11 3.1 Distribution of Households and Benefits by Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline, Fiscal Year 2000 14 3.2 Effect of Food Stamp Benefits on the Poverty Status of Food Stamp Households, Fiscal Year 2000 16 3.3 Household Composition and Selected Characteristics of Participating Households, Fiscal Year 2000 17 3.4 Average Values of Selected Characteristics by Household Composition, Fiscal Year 2000 18 3.5 Food Stamp Benefits of Participants by Selected Demographic Characteristics, Fiscal Year 2000 21 3.6 Average Nominal and Real Values of Selected Characteristics, Fiscal Year 1999 and Fiscal Year 2000 23 Appendix A Tables Summary Characteristics A-l Distribution of Participating Households, Persons, and Benefits by Household Composition, Income Source, and Food Stamp Benefit Amount 33 A 2 Average Gross and Net Income, Total Deduction, Countable Resources, Food Stamp Benefit, Household Size, and Certification Period of Participating Households by Household Composition, Income Source, and Food Stamp Benefit Amount 34 Income, Poverty Status, and Resources A-3 Distribution of Participating Households With Children, Elderly Persons, and Elderly or Disabled Persons by Amount of Gross and Net Income, Countable Resources, and Gross and Net Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline 35 Vll /> TABLES (continued) Page A-4 Distribution of Participating Households by Household Size and Amount of Gross and Net Income, Countable Resources, and Gross and Net Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline 36 A-5 Average Gross and Net Income, Average Gross and Net Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline, and Average Countable Resources of Participating Households by Household Composition and Size 37 A-6 Distribution of Participating Households With Children, Elderly Persons, and Elderly or Disabled Persons by Type of Income 38 A-7 Average Income, Total Deduction, Food Stamp Benefit, and Household Size of Participating Households by Type of Income 39 A-8 Distribution of Participating Households With Children, Elderly Persons, and Eiderly or Disabled Persons by Earned and Unearned Income Amounts 40 FSP Deductions A-9 Distribution of Participating Households by Type of Deduction and Household Composition, Income Source, and Food Stamp Benefit Amount 42 A-10 Average Values of Deductions of Participating Households by Household Composition, Income Source, and Food Stamp Benefit Amount 43 A-l 1 Distribution of Participating Households by Selected Household Characteristics and Amount of Deduction 44 A-12 Average Total Deduction for Participating Households by Amount of Gross Income and Household Size 46 Food Stamp Benefit A-13 Distribution of Participating Households by Selected Household Characteristics and Food Stamp Benefit Amount, Food Stamp Benefit as a Percentage of the Maximum Benefit, and Certification Period 47 A-14 Distribution of Participating Households by Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline and Food Stamp Benefit as a Percentage of the Maximum 48 A-15 Average Food Stamp Benefit of Participating Households by Amount of Gross Income and Household Size 49 Vlll X TABLES (continued) Page A-16 Distribution of Participating Households by Type of Most Recent Action and Expedited Service 50 Household Composition A-17 Distribution of Participating Households, Persons, and Benefits by Household Composition 51 A-18 Average Gross and Net Income, Total Deduction, Countable Resources, Food Stamp Benefit, Household Size, and Certification Period of Participating Households by Household Composition 52 A-19 Distribution of Participating Households by Income Type and Household Composition 53 A-20 Distribution of Participating Households With Children, Elderly Persons, and Disabled Persons by Selected Characteristics 54 A-21 Average Values of Selected Characteristics for Participating Households With Children, Elderly Persons, and Disabled Persons 55 A-22 Distribution of Participating Households With Earned Income and Unearned Income by Selected Characteristics 56 A-23 Average Values of Selected Characteristics for Participating Households With Earned and Unearned Income 57 A-24 Distribution of Participating Households With Selected Household Characteristics by the Race and Citizenship of the Household Head 58 A-25 Distribution of Participating Households With Selected Household Characteristics by Selected Employment Characteristics 59 A-26 Distribution of Participating Households and Persons by Household Composition 60 A-27 Distribution of Participating Households by Household Size, Number of Elderly Persons, Disabled Persons, Children, Preschool Age Children, and School Age Children 61 Participants A-28 Gender and Food Stamp Benefits of Participants by Selected Demographic Characteristic 62 IX XI TABLES (continued) Page A-29 Distribution of Participants by Thrifty Food Plan Sex-Age Groups and Household Size 63 A-30 Distribution of Household Heads, All Participants, and Nonelderly Adults Participants by Work Registration Status and Employment Status 64 A-31 Distribution of Participants by Age-Related Characteristics 65 Survey Comparisons: Fiscal Years 1989 to 2000 A-32 Comparison of Participating Households With Key Food Stamp Household Characteristics for Fiscal Years 1989 to 2000 66 A-33 Comparison of Average Nominal and Real Values of Key Food Stamp Household Characteristics for Fiscal Years 1989 to 2000 67 A-34 Comparison of Number of Food Stamp Participants in Thousands by Gender and Age for Fiscal Years 1989 to 2000 68 Appendix B Tables B-l Distribution of Participating Households by State 71 B-2 Average Monthly Values of Selected Characteristics by State 72 B-3 Distribution of Participating Households by Poverty Status and by State 73 B-4 Distribution of Participating Households by Shelter-Related Characteristics and by State 74 B-5 Distribution of Participating Households by Selected Charade- sties and by State 75 B-6 Distribution of Participating Households by Selected Income Sources and by State 76 B-7 Average Monthly Values of Selected Income Sources by State 77 B-8 Distribution of Entrant Households With and Without Expedited Service by State 78 B-9 Distribution of Participating Households by Race/Ethnic Origin of Household Head and by State 79 Kii TABLES (continued) Page B-10 Distribution of Participants by Age and by State 80 B-l 1 Distribution of Participants by Citizenship Status and State 81 B-12 Distribution of All Non-Citizen Alien FSP Participants by State and Age 82 Appendix D Tables D-l HHS Poverty Income Guidelines for Fiscal Year 2000 FSP 93 D-2 FSP Maximum Allowable Gross Monthly Income Eligibility Standards in Fiscal Year 2000 94 D-3 FSP Maximum Allowable Net Monthly Income Eligibility Standards in Fiscal Year 2000 95 D-4 Value of Standard, Maximum Dependent-Care, and Excess Shelter Expense Deductions in the Continental United States and Outlying Areas in Fiscal Year 2000 96 D-5 Value of Maximum Food Stamp Benefit in the Continental United States and Outlying Areas in Fiscal Year 2000 97 Appendix E Table E Comparison of Calculated and Reported Values for Selected Variables of Participating Households, Fiscal Year 2000 104 Appendix F Tables F-1 Standard Errors of Estimated Numbers of Food Stamp Households (Thousands), Fiscal Year 2000 110 F-2 Design Effects (d) for Standard Errors of Estimated Numbers or Percentages of Food Stamp Households, Fiscal Year 2000 111 F-3 Standard Errors of Estimated Means, Fiscal Year 2000 112 F-4 Range of Standard Errors of Mean Amounts Expressed as a Percentage of the Mean Amount, Fiscal Year 2000 113 XI iiil FIGURES Text Figure 2.1 Food Stamp Program Participants, Unemployed Individuals, and Individuals in Poverty (1984 - 2000) Page 10 Appendix C Figure Food Stamp Participants Affected By PRWORA's Work Requirement And Time Limit 89 Xlll EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Food Stamp Program (FSP) provides millions of Americans with the means to purchase food for a nutritious diet. The FSP is the largest of the 15 domestic food and nutrition assistance programs administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food and Nutrition Service (FNS). In an average month in fiscal year 2000, the FSP served approximately 17.2 million people. This report presents the characteristics of food stamp households nationwide in fiscal year 2000 (October 1999 to September 2000). This information on household characteristics comes from FSP household data for fiscal year 2000 collected by FNS for quality control purposes. FSP Participation and Costs In an average month in fiscal year 2000, the FSP provided benefits to approximately 17.2 million people living in 7.3 million households across the United States. The total cost of the program over fiscal year 2000 was $17.1 billion, $15.0 billion of which were for food stamp benefits. The average monthly food stamp benefit in fiscal year 2000 was $158 per household. Compared with fiscal year 1999, the number of FSP participants decreased by 6 percent and FSP benefit costs decreased by 5 percent. Characteristics of Food Stamp Households and Participants In fiscal year 2000, slightly over half of all food stamp participants were children, 39 percent were nonelderly adults, and 10 percent were elderly people. About 68 percent of the children were school age, and 70 percent of adult participants were women. Approximately 89 percent of food stamp households lived in poverty, as measured by the fiscal year 2000 federal poverty guidelines issued by the Department of Health and Human Services (see Appendix D). Food stamp benefits were concentrated among poorer households—33 percent of all food stamp households had a gross income less than or equal to half of the poverty guideline, and these households received 54 percent of all benefits. If the value of food stamps is included as income, 6 percent of all food stamp households moved above the poverty guideline as a result of receiving food stamps, and 16 percent moved from below to above half of the poverty guideline. Of all food stamp households, 89 percent contained either a child or an elderly or disabled person, and these households received 91 percent of all benefits. Households with children received a relatively large average monthly food stamp benefit ($234), reflecting their larger household size. The average household with children had 3.4 people compared with an average The figure of 17.2 million people is based on FNS administrative records. The participant count of 17.1 million cited later in the report and the other figures provided throughout the report are estimates from the Food Stamp Program Quality Control (FSPQC) sample. For an explanation of the difference in the counts see Appendix E. xv of 2.3 people for all households. Most of the food stamp households with children were single-adult households. Almost half of these single-adult households with children received support from Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF). About 43 percent of all food stamp households with children had earned income; 39 percent of single-adult households with children and 65 percent of married-couple households with children had earnings. Twelve percent of all households with children had both TANF and earned income. Households with an elderly member received a relatively small average monthly food stamp benefit ($59), reflecting their relatively small average size (1.3). Almost 80 percent of food stamp households with an elderly member consisted of an elderly person living alone. These individuals received an average monthly benefit of $44 compared with average monthly benefits of $116 for households with elderly people not living alone and $184 for households without any elderly. xvi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION The Food Stamp Program (FSP) is a central component of America's anti-poverty program. The stated purpose of the FSP is "to permit low-income households to obtain a more nutritious diet by increasing their purchasing power" (The Food Stamp Act of 1977, as amended, P.L. 95-113). The FSP is the largest of the domestic food and nutrition assistance programs administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food and Nutrition Service (FNS). According to FNS administrative records, during fiscal year 2000, the FSP served approximately 17.2 million people in an average month at a total cost of $17.1 billion, $15.0 billion of which were for food stamp benefits. The FSP is the only low-income assistance program available nationwide to essentially all financially needy households because it imposes few nonfinancial categorical criteria.1 The FSP provides benefits electronically or through coupons. These benefits can be redeemed for food in approximately 155,000 authorized stores across the nation. Federal, state, and local governments share the costs and administration of the FSP. Congress authorizes the program and appropriates necessary funds. The Department of Agriculture establishes program regulations under the Food Stamp Act of 1977, as amended. FNS administers the FSP nationally, while state and local welfare agencies operate the program locally. The federal government fully funds the benefits of the FSP. Administrative costs are shared by the cooperating agencies, with FNS usually paying 50 percent of the costs. Since food stamps are available to most people who meet the income and resource standards set by Congress, the FSP serves a broad spectrum of the needy population. Using FSP household data collected periodically for quality control review, FNS sponsors several analyses to enhance its understanding of the people served by the FSP. The agency also produces a series of reports to document these analyses (see Appendix H for a list of titles). This report presents a picture of households and individuals participating in the FSP in fiscal year 2000. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the FSP, including the regulations used to determine eligibility and benefits, and the factors that affect program participation and costs, such as trends in the national economy. Chapter 3 describes the characteristics of individuals and households participating in the FSP in fiscal year 2000. The appendices include detailed tabulations of household and participant characteristics for the nation and by state; details of changes brought about by the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA), the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, and the Agricultural Research, Extension and Education Reform Act of 1998 (AREERA); and a brief description of the sample design and the sampling error associated with the estimates presented in the report. The FSP eligibility requirements include nonfinancial categorical criteria for certain groups. Specifically, many able-bodied, childless adults and legal permanent resident aliens are ineligible for food stamps. See Appendix C for more details on these individuals. A nn?lM CHAPTER 2: AN OVERVIEW OF THE FOOD STAMP PROGRAM The characteristics of food stamp households and the level of FSP participation change over time in response to legislative changes to the FSP as well as economic and demographic trends. This chapter explains FSP eligibility requirements, application procedures, benefit computation, and food stamp issuance. The chapter concludes with a summary of program participation and costs, including a discussion of how these costs are related to the economy in fiscal year 2000. PROGRAM ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS The Food Stamp Act of 1977, as amended, establishes uniform national eligibility standards for the FSP and defines the basic FSP unit as the "household." The eligibility criteria include gross and net income limits, an asset limit, and various nonfinancial criteria. There are exceptions to these criteria for certain high-cost areas, such as Alaska and Hawaii, and for certain individuals such as elderly people (age 60 and over) and people with disabilities. The Household Under FSP rules, a household is defined as individuals who live in a residential unit and purchase and prepare food together. The income and assets of each household member are aggregated to determine eligibility and benefits. Individuals who live together in a residential unit but do not purchase and prepare food together can apply as separate household units and their income and assets are considered separately in eligibility and benefit determinations. People who are elderly and disabled and cannot prepare and purchase food because of a substantial disability may apply as a separate household as long as the gross monthly income of the remainder of their residential unit is less than 165 percent of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services poverty guidelines.1 Income Eligibility Standards Monthly income is the most important determinant of household eligibility. The majority of households that apply for food stamps must meet two income eligibility standards: a gross income standard and a net income standard. Federal poverty guidelines for many assistance programs are established annually by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The FSP used 1999 poverty guidelines (published in the March 18, 1999 Federal Register) for all fiscal year 2000 income eligibility tests. These guidelines were developed on the basis of the 1998 Census poverty thresholds inflated to 1999 using the CPI-U. This means that the income eligibility tests applied to food stamp households in fiscal year 2000 are based on 1998 poverty measures inflated to 1999. See Appendix D for a listing of the fiscal year 2000 FSP poverty guidelines. As defined in the Food Stamp Act of 1977, as amended, gross income includes most cash income (with the exception of specific types of income such as loans) and excludes most noncash income, or in-kind benefits. To be eligible for the FSP, a household without an elderly or disabled member must have a monthly gross income that is at or below 130 percent of the poverty guideline ($1,810 for a family of four in the contiguous United States in fiscal year 2000). Households with elderly or disabled members are not subject to the gross income standard. Net income is determined by subtracting deductions permitted under the FSP from monthly gross income. The FSP deducts the following from a household's gross monthly income to arrive at the net monthly income:2 • Standard Deduction. All households automatically receive a standard deduction, equal to $134 in the contiguous United States in fiscal year 2000. The standard deduction for outlying states and territories varies to reflect price differences between these areas and the contiguous United States (Appendix D). • Earned Income Deduction. Households with earnings receive a deduction equal to 20 percent of the combined earnings of household members. • Dependent-Care Deduction. Households with dependents receive a deduction for expenses involved in caring for children and other dependents while other household members work, seek employment, or go to school. The maximum dependent-care deduction in fiscal year 2000 was $200 per month per dependent under age 2 and $175 per month per dependent age 2 or older (Appendix D). • Medical Deduction. A medical deduction is available only to households that contain elderly or disabled members. These households can deduct combined out-of-pocket medical costs exceeding $35 that are incurred on behalf of elderly or disabled members of the household. Medical expenses reimbursed by insurance or government programs are not deductible. • Child Support Payment Deduction. Households can deduct legally obligated child support payments made to or for a nonhousehold member. • Excess Shelter Expense Deduction. A household is entitled to a deduction equal to shelter costs (such as rent, mortgage payments, utility bills, property taxes, and insurance) that exceed 50 percent of its countable income after all other potential deductions are subtracted from gross income. The limit on the excess shelter expense deduction for households without elderly or disabled members was $275 in the contiguous United States in fiscal year 2000. Households that contain elderly or disabled members are entitled to subtract the full value of shelter costs that exceed 50 percent of their adjusted income. The limit on the excess shelter expense deduction ^here is a distinction between a household's deduction entitlement and the amount actually used to compute food stamp benefits. The entitlement is the deduction that a household receives if the total of allowable deductions is less than the household's gross income. Because net income cannot be less than zero, households with total deductions greater than their gross income can only claim a portion of their deduction entitlement. for outlying states and territories varies to reflect price differences between these areas and the contiguous United States (Appendix D).3 To be eligible for the FSP, a household must have a net monthly income at or below 100 percent of the poverty guideline ($1,392 for a family of four in the contiguous United States in fiscal year 2000). The gross and net income eligibility standards vary by household size, as well as for residents of Alaska and Hawaii (see Appendix D). A household is exempt from these income tests (as we ,\ as the asset test described below) if all of its members receive General Assistance, Supplemental Security Income (SSI), or cash or in-kind Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) benefits.4 Assets The second most important determinant of FSP eligibility is a household's assets. Households are permitted up to $2,000 in countable assets, or $3,000 in countable assets if at least one member is age 60 or older. Countable assets include cash, assets that can easily be converted into cash (such as money in checking or savings accounts, savings certificates, stocks or bonds, or lump-sum payments), and some nonliquid resources such as vehicles. However, certain types of property such as family homes, tools of a trade, or business property used to earn income are not counted. Certain vehicles are also not counted as assets for the purpose of determining eligibility. Any vehicle used as a home, to produce income, or as a means to transport disabled people is not included. Vehicles used for other purposes are counted in the following way: for the first vehicle and any additional vehicles used to commute to work or qualifying job training programs, any fair market value exceeding $4,650 is counted toward the asset limit; for all other vehicles, the higher of either any fair market value in excess of $4,650 or any equity (fair market value minus remaining liens) is counted.5 3The FY 2001 Agricultural Appropriations Act raised the limit on the excess shelter expense deduction to $340, effective March 1, 2001, and indexed it to inflation increases in subsequent years. Benefits for these categorically eligible households are determined according to the same rules used for other eligible households. 5Since the period covered by this report, the treatment of vehicles has changed. New regulations implemented in January 2001 excluded from the asset test any vehicle with equity below $1500 and eliminated the equity test for virtually all other vehicles. In addition, the FY 2001 Agricultural Appropriations Act, enacted in September 2000, flowed States to use TANF vehicle rules in place of food stamp rules if the TANF rules were more generous. Both of these changes were designed to make it easier for low-income workers to keep a car and still receive food stamps. 5 Nonfinancial Eligibility Standards The FSP has some nonfinancial eligibility standards, such as restrictions on the participation of students, strikers, and people who are institutionalized. In addition, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) made most legal permanent resident aliens (PRAs) ineligible for benefits and imposed work registration requirements and time limits on able-bodied adults living in households without children. PRAs with 40 quarters of work in the United States were exempted from the alien restrictions on FSP participation. Veterans and PRAs who were serving in the U.S. Armed Forces were also exempted along with their spouses and minor children. In addition, PRAs who were accorded refugee, asylee or deportee status were exempted from the restrictions for five years after they entered the country. Effective November 1, 1998, the Agricultural Research, Extension and Education Reform Act of 1998 (AREERA) restored eligibility to PRAs who were in the United States when PRWORA was enacted and were over 65 on August 22, 1996, or are currently under age 18 or disabled. The Act also extended the eligibility period for refugees, asylees, and deportees from five to seven years. Certain other aliens, such as Hmong or Highland Laotians, American Indians boai in Canada, and battered spouses and children, may be eligible, as well. Additionally, PRAs who became naturalized U.S. citizens are eligible.6 Able-bodied adults living in households without children can receive benefits only if they work or participate in work-related activities. With certain exceptions, those who do not meet these work requirements are restricted to 3 months of food stamp benefits in any 36-month period. Participants age 18 to 49 are subject to this time limit unless they meet one of the following conditions: People who are disabled People who are mentally or physically unfit for employment Women who are pregnant People needed in the home to care for an ill or incapacitated person Relatives or other caretakers of dependent children Students meeting FSP eligibility requirements People who work at least 20 hours per week People who receive unemployment compensation People complying with work requirements under another program People participating in a drug or alcohol rehabilitation program People participating in a work experience program See Appendix C for more details on alien eligibility. APPLICATION PROCEDURES To apply for food stamps, individuals are required to appear in person at their local food stamp office. However, elderly and disabled people, and people who have transportation problems can be interviewed by telephone or at their home. All states must allow individuals to apply for food stamps when they apply for TANF or SSI benefits. The Food Stamp Act of 1977, as amended, requires that local offices process applications for food stamps within 30 days after they are received. However, applications from households with extremely low income or resources can be processed more quickly through the expedited food stamp eligibility verification procedures, allowing people to receive food stamp benefits within seven days after they apply. Those eligible for expedited service include (1) migrant or seasonal farm workers with assets equal to or less than $100, and (2) households with gross income equal to or less than $150 and assets equal to or less than $100. FSP participants are required to appear in person at their local food stamp offices periodically for recertification. The certification period varies according to the likelihood of a change in a food stamp household's financial circumstances. In fiscal year 2000, food stamp households were certified for food stamps for an average of almost 10 months. BENEFIT COMPUTATION After a household is certified for food stamps, its monthly food stamp benefit is computed on the basis of its net monthly income, the benefit reduction rate, and the maximum food stamp benefit for its household size and location. The maximum benefit to which a household is entitled is based on the June cost of the Thrifty Food Plan (TFP) for a family of four, adjusted for household size and geographic areas outside the contiguous United States. The cost of the TFP is based on an economical and nutritious diet, adjusted for household size and composition. Maximum benefits are revised annually to reflect changes in the cost of the foods in the TFP. As specified in the Food Stamp Act of 1977, as amended, the maximum benefit was 100 percent of the TFP through 1988, 100.65 percent in 1989, 102.05 percent in 1990, 103 percent from 1991 through 1996, and 100 percent of the TFP beginning in 1997.7 In fiscal year 2000 the maximum monthly benefit for a family of four in the contiguous United States was $426 (Appendix D). The benefit reduction rate is the .ate at which be .efits are reduced for every additional dollar of net income. The benefit reduction rate is 30 percent, reflecting the assumption that a household will spend 30 percent of its net income on food and that the FSP will provide the difference between that amount and the maximum benefit. Thus, benefits are reduced by 30 cents for every additional dollar of net income. A household's monthly food stamp benefit is computed by subtracting 30 percent of its net income from the maximum benefit. If a household has zero net income, it receives the maximum 7In 1993, the Act was amended to require that 1993 maximum benefit amounts in the contiguous United States remain constant at 1992 values despite a drop in the value of the TFP in June 1992. In 1995, legislation was adopted to freeze maximum benefit amounts for Alaska at their 1994 levels. 7 food stamp benefit. All eligible one- and two-person households are guaranteed a minimum benefit of at least $10 per month (except during the initial month of participation). For new participants, benefits are prorated for the first month. FOOD STAMP ISSUANCE State and local food stamp offices issue food stamp benefits in five main ways: • On-Line Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT). participant receives a "debit" card, similar to a bank card, which is used to purchase food at authorized retail stores. The household's monthly benefit is electronically transferred to an account created specifically for FSP benefits. When a purchase is made, the amount of the purchase is debited from the account. • Off-Line Electronic Benefit Transfer. Two states (Ohio and Wyoming) issue "smart cards." Unlike on-line electronic benefit transfer cards, these cards contain food stamp benefit information in a chip on the card. • ATP Card. An authorization-to-participate identification card is mailed to the participant each month; the participant then exchanges the card for food stamps at an authorized issuance office. • Mail. State and local offices mail the food stamps directly to the participant. • Manually. The participant goes directly to the food stamp office for coupons. By the end of Fiscal Year 2000, EBT projects operated statewide in 37 states and in parts of five others. More than three-fourths of all food stamp benefits were issued through EBT. PROGRAM CHANGES SINCE THE PREVIOUS FISCAL YEAR Effective July 1999, categorical eligibility was expanded to include households in which all members are authorized to receive benefits from means-tested programs funded over 50 percent by TANF and/or State Maintenance of Effort (MOE) funds. At a State's option, other programs that further the purposes of welfare reform may also be used to confer categorical eligibility. Thus, a family who leaves welfare to work but still receives transitional assistance, such as child care subsidies or transportation assistance, may still be considered categorically eligible for the FSP. States began implementing expanded definitions of categorical eligibility throughout Fiscal Year 2000. FSP PARTICIPATION AND COSTS After declining slowly from 1983 through 1989, FSP participation grew substantially during the early 1990s. As illustrated in Figure 2.1, FSP participation increased by 37 percent from fiscal year 1990 through fiscal year 1994. Since peaking at 28.0 million people in March 1994, the 8 number of FSP participants declined steadily through July 2000. There were 17.5 million participants at the beginning of fiscal year 2000, 16.9 million in July 2000 and 17.0 million at the end of fiscal year 2000. Thus, FSF participation declined by 39 percent from the 1994 peak to the end of fiscal year 2000. The decline in FSP participation was caused by several factors. Part of the decline is associated with the improved economy in the second half of the 1990's. Major economic indicators generally showed improvement from 1994 to 1998 (Table 2.1). However, participation fell more sharply than expected during this period of sustained economic growth. Recent research suggests that about a third of the total decline in FSP participation occurred because rising income and assets lifted people above the program's eligibility limits Another eight percent of the decline reflects welfare reform's restrictions on the eligibility of non-citizens and limits on the time during which childless able-bodied unemployed adults can receive benefits. The remainder of the decline—just over half—occurred because fewer eligible people participated in the program.8 Total FSP costs decreased from $17.7 billion in fiscal yvar 1999 to $17.1 billion in fiscal year 2000. The reduction in costs occurred in part because of the reduction in the FSP caseload and in part because the average monthly benefit fell from $69 per person in fiscal year 1999 to $68 per person in fiscal year 20CO. The total cost of the FSP in fiscal year 2000 included $15.0 billion in benefits and $2.1 billion in other costs, including the federal share of state administrative costs and employment and training programs, printing and processing, anti-fraud funding, and program evaluation. See Food and Nutrition Service, USDA, The Decline in Food Stamp Participation: A Report to Congress, July 2001. FIGURE 2.1 FOOD STAMP PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS, UNEMPLOYED INDIVIDUALS AND INDIVIDUALS IN POVERTY (1984-2000) Millions Year •Annual values. Source: Bureau of the Census. Poverty in the United States: 1,99, Series P6O-210 'Average monthly values Source: Food and Nutrition Service, Fiscal Years 1985-2000 FSP Participation and Issuance. 'Average monthly values. Source: Economic Report of the President. 2001 Table B-36. 10 BLANK PAGE Table 2.1-Major Economic Indicators, Calendar Years 1989-2000 Calendar Year Economic Indicator 1989 1990 1991 1992 993 1994 1995 19% 1997 1998 1999 2000 Real GDP Increase" 3.5 1.0 5.3 3.8 9.3 31,528 12.8 1.8 1.3 5.6 3.9 9.3 33,585 13.5 -0.5 II 6.8 3.6 8.8 35,708 14.2 3.0 3.9 7.5 2.4 1.1 38,014 14.8 2.7 69 2.4 7.2 39.265 15.1 4.0 1.3 6.1 2.1 8.0 38,059 14.5 2.7 0.7 S.6 2.2 7.6 36.425 13.8 3.6 2.8 5.4 1.9 7.4 36.529 13.7 4.4 2.3 4.9 1.9 7.3 35,574 13.3 4.4 2.8 4.5 1.3 6.5 34.476 12.7 4.2 2.8 4.2 1.5 7.1 32,258 11.8 5.0 4.2 4.0 2.0 7.6 31,139 11.3 Productivity Increase* Unemployment Ratec Inflation Rated Interest Rate' Individuals Below 100 Percent of Poverty Line Number in Thousands... Percentage of Total Population ' Percent change from preceding year. b Percent change from preceding year in output per hour, business sector. ' Unemployment rate for all civilian workers. d Percentage change from preceding year in the implicit price deflator for Gross Domestic Product. 'Corporate Aaa bond yield. Sources: First line of data: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts Second line of data: Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Major Sector Productivity and Costs Index." Third line of data: Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Fourth line of data: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts Fifth line of data: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Sixth and Seventh lines of data: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Poverty in the United Slates. /I 'A Rn f!\ npri7 r^n CHAPTER 3: CHARACTERISTICS OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS AND PARTICIPANTS The FSP serves the nutritional needs of a broad spectrum of low-income Americans.1 In an average month in fiscal year 2000, the FSP provided benefits to 17.1 million people living in 7.3 million households. Almost all food stamp households lived in poverty (according to the federal poverty guidelines for program eligibility in fiscal year 2000). The vast majority of food stamp households contained either a child (under age 18), an elderly person (over age 59), or a disabled person. The average food stamp household received an average monthly food stamp benefit of $158, had an average gross monthly income of $620, had an average net monthly income of $355, and was entitled to an average total deduction of $298 per month (Tables 3.4 and 3.6).3 The average household size was 2.3 people. Compared with fiscal year 1999, the number of FSP participants decreased by 6 percent and FSP benefit costs decreased by 5 percent. This chapter discusses the composition and economic status of food stamp households, the characteristics of food stamp participants, and the changes in the characteristics of food stamp households from fiscal year 1999 through fiscal year 2000. THE POVERTY STATUS OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS4 The FSP provides benefits to households in need. In fiscal year 2000, the gross monthly income of 89 percent of food stamp households was less than or equal to 100 percent of the federal poverty guideline (Table 3.1).5 The gross monthly income of almost three-fifths of all food stamp households was less than or equal to 75 percent of the poverty guideline, and the income of one-third of all food stamp households was less than or equal to 50 percent of the guideline. The information in this chapter and the estimates in Appendices A and B are based on a sample of 46,963 households that participated in the FSP in fiscal year 2000. The sample was drawn from food stamp households in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, and the Virgin Islands. Households in Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands were not included in the sample because Puerto Rico has its own Nutritional Assistance Program, which replaced the FSP there in July 1982, and the Northern Mariana Islands participate in another block grant program instead of the FSP. ^he estimate of 17.1 million participants differs slightly from the number of food stamp participants according to FNS administrative iecords (17.2 million people) because the sample estimate is weighted by households rather than by individuals (see Appendix E). TTiis estimate reflects the entire deduction to which households are entitled. Because households cannot deduct more than their gross income, this figure is greater than the average deduction actually received by households. For more information on the economic status of food stamp households, see Appendix Tables A-3 through A-8. 5See Appendix Table D-l for the poverty guidelines. 13 Table 3.1- Distribution of Households and Their Benefits by Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline, Fiscal Year 2000 Gross Income is a ntage of Poverty Guideline* Percentage of: Pera All Households All Benefits Total 100.0 16.8 16.2 25.3 30.3 10.4 1.0 100.0 26.9 26 - 50% 26.8 51. 75% 26.3 76 - 100* 15.7 4.1 0.2 ' Denned as the fiscal year 2000 poverty guidelines published by the Department of Health and Human Services (see Appendix D). Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample. 14 The FSP effectively targets benefits to the most needy households; poorer households receive larger food stamp benefits than do households with more income. The 33 percent of all food stamp households that had a gross monthly income less than or equal to 50 percent of the poverty guideline in fiscal year 2000 received 54 percent of all benefits. In contrast, the 11 percent of households with a gross monthly income over the poverty guideline received only 4 percent of all benefits. The impact of food stamps on a household's purchasing power is estimated by adding the dollar value of the food stamps to household income and examining the distribution of households by poverty status.6 As shown in Table 3.2, the combination of cash and food stamps yields a significantly different distribution of food stamp households by poverty status. Specifically, when food stamps are included in gross income, the resulting increase in income of food stamp households was enough to move 6 percent of them above the poverty guideline. Food stamp benefits had an ever, greater impact on the poorest food stamp households, moving 16 percent of them above 50 percent of the poverty guideline. HOUSEHOLDS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS7 The FSP effectively serves many households that contain people with special needs—children, elderly, or disabled people. In fiscal year 2000, 89 percent of all food stamp households contained a child, an elderly person, or a disabled person. These households received 91 percent of all food stamp benefits (Table A-17). Households with Children In fiscal year 2000, the FSP served approximately 4.0 million households with children each month, representing more than half (54 percent) of all households (Table 3.3). These households constituted 86 percent of all food stamp households with earnings. Twelve percent of all households with children received a combination of TANF and earnings (Table A-6). Compared with other food stamp households, those that contained children received a relatively high average food stamp benefit of $234 per month (Table 3.4). This relatively high benefit primarily reflects the fact that the average household size among food stamp households with children (3.4 people) was larger than the average household size among all food stamp households (2.3 people). Children who received food stamps in fiscal year 2000 tended to live in households that were headed by a single adult. Sixty-eight percent of all food stamp households with children were headed by a single adult, representing 37 percent of all food stamp households (Table 3.3). ^is comparison assumes that program participants value their food stamp benefits at face value. 7See Appendix fables A-3, A-6, 4-11, A-13, A-14, A-17, A-18, A20 - A-22, and A-28 for more details concerning these households. 15 Table 3J-Efltet Of Food SUmp Benefits On The Poverty Status Of Food Stamp Households, Fiscal Year 2000 Distribution of Households in Relation to Poverty Guideline Gross Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline" Based on Cash Only Based on Cash and Food Stamps Difference in Percentage Points J 100% 33.4 55.4 11.2 100% 17.9 64.6 17.5 0 -15.5 9.2 6.3 ' Defined as the fiscal year 2000 poverty guidelines published by the Department of Health and Human Services (see Appendix D). Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample. 16 BLANK PAGE Table 3J-- Household Composition and Selected Characteristics of Participating Households, Fiscal Year 2000 Households With: Total* Children') Single-Adult Household Mulnple-Adult Household Married Couple Household Other Multiple-Adult Household Children Only Unknown Elderly Living Alone Not Living Alone ->J Disabled Living Alone Not Living Alone Other Households Single-Person Household Multi-Person Household All Households Number (000) 7.335 3,955 2,704 867 573 294 382 1 1,542 1,226 316 2.017 1,154 863 837 774 64 Percent 100.0 53.9 369 11.8 7.8 40 5.2 0.0 210 16.7 4.3 27.5 15.7 11.8 11.4 10 5 0.9 Households With Earned Income Number (000) 1.993 1.707 1.049 525 371 154 132 0 54 23 30 202 71 131 167 136 31 Percent 1000 85.6 52.7 263 18.6 7.7 6.6 0.0 2.7 1.2 1.5 10.1 3.5 6.6 8.4 6.8 1.6 Social Security Number (000) 1,870 360 239 112 71 42 9 1,068 866 202 836 536 300 0 0 Percent 1000 193 128 6.0 3.8 2.2 0.5 57.1 46.3 10 8 44.7 28.6 16.1 0.0 0.0 TANF Number (000) 1.891 1.842 1.332 290 162 128 220 0 49 1 48 379 2 377 38 28 9 Percent 1000 974 704 15.3 8.6 6.7 11.6 0.0 26 0.1 2.5 20 1 0.1 19.9 20 15 0.5 General Assistance Number (000) 395 37 24 12 8 4 2 79 62 17 79 55 24 232 225 7 Percent 100.0 9.3 60 29 2.0 1.0 0.4 19 9 15.7 4.2 200 13 9 6.0 586 56.9 1.8 SSI Number (000) 2,324 622 421 192 113 79 10 0 914 723 191 1.634 895 740 0 0 Percent 1000 268 181 8.3 49 34 0.4 0.0 39.3 31.1 8.2 70 3 38.5 31.8 0.0 0.0 1 The sum of individual categories does not match the table total because a household can have more than one of the characteristics. b Household composition categories are based on characteristics of participating individuals only, and do not factor in characteristics of nonparticipanls who may live in the same household with the participants. For example, single-adult households have exactly one participating adult and at least one participating child, but may have one or more nonparticipating adult or an adult participating in a separate case not included in the FSPQC sample. ■ Households not containing children, elderly persons, or disabled persons. " No sample households are found in this category. Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample. '7 Table 3.4-- Average Values of Selected Characteristics by Household Composition, Fiscal Year 2000 Households With; Total Children' Single-Adult Household Multiple-Adult Household Married Couple Household Other Multiple Adult Household Children Only Unknown Elderly Living Alone Not Living Alone Disabled Living Alone Not Living Alone Other Householdsb Single-Person Household Multi-Person Household Average Values Gross Monthly Income (Dollars) S20 727 667 1031 1081 933 465 675 617 564 821 711 565 906 192 170 462 Net Monthly Income (Dollars) 355 436 387 678 715 606 233 399 356 308 546 440 294 635 57 45 202 Monthly Food Sump Benefit (Dollars) 158 234 230 271 269 276 174 333 59 44 116 99 47 169 121 116 189 Household Size (Persons) 2.3 3 4 3.2 4.5 46 4.4 21 4.3 1.3 1.0 24 2.0 1.0 3.3 1.1 1.0 2.1 » Household composition categories are based on characteristics of participating individuals only, and do not factor in characteristics of nonparticipants who may live in the same household with the participants. For example, single-adult Households have exactly one participating adult and at least one participating child, but may have one or more nonpamcipating adult or an adult participating in a separate case not included in the FSPQC sample b Households not containing children, elderly persons, or disabled persons Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Sump Program Quality Control sample 18 Almost half (49 percent) of these single-adult food stamp households received TANF, 39 percent had earnings, and 16 percent received SSI. In addition, 15 percent received child support, and 6 percent had no income. Eight percent of food stamp households contained married couples and children, representing 14 percent of all food stamp households with children. Of all married-couple households with children, 65 percent had earned income and 28 percent received TANF (Table 3.3). The characteristics of married-couple households with children varied considerably from those of single-adult households with children. The average monthly food stamp benefit for single-adult households was lower than that of married-couple households ($230 versus $269) due to the smaller size of single-adult households (Table 3.4). The per capita benefit was higher for people in single-adult households than for people in married-couple households ($72 versus $58) in part because single-adult households were poorer. Single-adult households with children had a substantially lower gross monthly income ($667 versus $1,081). Households with Elderly People In fiscal year 2000, the FSP served an average of 1.5 million households containing elderly people (age 60 or older) each month, representing 21 percent of all households (Table 3.3). These households received an average food stamp benefit of $59 per month and had an average household size of 1.3 people (Table 3.4). Elderly people who received food stamps tended to live alone and thus received relatively small food stamp benefits. In fiscal year 2000, 80 percent of all food stamp households with elderly members were single-person households (Table 3.3). These households received an average food stamp benefit of $44 per month compared with $116 in benefits for households with elderly people not living alone and $184 for households without elderly members (Tables 3.4 and A-2). The average size of households containing elderly people not living alone was 2.4 people. A majority of food stamp households that contained elderly people received SSI or Social Security income. In fiscal year 2000, 59 percent of all food stamp households with elderly members received SSI and 69 percent received Social Security (Table 3.3). Thirty-four percent of households with elderly members received both SSI and Social Security income (Table A-6). Food stamp households with elderly members represented 39 percent of all food stamp households with SSI and 57 percent of food stamp households with Social Security income. 19 Households with Disabled People In fiscal year 2000, the FSP served an average of 2.0 million households containing disabled people (Table 3.3).8 Households that contain disabled people represented 28 percent of all food stamp households and received an average monthly food stamp benefit of $99 (Table 3.4). About 57 percent of food stamp households that contained disabled people were single-person households (Table 3.3). Households containing a disabled person living alone received a lower average monthly food stamp benefit than did households containing disabled people not living alone ($47 compared with $169) (Table 3.4). Once again, the difference in benefits between the two groups reflects differences in average household size. Disabled people who did not live alone lived in households with an average of 3.3 individuals. Other Households Served by the FSP The FSP serves needy households other than those that contain children, elderly people, or disabled people. In fiscal year 2000, 11 percent of all food stamp households consisted solely of one or more nonelderly, nondisabled adults (Table 3.3). These households tended to be single-person households (92 percent) and represented the majority (59 percent) of households that received General Assistance. They received an average food stamp benefit of $121 per month (Table 3.4). Single-Person Households Of all food stamp households in fiscal year 2000, 43 percent were individuals who lived alone. These households received an average monthly food stamp benefit of $65. Most of these individuals (62 percent) were female, and 39 percent were elderly. Compared with all food stamp households, a relatively small proportion of food stamp participants living alone had earned income (9 percent), and a relatively high proportion had zero gross income (12 percent) (Tables A-4, A-5, A-15, A-20, A-22 and A-29). CHARACTERISTICS OF FSP PARTICIPANTS The FSP serves a broad spectrum of individuals. In fiscal year 2000, 51 percent of FSP participants were children (younger than 18 years old), and they received 53 percent of pro-rated FSP benefits (Table 3.5). Over two-thirds of the children served by the FSP were school age (age 5 to 17). Thirty-nine percent of participants were nonelderly adults (age 18 to 59), and 10 percent were elderly adults. Seventy percent of nonelderly adults and 71 percent of elderly adults were 8In this report, disabled children are defined as individuals under age 18 who are receiving SSI. Disabled adults are defined as individuals age 62 to 64 who receive SSI or age 18 to 61 who receive SSI, Social Security, veterans' benefits, or other government benefits as a result of a disability. Because individuals over age 64 can receive Social Security or SSI without being disabled (age 61 for Social Security), disability status of adults over age 64 cannot be identified accurately in the FSPQC sample. 20 Table 3.5 - Food Stamp Benefits of Participants by Selected Demographic Characteristics Participant Characteristic Total Participants Number (000) Percent1 Pro-rated Benefitsb Dollars (000) Percent Total Citizenship' Citizen Non-Citizen Unknown Able-bodied Adults Living In Households Without Children and Subject to Work Registration11 At. Children Preschool Age Children 0-1 2-4 School Age Children 5-7 HI 12-15 16-17 Nonelderly Adults (18-59) ... Elderly Adults (60 or more) Unknown Age Disabled* Children (0-17) Nonelderly Adults (18-59) Elderly Adults (60-64) 17.091 16.291 745 55 347 8.765 2.846 1.132 1.714 5.919 1.709 2.056 1.559 594 6.623 1.702 2 2.197 256 1.710 231 100 0 95.3 4.4 0.3 2.0 51.3 16.7 6.6 100 34.6 100 12.0 9.1 3.5 38.7 10.0 0.0 12.9 1.5 10.0 1.4 1.159.008 1.107.151 48.031 3.825 38.492 613.761 215.086 88,012 127.074 398.675 121.127 137.795 101.360 38394 470.141 74.945 159 104.401 12.345 81.671 10.384 100.0 955 4.1 0.3 3.3 53.0 18.6 7.6 11.0 34.4 10.5 11.9 8.7 3.3 406 6.5 0.0 9.0 1.1 7.0 0.9 ' Percent of all participants. Pro-rated benefits equal the benefits paid to households multiplied by the ratio of participants with selected characteristic to total household size. c Because of an administrative change in how citizenship data were collected in the FSPQC. naturalized citizens, permanent resident aliens and individual classifications of permanent resident aliens cannot be identified. Citizenship tables in this report contain information only for citizens and non-citizens and therefore are not directly comparable with tables in Characteristics ofFood Stamp Households reports prior to the Fiscal Year 1999 edition. These participants are zge 18-49. not disabled, not living with participating children under age 18. and not exempt from work registration. With some exceptions (for example, those in waiver areas or receiving state exemptions), these participants must meet work requirements or face time limits on benefit receipt. See Appendix C for more details on work requirements and time limits ' Disability status of nonelderly adults age 18 to 64 is determined partially on the basis of SSI and Social Security receipt. Because identifiers such as SSI and Social Security receipt are not valid indicators of disability for adults over age 64 (Social Security is not a valid indicator after age 61). disability status of adults over age 04 cannot be identifed accurately in the Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample. Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample. 21 female (Table A-28). The majority (67 percent) of nonelderly adult food stamp participants lived in households with children—approximately 60 percent were single adults and 26 percent were married adults (Table A-31). Thirteen percent of FSP participants were disabled.1 With the exception of certain groups of individuals, such as caretakers of small children and people working at least 30 hours per week, able-bodied nonelderly adult food stamp participants are required to register for work and accept suitable employment as a condition of receiving food stamps. Like participants in the FSP, participants in other assistance programs often are required to register for work. In fiscal year 2000, 14 percent of all food stamp household heads were registered for work under the FSP or another assistance program (Table A-30).2 Most food stimp household heads (78 percent) were exempt from work registration requirements. Twenty-nine percent of household heads were exempt due to physical or mental disability, 15 percent were exempt because they were caretakers of a child under age 6 or an incapacitated adult, and 10 percent were exempt because they were already employed full-time. CHANGES IN THE ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLDS The overall economic conditions of the average food stamp household improved slightly from fiscal year 1999 to fiscal year 2000, although not as much as in previous years. While average gross income decreased in real dollars from $603 in fiscal year 1999 to $600 in fiscal year 2000, the average total deduction to which households are entitled decreased by 4 percent, resulting in a 2 percent increase in real dollars in average net income (Table 3.6). The percentage of households with zero net income decreased from 21 percent in fiscal year 1999 to 20 percent in fiscal year 2000. The percentage of households with earnings remained fairly constant at 27 percent. The percentage of households receiving TANF dropped from 27 percent to 26 percent as the percentage of all FSP households with children decreased from 56 percent to 54 percent (Table A-3?). The average food stamp benefit decreased in real dollars from $162 in fiscal year 1999 to $155 in fiscal year 2000. The real drop in the average monthly benefit reflects the real increase in net income (Table 3.6). 'For more information on FSP participants and household heads, see Appendix Tables A-24 and A-28 through A-31. 2Reports in this series prior to summer 1989 included as work registrants only people required to register for work under the FSP; the summer 1989 through fiscal year 1997 reports include as work registrants food stamp participants registered for work under the FSP or for the Job Opportunities and Basic Skills (JOBS) program. Beginning with the fiscal year 1998 report, work registrants include those registered for work under the FSP or any other assistance program. For more information on the work registration status of food stamp participants and household heads, see Appendix Table A-30. 22 Table 3.6 Nominal and Real Values of Selected Characteristics, Fiscal Year 1999 and Fiscal Year 2000 Nominal Values Real Values Selected Characteristics Fiscal Year 1999 Fiscal Year 2000 Percentage Change Fiscal Year 2000 (in 1999 dollars) Percentage Change Average Gross Income* Per Household Per Person $603 317 $620 331 +2.8 +4.4 $600 320 -0.5 + 1.0 Average Net Income" Per Household Per Person 338 165 355 178 +5.0 +7.9 343 172 +1.6 +4.4 Average Total Deduction* 299 298 -0.3 288 -3.6 Average Household Benefit1" 162 158 -2.5 155 -4.6 Maximum Coupon Benefit for a Family of Four in the Continents; U.S.b 419 426 +1.7 417 -0.6 Consumer Price Index All Items Food at Home 166.6 164.2 172.2 167.9 +3.4 +2.3 ' Real values are in constant fiscal year 1999 dollars. Fiscal year 2000 values were deflated by the change in the CPI-U for all items between fiscal year 1999 and fiscal year 2000 (3.4 percent). b Real values are in constant fiscal year 1999 dollars. Fiscal year 2000 values were deflated by the change in the CPI-U for food at home between fiscal year 1999 and fiscal year 2000 (2.3 percent). Source of CPI-U average values: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Source of nominal values: Fiscal Year 1999 and Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control samples. 23 Jf ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS P/ Ajo mmmi ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS ACRONYMS AFDC -Aid to Families with Dependent Children AREERA -Agricultural Research, Extension and Education Reform Act of 1998 E&T -Employment and Training Program FNS -U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service FSP -Food Stamp Program FSPQC -Food Stamp Program Quality Control GA -General Assistance HHS -U.S. Department of Health and Human Services JOBS -Job Opportunities and Basic Skills PRA -Permanent Resident Alien PRWORA -Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 SSI -Supplemental Security Income TANF -Temporary Assistance to Needy Families TFP -Thrifty Food Plan UI -Unemployment Insurance USDA -U.S. Department of Agriculture DEFINITIONS Alien. Participant who is a non-citizen, including permanent residents, immigrants accorded permanent resident status, refugees, individuals granted political asylum, aliens granted a stay of deportation, aliens residing in the United States under color of law, nonimmigrants admitted for a specified period, Mexican citizens with a "border" card, and undocumented aliens. See also Legal Immigrants, Other Alien, Permanent Resident Alien. Children. Individuals under age 18. Child Support Payment Deduction. Deduction for households with legally obligated child support payments made to or for a non-household member. See also Deductions. Countable Resources. Cash on hand and assets that can be converted easily to cash, such as money in checking or savings accounts, savings certificates, stocks or bonds, and lump sum payments. They also include some nonliquid assets, although the family home, one or more family vehicles if necessary to transport disabled individuals or to produce income, and business tools or property are not counted. See also Resource Limit. Deductions. Allowable deductions from a household's gross monthly income to arrive at FSP net monthly income. The deductions shown in the tables are those to which households were entitled. Some of the deductions may not have been used, however, before a household reached zero net income status. Therefore, total deductions do not equal the difference between gross and net income amounts. See also Total Deduction, Standard Deduction, Earned Income Deduction, Dependent-Care Deduction, Excess Shelter Deduction, Medical Deduction and Child Support Payment Deduction. Dependent-Care Deduction. Deduction received by food stamp households for expenses involved in caring for dependents while other members work, seek employment, or go to school. In fiscal year 2000 the deduction was subject to a maximum of $200 per month for each dependent under age 2 and $175 per month for each dependent age 2 or more. See also Deductions. Disabled Individuals. Disabled individuals are defined as individuals under age 65 who receive SSI and individuals age 18 to 61 who receive Social Security, veterans benefits, or other government benefits as a result of disability. 27 Because identifiers such as Social Security and SSI receipt are not valid indicators of disability for individuals over age 64 (Social Security is not a valid indicator for individuals over age 61), disability status of adults over age 64 cannot be identified accurately in the FSPQC sample. Earned Income Deduction. Deduction received by households with earnings, equal to 20 percent of the combined earnings of household members. See also Deductions. Earned Income. Includes wages, salaries, and self-employment income. Elderly. Adults age 60 or older. Employed Full Time. Employed at least 30 hours per week or receiving weekly earnings equal to or greater than the federal minimum wage multiplied by 30 hours. This estimate is based on an employment status variable. Employed Part Time. Employed less than 30 hours per week. Employment and Training (E&T). Refers to employment and training services received under FSP E&T programs. Services provided include work experience, educational programs, and job search training. Entrant Households. Includes households newly certified during fiscal year 2000. Excess Shelter Deduction. Deduction received by households with shelter costs, equal to those shelter costs that exceed 50 percent of the household's countable income after all other potential deductions are subtracted from gross income. There is a limit on the shelter deduction for households that do not contain elderly or disabled members. See Appendix D. See also Deductions. Exempt from Work Registration. See Work Registration. Expedited Service Households. Households which initially received expedited service for the certification period in effect during fiscal year 2000. Grosr. Income. Total monthly income of household in dollars, before applying deductions. Gross Income Limit. Food stamp program monthly gross income eligibility standards, determined by household size; equal to 130 percent of the poverty guidelines. See Appendix D. Household. Individuals who live in a residential unit and purchase and prepare food together. Households With Preschool-Age Children. Households with at least one member under age 5. Households With Elderly. Households with at least one member age 60 or older. Households With Elderly or Disabled. Households in which at least one member is age 60 or over or at least one member is under age 65 and receives SSI, or at least one member is age 18 to 61 and receives Social Security, veterans' benefits, or other government benefits as a result of disability. Households With School-Age Children. Households with at least one member age 5 to 17. Households With Disabled. Households with at least one member who is under age 65 and receives SSI or at least one member who is age 18 to 61 and receives Social Security, veterans' benefits, or other government benefits as a result of disability. Households With Children. Households with at least one member age 17 or less. Initial Certification Households. Includes both households certified for the first time within the current certification period and previously certified households that have not received benefits for at least 30 days. Legal Immigrants. All immigrants legally residing in the United States, including all 28 permanent resident aliens, refugees, asylees, and deportees. See also Other Aliens, Permanent Resident Aliens, and Refugees. Married-Couple Household. Household with two or more individuals age 18 or older and at least one spouse. Maximum Benefit Based on 100 percent of the cost of the Thrifty Food Plan in the preceding June for a reference family of four, rounded to the lowest dollar increment. Maximum benefit varies from the Continental U.S. in Alaska, Hawaii, Guam and the Virgin Islands. See Appendix D. Medical Deduction. Deduction available to households that contain elderly or disabled members, equal to all medical expenses incurred by the elderly or disabled person that exceed $35. See page 4. See also Deductions. Minimum Benefit $10 for one- or two-person households. Multiple-Adult Household. Household with two or more individuals age 18 or older. Net Income. Total monthly income of household in dollars, after applying deductions. Net Income Limit FSP monthly net income eligibility standard, determined by household size. See Appendix D. Nonelderiy Adults. Adults age 18 to 59. Not Employed. Not working and not looking for work, and therefore not part of the labor force. Other Alien. A nonimmigrant admitted for a specified period, a Mexican citizen with a "border" card, an undocumented alien, or an alien permanently residing in the United States under color of law. See also Legal Immigrants, Permanent Resident Alien, Refugee. Permanent Resident Alien. An immigrant lawfully admitted for permanent resident status. See also Legal Immigrants, Other Alien, Refugee. Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRVVORA). This act disqualified many permanent resident aliens and able-bodied adults from the Food Stamp Program. Poverty Guideline. The poverty guidelines used in fiscal year 2000 were issued by the Department of Health and Human Services and published in the 1999 Federal Register. Dividing tlvse guidelines by 12 yields the monthly net income limits for the FSP. The Bureau of the Census establishes other poverty thresholds which are used primarily for statistical purposes. See Appendix D. Preschool-Age Children. years old. Children less than 5 Refugee. An alien accorded refugee status, an alien granted political asylum, or an alien granted a stay of deportation. See also Legal Immigrants, Permanent Resident Alien, Other Alien. Resource Limit For most households the resource limit was $2,000 in fiscal year 2000. Households with at least one member age 60 or older were allowed up to $3,000 of resources. See also Countable Resources. Rural. A household is considered to be located in a rural area if the county in which its local food stamp agency is located is not in a Metropolitan Statistical Area as defined by the Census Bureau. School-Age Children. Children ages 5 to 17. Shelter Deduction. See Excess Shelter Deduction. Single-Adult with Children Household. Food stamp household with exactly one person age 18 or older and at least one person under age 18. Standard Deduction. Deduction received by all households which varies by area to reflect price differences among areas. See Appendix D. See also Deductions. Student Participant age 18 or older enrolled at least half time in a recognized school, training program, or institution of higher education. 29 Thrifty Food Plan (TFP). Market basket of goods based on an economical and nutritious diet, adjusted for household size and composition. Used to determine maximum food stamp benefit amounts. Total Deduction. Includes earned income, child support payment, dependent-care, excess shelter, medical, and standard deductions to which the FSP household is entitled. In some cases this exceeds the amount deducted from gross income because net income cannot be less than zero. See also Deductions. Unearned Income. Includes Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, General Assistance, Supplemental Security Income, Social Security, Unemployment Income, Veterans' Benefits, Workers' Compensation, Other Government Benefits, Household Contributions, Household Deemed Income, Educational Loans, Child Support Enforcement Payments, and other unearned income. Unemployed. Not working but looking for work, and therefore part of the labor force. Urban. A household is considered to be located in an urban area if the county in which its local food stamp agency is located is in a Metropolitan Statistical Area as defined by the Census Bureau. Work Registration. Many able-bodied food stamp household heads are required to register for work with their welfare office or state unemployment agency and must agree to accept any suitable job that is offered to them Individuals who are exempt from FSP work registration rules include the following: • All individuals under age 16 or over age 60, and some individuals age 16 and 17 • Individuals responsible for the care of a dependent child under age 6 or the care of an incapacitated person Individuals who are physically or mentally unfit for work Individuals complying with work requirements of other assistance programs • Students enrolled at least half time in a school, training program, or institution of higher education • Regular participants in a drug addiction or alcoholic treatment program • Individuals working 30 hours a week or earning more than an amount equal to 30 hours times the minimum wage. Workfare. A program in which food stamp participants perform work in a public service capacity in exchange for the food stamp benefits to which their household is entitled. The positions are in public or private not-for-profit organizations only. The hours of participation are limited to the number of hours needed to pay off the household's monthly benefit allotment at the higher of the applicable federal or state minimum wage. 30 APPENDIX A DETAILED TABLES OF FOOD STAMP HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS 2/ ^ Table A-l. Distribution of Participating Households, Persons, and Benefits by Household Composition, Income Source, and Food Stamp Benefit Amount Household Characteristic Food Stamp Households Number (000) Percent Participants in Households With Household Characteristic Number (000) Percent Monthly Food Stamp Benefits Dollars (000) Percent Tatal Household Comporition Children School Age Preschool Age No Children Elderly Persons No Elderly Persons .. Disabled Persons No Disabled Persons Locality Urban... Rural.... Income Source Gross Income No Gross Income Net Income No Met Income .... Earned Income No Earned Income Unearned Income No Unearned Income TANF Income No TANF Income GA Income No GA Income SSI No SSI Social Security Income No Social Security Income Groat Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline No income >0-50% 51-100 101+ Food Stamp Benefit Minimum Benefit Maximum Benefit 7.335 3.955 3.036 2,055 3,380 1.542 5.793 2,017 5.317 5.543 1.789 6.717 617 5.857 1.477 1.993 5.342 5.775 1.560 1.891 5.444 395 6.940 2.324 5.010 1.870 5.464 617 1.804 4.076 837 801 1.481 1000 53.9 41.4 28.0 46.1 21.0 79.0 27.5 72.5 75.6 24.4 91.6 8.4 79.9 20.1 27.2 72.8 78.7 21.3 25.8 74.2 5.4 94.6 31.7 68.3 25.5 74.5 8.4 24.6 55.6 114 10.9 20.2 17.091 13.294 10.953 7.287 3,797 1.987 15.104 4.005 13.087 12.891 4.194 15,984 1,107 14.300 2,792 6.550 10.542 13.016 4.076 6.091 11.000 515 16.576 4.173 12.918 2.957 14.134 1,107 5,123 8.855 2.006 901 2.799 1000 77.8 64 1 426 22.2 11.6 88.4 23.4 76.6 75.4 24.5 93.5 6.5 83.7 16.3 38.3 61.7 76.2 23.8 35.6 644 3.0 97.0 24.4 75.6 17.3 82.7 65 30.0 51.8 11.7 5.3 16.4 1.159.008 925.373 736.758 527.731 233.634 90.364 1.068.644 200.247 958.761 888.241 270.450 1.030.262 128,746 836,333 322.674 382.185 776.822 835.408 323.600 430.831 728.177 44.143 1.114.865 207.295 951.713 130.020 1.028.988 128,746 493.477 487,518 49,266 8.008 323440 100.0 79.8 63.6 45.5 20.2 7.8 92.2 17.3 82.7 76.6 23.3 88.9 11.1 72.2 27.8 33.0 67.0 72.1 27.9 37.2 62.8 3.8 96.2 17.9 82.1 11.2 88.8 111 42.6 42.1 4.3 0.7 27.9 Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Sump Program Quality Control simple 33 Table A-2. Average Gross and Net income, Total Deduction, Countable Resources, Food Stamp Benefit, Household Size, and Certification Period of Participating Households by Household Composition, Income Source, and Food Stamp Benefit Amount Total Households Average Monthly Values Household Characteristic Number (000) Percent Gross Income (Dollars) Net Income (Dollars) Total Deduction (Dollars) Countable Resources (Dollars) Food Stamp Benefit (Dollars) Household Size (Persons) Certification Period (Months) Total 7.335 3.955 3.036 2.055 3.380 1.542 5.793 2.017 5.317 5,543 1.789 6,717 617 5.857 1.477 1.993 5.342 5,775 1.560 1.891 5.444 395 6.940 2.274 5.060 2.324 5.010 1.870 5.464 801 1.481 100.0 53.9 41.4 28.0 461 21.0 790 27.5 72.5 75.6 24.4 916 8.4 799 20.1 27.2 72.8 78.7 21.3 25.8 74.2 54 94.6 31.0 690 31.7 68.3 25.5 74.5 109 20.2 620 727 782 708 494 617 621 711 585 618 626 677 0 734 167 942 500 646 521 677 600 413 632 630 615 670 5% 683 598 714 167 355 436 483 416 261 356 355 440 323 345 387 388 0 445 0 555 281 378 273 415 335 179 365 372 348 406 332 418 334 536 0 298 321 326 324 272 277 304 282 305 307 272 306 217 289 335 402 259 285 347 274 307 274 300 275 309 273 310 275 306 178 335 156 133 146 112 183 275 124 150 158 139 209 164 70 174 82 178 147 165 123 91 178 88 160 90 185 149 159 261 120 287 82 158 234 243 257 69 59 184 99 180 160 151 153 209 143 218 192 145 145 207 228 134 112 161 208 136 89 190 70 188 10 218 2.3 3.4 3.6 3.5 II 13 2.6 2.0 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.4 1.8 2.4 1.9 3.3 2.0 2.3 2.6 3.2 2.0 1.3 2.4 2.9 2.1 1.8 2.6 1.6 2.6 1.1 1.9 9.6 Household Composition Children 7.9 School Age 8.0 Preschool Age 7.6 No Children 11.6 12.9 No Elderly Persons ... 8.7 Disabled Persons 11.5 8.9 Lacaitty Urban 97 Rural 9.5 Income Source 9.9 6.3 10.2 7.3 7.2 10.5 10.5 6.3 TANF Income 9.3 No TANF Income 9.7 11.2 9.5 TANF or GA Income 9.6 No TANF or GA Income 9.6 SSI 12.1 No SSI 8.5 12.2 No Social Security Income Food Stamp Benefit 8.7 12.7 7.3 Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample 34 TaMe A-3. Distribution or Participating Households With Children. I rly Persons, and Elderly or Disabled Persons by Amount of Gross and Net Income, Countable Resources, and Gross et Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline Household Characteristic Total Households Number (000) Percent Households With: Children Number (000) Percent Elderly Number (000) Percent Elderly or Disabled Number (000) Percenl Total Gross I $0 1-199 ... 200-399 400-599 600-799 800-999 1.000+ NatlacoaM $0 1-199 200-399 400-599 600-799 800-999 1.000+ Countable Resources $0 1-500 501-1.000 1.001-1.500 1.501-1,750 1.751-2.000 2.001-3.000 3.001+ Gross Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline No Gross Income >0-25% 26-50 51-75 76-100 101-125 126-130 131-150 151+ Net Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline No Net Income >0-25% 26-50 51-75 76-100 101-125 126-130 131-150 151+ 7.335 617 373 878 2.343 1.285 725 1,115 1.477 1.312 1.909 1.175 706 370 385 4.864 1.616 445 215 62 51 41 10 617 618 1.187 1.854 2.222 707 54 53 23 1.477 1.602 1.875 1.808 526 30 3 49 100.0 8.4 5.1 12.0 31.9 17.5 9.9 15.2 20.1 17.9 26.0 16.0 9.6 5.0 5.3 66.3 22.0 6.1 2.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.1 8.4 8.4 16.2 25.3 30.3 9.6 0.7 0.7 0.3 20.1 21.8 25.6 24.6 7.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 3.955 250 218 564 704 641 541 1.036 688 698 709 635 527 322 377 2.705 853 201 109 31 27 7 5 250 477 916 1.106 754 398 36 10 7 688 1.047 1.093 806 307 7 I2 4 100 0 6.3 5.5 14.3 17.8 16.2 137 26.2 17.4 17.7 17.9 16.0 13.3 8.1 9.5 68.4 21.6 5.1 2.8 0.8 0.7 0.2 0.1 6.3 12.1 23.2 28.0 19.1 10.1 0.9 0.3 0.2 17.4 26.5 27.6 20.4 7.8 0.2 00 0.0 0.1 1.542 17 14 65 831 419 125 71 134 228 644 339 137 41 18 830 405 157 71 20 16 32 3 17 14 56 308 924 189 9 18 6 134 211 403 624 159 7 0 12 1000 1.1 0.9 4.2 53.9 27.2 8.1 4.6 8.7 14.8 41.8 22.0 8.9 2.6 1.2 53.8 26.3 10.2 4.6 1.3 1.0 2.1 0.2 1.1 0.9 3.6 20.0 59.9 12.3 0.6 1.2 0.4 8.7 13.7 26.1 40.5 10.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 3.301 21 20 110 1.671 819 328 332 228 504 1.264 687 338 144 136 1.953 838 277 115 35 25 36 6 21 24 182 974 1.655 365 20 44 16 228 498 970 1.241 330 25 2 25 100.0 0.6 0.6 3.3 50.6 24.8 9.9 10.1 6.9 15.3 38.3 20.8 10.3 43 4.1 59.2 25.4 8.4 3.5 1.1 0.8 1.1 0.2 0.6 0.7 5.5 29.5 50.1 111 0.6 1.3 0.5 69 IS. I 294 37.6 10.0 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.2 Source Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample. 35 Table A-4. Distribution of Participating Households by Household Size and Amount of Gross and Net Income, Countable Resources, and Gross and Net Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline Total Households Household Size Household Number (000) Percent 1 2 3 4 5 6+ Characteristic Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent 7.335 617 373 878 2.343 1.285 725 1.115 1,477 1312 1.909 1.175 706 370 385 4.864 1.616 445 215 62 SI 41 10 6P 618 1.187 1.854 2.222 707 54 S3 23 1,477 1.602 1.875 1.808 526 30 3 49 1000 8.4 5.1 12.0 31.9 17.5 9.9 15.2 20.1 17.9 26.0 16.0 9.6 50 5.3 66.3 22.0 6 1 2.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.1 8.4 8.4 16.2 25.3 30.3 9.6 0.7 0.7 0.3 20.1 21.8 25.6 24.6 7.2 0.4 00 0.0 0.1 3.126 372 163 364 1.583 526 99 19 799 627 1.146 466 71 12 5 2.059 670 210 93 26 20 28 5 372 144 301 684 1.314 246 14 38 12 799 550 715 880 157 18 1 2 4 100.0 11.9 5.2 11.6 50.6 16.8 3.2 0.6 25.6 20.1 36.7 14.9 2.3 0.4 0.1 65.9 21.4 6.7 3.0 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.1 11.9 4.6 9.6 21.9 42.0 7.9 0.5 1.2 0.4 25.6 17.6 22.9 28.1 5.0 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 1.481 103 102 238 364 320 215 140 304 324 314 260 211 56 11 1.023 317 76 31 13 9 6 1 103 157 260 408 352 165 14 12 10 304 373 360 306 119 12 2 2 5 100.0 6.9 6.9 16.0 24.6 21.6 14.5 9.5 20.5 219 21.2 17.6 14.2 3.8 0.8 69.0 21.4 5.2 2.1 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.1 6.9 10.6 17.6 27.6 23.7 111 1.0 0.8 0.7 20.5 25.2 24.3 20.7 8.0 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.3 1.160 78 64 150 205 214 190 259 207 197 231 210 174 112 29 779 265 57 34 9 8 2 2 78 146 247 316 232 127 12 2 207 305 316 243 88 100.0 6.7 5.5 12.9 17.7 18.4 16.4 22.3 17.8 17.0 19.9 18.1 15.0 9.7 2..'i 67.2 22.9 5.0 2.9 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.2 6.7 12.6 21.3 27.2 20.0 11.0 1.1 0.1 17.8 26.3 27.3 21.0 7.6 832 39 28 78 113 ISO 119 304 105 99 145 137 134 104 107 546 194 52 23 8 6 1 39 92 189 239 170 94 8 1 0 105 214 245 187 80 1 0 100.0 4.7 3.4 9.4 13.6 18.0 14.3 36.5 12.6 11.9 174 16.5 16.2 12.5 12.8 65.5 23.3 6.2 2.8 1.0 0.7 0.1 0.1 4.7 11.0 22.7 28.7 20.5 11.3 0.9 0.1 0.0 12.6 25.7 29.4 22.5 9.7 0.1 0.0 429 17 11 33 51 47 58 213 43 42 46 66 68 50 114 270 99 28 18 352 1 17 47 102 117 % 46 3 0 43 92 137 109 48 100.0 3.9 2.5 7.6 12.0 10.8 13.6 49.6 10.0 9.8 10.6 15.4 15.9 11.7 26.5 63.0 23.1 6.4 4.2 0.8 1.2 0.4 0.2 3.9 10.9 23.8 27.4 224 10.7 0.8 0.1 10.0 21.5 31.8 25.5 11.2 306 8 4 15 25 29 44 180 19 21 27 36 48 35 120 188 70 21 IS 3 3 2 1 8 32 87 90 59 29 2 0 19 68 102 82 34 0 100.0 Groat Income $0 2.7 1-199 1.3 200-399 5.0 400-599 8.3 9.6 800-999 14.5 1,000+ 58.7 Net Income $0 6.4 1-199 7.0 200-399 8.8 400-599 11.6 600-799 15.6 800-999 11.4 1,000+ 39.2 Countable Resources $0 61.4 1-500 23.0 511-1.000 7.0 1.001-1,500 4.9 1.501-1.750 1.0 1,751-2.000 1.1 2.001-3.000 0.5 3,001 + 0.5 Gross Income as a Percentage of Poverty GsMsHne No Grots Income >0-25% 2.7 10.4 26-50 28.3 51-75 29.3 76-100 19.1 101-125 9.5 126-130 0.6 131-150 0.1 151+ Net Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline 6.4 >0-25» 22.2 33.3 51-75 26.8 76-100 11.3 101-125 0.1 131-150 151+ ~ No sample households in this category. Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample 36 Table A-5. Average Gross and Net Income, Average Gross and Net Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline, and Average Countable Resources of Participating Households by Household Composition and Size Household Characteristic Total Households Number (000) Percent Average Monthly Values Gross Income (Dollars) Net Income (Dollars) Grots Income as a Percentage of Poverty Guideline (Percent) Net Income asa Percentage of Poverty Guideline (Percent) Countable Resources (Dollars! Over All Households Over Households With Countable Resources Total Household Composition Children School Age Preschool Age. No Children Elderly or Disabled Persons No Elderly or Disabled Persons Elderly Persons No Elderly Persons Disabled Persons No Disabled Persons Household Size 8+. 7.335 3.9S5 3.036 2.055 3.380 3.301 4.034 1342 5.793 2.017 5.317 3.126 1.481 1.160 832 429 180 77 49 100.0 53.9 41.4 28.0 46.1 45.0 55.0 21.0 79.0 27.5 72.5 42.6 20.2 15.8 11.3 5.9 2.5 1.0 0.7 620 727 782 708 494 670 579 617 621 711 585 456 572 676 837 991 1.127 1.174 1.513 355 436 483 416 261 403 316 356 355 440 323 230 314 384 519 662 789 845 1137 62.8 57.9 59.9 54.2 68.6 80.2 48.6 82.0 57.7 79.1 56.6 663 61.9 58.4 60.0 60.8 60.4 55.9 60.0 34.7 33.7 36.1 30.7 359 46.4 25.1 46.6 31.5 46.6 30.2 33.4 34.0 33.1 37.2 40.7 42.3 40.2 45.0 156 133 146 112 183 206 114 275 124 150 158 170 130 133 144 184 203 206 258 466 424 441 394 510 509 415 600 412 414 488 503 422 409 420 503 544 536 627 Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Sump Program Quality Control simple. 37 Table A-t Distribution of Participating Households With Children, Elderly Persons, and Elderly or )isabled Persons by Type of Income Total Households Households With. Type of Income Total* Percent Children Elderly Elderly or Disabled Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Total 7.335 1.993 1.857 129 34 5.775 1.891 395 2,324 1.870 130 103 28 50 265 53 485 442 2.274 477 367 4.141 636 101 911 3.284 181 21 217 617 100.0 27.2 25.3 1.8 0.5 78.7 258 5.4 317 25.5 1.8 1.4 0.4 0.7 3.6 0.1 00 6.6 60 31.0 65 5.0 56.5 8.7 1.4 12 4 448 2.5 0.3 30 8.4 3.955 1.707 1.607 95 27 2.912 1.842 37 622 360 109 IS 22 20 213 32 479 218 1.869 470 360 2.123 542 100 151 831 103 8 216 250 100.0 43.2 40.6 2.4 0.7 73.6 466 09 15.7 9.1 2.7 0.4 0.6 0.5 5.4 0.1 0.0 12.1 5.5 47.3 119 9.1 53.7 13.7 2.5 3.8 21.0 2.6 0.2 5.5 63 1.542 54 42 10 2 IJ1I 49 79 914 1.068 3 63 2 22 20 008 163 127 6 27 975 27 3 530 1.452 22 11 17 100.0 3.5 2.7 0.7 0.1 98.0 3.2 5.1 59.3 69.3 0.2 4.1 0.1 1.4 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.5 106 8.2 0.4 1.7 633 1.8 0.2 34.4 94.2 15 0.1 0.1 11 3301 246 216 27 8 3.265 413 144 2324 1.765 10 91 7 37 52 10 94 242 549 43 367 2.416 189 31 911 3.178 181 8 15 21 100.0 7.4 Wages and Salaries 6.5 0.8 0»her Earned Income 0.2 98.9 TANF 12.5 4.4 70.4 535 0.3 2.8 0.2 1.1 1.6 0.0 0.0 2.8 7.3 TANForGA Income 16.6 TANF »"d Earnings 1.3 TANF and SSI 11.1 73.2 (TANF or SSI or GA) and Earnings TANF and Child Support 5.7 0.9 SSI and Soriil St^ty 27.6 SSI or Social Security 96.3 5.5 GA and Eamc** 0.2 0.4 No Income 0.6 1 The sum of individual income sources does not add to the total because households can receive income from more than one source. Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample 38 Table A-7. Average Income, Total Deduction, Food Stamp Benefit, and Household Size of Participating Households by Type of Income Type of Income Total Earned Income Wages and Salaries ... Self-Employment Other Earned Income Unearned Income TANF General Assistance Supplemental Security Income Social Security Unemployment Income Veterans' Benefits Workers' Compensation Other Government Benefits Household Contributions Household Deemed Income Educational Loans Child Support Enforcement Payments Other Unearned Income TANF or GA Income TANF and Earnings TANF and SSI TANF or SSI or GA (TANF or SSI or GA) and Earnings .... TANF and Child Support SSI and Social Security SSI or Social Security SSI and Earnings GA and Earnings Earnings and Child Support No Income Total Households Total* 7.335 1.993 1.857 129 34 5.775 1.891 395 2.324 1.870 130 103 28 50 265 5 3 485 442 2.274 477 367 4.141 636 101 911 3.284 181 21 217 617 Percent 1000 27.2 25.3 1.8 0.5 78.7 25.8 5.4 317 25.5 1.8 14 0.4 0.7 3.6 0.1 0.0 6.6 6.0 310 6.5 5.0 56.5 8.7 1.4 12.4 448 2.5 0.3 3.0 8.4 Average Monthly Values Grots Income (Dollars) 620 942 959 750 863 646 677 413 670 683 827 670 871 751 586 558 503 809 730 630 1.002 938 625 1.007 783 651 683 1.102 873 1.074 0 Net Income (Dollars) 355 555 567 419 538 378 415 179 406 418 557 416 579 512 336 339 275 506 435 372 658 686 363 663 507 401 414 762 529 679 lncomeb Source (Dollars) 749 770 384 429 529 374 213 403 515 536 254 558 357 201 359 118 242 133 348 941 785 417 953 449 598 579 911 690 995 0 Total Deduction (Dollars) 298 402 407 366 337 285 274 274 273 275 281 261 299 242 289 228 300 317 314 275 348 253 275 349 281 255 279 344 356 400 217 Food Stamp Benefit (Dollars) 158 192 190 226 178 145 228 112 89 70 202 67 148 102 219 105 188 227 136 208 196 173 148 175 238 64 85 122 133 190 209 Household Size (Persons) 2.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.3 3.2 1.3 1.8 16 3.4 1.5 2.9 2.2 2.9 1.7 24 3.5 2.3 2.9 36 3.5 2.3 3.4 3.6 15 1.8 3.1 24 3.7 18 1 The sum of individual income sources does not add to the total because households can receive income from more than one source b Average value of specified source over households with income from source. Source Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample 39 Table A-8. Distribution of Participating Households With Children, Elderly Persons, and Elderly or Disabled Persons by Earned and Unearned Income Amounts Total Households Households With: Household Characteristic Number (000) Percent Children Elderly Elderly or Disabled Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Tttal 7.335 5.342 260 256 293 307 314 563 1.560 599 1,047 2.349 1.077 409 293 5.444 407 743 480 190 52 19 6.940 169 196 25 3 3 0 5,060 566 936 504 192 55 20 5.010 591 331 1.219 90 40 S3 1000 72.8 3.5 3.5 40 4.2 43 7.7 21.3 8.2 143 3.V0 Ml 56 4.0 74.2 5.6 101 65 2.6 07 0.3 946 2.3 2.7 03 0.0 0.0 00 690 7.7 12.8 69 2.6 0.8 0.3 683 8.1 4.5 16.6 1.2 05 0.7 3.955 2.248 155 194 233 275 295 555 1.043 463 754 713 483 258 240 2.112 395 714 474 189 52 18 3.918 IS 12 6 3 0 0 2.085 403 724 480 191 53 19 3332 73 62 410 19 14 45 1000 56.8 3.9 49 5.9 7.0 7.5 14.0 264 11.7 19.1 180 12.2 6.5 6.1 534 10.0 181 120 48 13 0.5 99.1 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 00 0.0 52.7 10.2 18.3 12.1 4.8 13 03 84.3 1.9 16 10.4 0.5 0.4 1.1 1342 1.488 18 12 10 3 6 5 31 14 68 840 414 115 58 1.492 21 19 6 4 00 1.463 47 25 6 0 0 0 1.415 67 44 12 4 0 0 627 347 177 320 47 18 5 100.0 963 1.2 08 06 0.2 04 03 20 09 4.4 545 269 75 3.8 968 1.4 1.2 0.4 0.2 0.0 00 949 30 1.7 04 00 00 00 91.8 4.3 2.8 0.8 0.2 00 0.0 40.7 22.5 113 207 3.1 \2 03 3.301 3.055 80 50 38 22 23 32 36 26 125 1.756 815 307 235 2888 148 182 58 18 5 1 3.157 97 38 7 10 0 2.751 239 219 66 19 5 1 977 591 331 1,218 90 40 S3 1000 Earned Income SO 92.6 1-199 2.4 200-399 1.5 400-599 12 600-799 ... 0.7 800-999 ... 0.7 1.000+ 1.0 Unearned Income SO 1.1 1-199 08 200-399 38 400-599 53.2 600-799 24.7 800-999 93 1.000+ 71 TANF Income SO 875 1-199 . 43 200-399 5 5 400-599 18 600-799 0.5 800-999 ... 0.2 1.000+ 00 GA Income so 956 1-199 29 200-399 11 400-599 02 600-799 0.0 800-999 ... 0.0 1.000+ 00 TANF or GA Income so 834 1-199 7.2 200-399 66 400-599 2.0 600-799 06 800-999 ... 02 1.000+ SO 1-199 0.0 29.6 17.9 200-399 10.0 400-599 600-799 800-999 1.000+ 36.9 2.7 U 1.6 40 Table A-8. Distribution of Participating Households With Children, Elderly Persons, and Elderly or Disabled Persons by Earned and Unearned Income Amounts— Continued Household Characteristic Total Households Number (000) Percent Households With Children Number (000) Percent Elderly Number (000) Percent Elderly or Disabled Number (000) Percent Social Security $0 I-I99 200-399 400-599 600-799 800-999 1.000+ Other Unearned Income $0 1-199 200-395 400-599 600-799 800-999 1.000+ 5.464 111 410 789 406 107 48 5.913 763 333 173 83 39 31 74 5 1.5 5.6 10.8 5.5 15 06 806 10.4 4.5 2.4 I.I 0.5 0.4 3.594 90.9 55 14 87 2.2 100 2.5 55 1.4 34 09 30 0.8 2.949 74.6 472 11.9 268 6.8 136 34 64 16 37 09 29 0.7 474 43 239 465 248 54 20 1.275 195 42 17 9 22 307 28 155 30.2 161 3.5 1.3 1.535 80 380 765 395 102 44 46.5 24 11.5 23.2 12.0 3.1 13 827 2.792 846 12 6 340 10.3 2.7 94 29 1.1 42 1.3 06 21 06 0.1 5 02 0.1 6 02 Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample. 41 Table A-9. Distribution of Participating Households by Type of Deduction and Household Composition, Income Source, and Food Stamp Benefit Amount Total Households Type of Deduction Number (000) Percent Earned Income Dependent Care Excess Shelter Medical Child Support Household Characteristic Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Percent With Maxi-mum' Number (000) Percent Percent With Maxi-mum* Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Total 7.335 3.955 3.036 2.055 3.380 1342 5,793 2.017 5.317 6.717 617 5.857 1.477 1.993 5.342 5.775 1.560 1.891 5.444 395 6.940 2.274 5.060 2324 5.010 1.870 5.464 801 1.481 100.0 1000 1000 100.0 1000 1000 100 0 1000 1000 1000 1000 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1000 1000 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.990 1.706 1.342 975 284 54 1.936 199 1.790 1.990 1.787 203 1.990 1.048 942 476 1.513 21 1.969 497 1.493 180 1.810 129 1.861 101 204 27.1 43.1 44.2 450 8.4 3.5 33.4 9.9 33.7 296 30.5 13.7 999 18.1 60.4 25.2 27.8 5.4 28.4 21.9 29.5 7.7 36.1 6.9 34.0 12.7 13.8 290 283 198 201 7 3 287 16 274 287 3 254 36 263 27 149 141 52 238 1 289 54 237 IS 276 12 278 5 36 4.0 7.2 6.5 98 0.2 0.2 50 0.8 5.2 4.3 0.5 4.3 2.5 13.2 0.5 2.6 9.1 2.8 4.4 0.3 4.2 2.4 4.7 0.6 5.5 0.6 5.1 0.6 23 5.3 5.4 3.5 5.2 5.3 1.3 5.5 5.2 13.3 50 7.0 4.7 10.6 3.9 6.7 33 5.7 41.9 5.1 4.1 53 1.4 53 3.7 53 1.2 69 4.357 2321 1.764 1.189 2.036 908 3.449 1.247 3.110 4.120 237 3.354 1.003 1.086 3.271 3345 812 1.136 3.221 278 4.079 1.410 2.947 1.422 2.935 1.093 3.264 191 1.007 594 58.7 58.1 57.9 60.2 58.9 59.5 61.8 585 61.3 38.4 57.3 67.9 54.5 61.2 61.4 52.1 60.1 59.2 70.5 58.8 62.0 58.2 61.2 58.6 58.5 59.7 23.9 68.0 16.9 25.3 25.0 26.7 7.2 0.3 21.2 0.2 23.5 15.2 45.2 113 34.9 26.2 13.8 13.0 33.8 233 146 203 16.6 22.8 14.0 0.3 24.9 1.3 22.1 0.4 34.9 326 40 35 13 287 212 114 133 193 326 0 303 23 23 304 326 1 13 314 3 323 16 311 80 246 292 35 92 23 4.4 1.0 1.1 0.6 85 138 2.0 6.6 3.6 4.9 0.0 5.2 1.6 1.1 5.7 5.6 0.0 0.7 5.8 0.8 4.7 0.7 6.1 33 4.9 15.6 0.6 11.5 1.6 79 58 47 31 21 4 75 23 56 77 2 68 10 44 34 54 25 13 66 1 78 14 65 16 63 16 63 3 10 1.1 Household Composition Children ... 1.5 School Age .. 1.5 Preschool Age 13 No Children 0.6 Elderly Persons 0.2 No Elderly Persons Disabled Persons 1.3 1.1 No Disabled Persons 1.1 Income Source 1.2 0.3 1.2 0.7 2.2 No Earned Income 0.6 0.9 1.6 TANF Income 0.7 NoTANF Income 1.2 03 1.1 TANF or GA Income 0.6 No TANF or GA Income SSI 1.3 0.7 No SSI 1.2 Social Security Income No Social Security Income ... Food Stamp Benefit 0.8 1.2 0.4 0.7 1 Percent of households with deduction that receive the maximum " No sample households in this category Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample 42 Table A-10. Average Values of Deductions of Participating Households by Household Composition, Income Source, and Food Stamp Benefit Amount Household Characteristic Tottl House holds (000) Average Amount ol Deduction (Dollars) Earned Income All Households With Deduction Dependent Care All Households With Deduction Excess Shelter All Households With Deduction Medical All Households With Deduction Child Support All Households With Deduction Total Household Composition Children School Age Preschool Age No Children Elderly Persons No Elderly Persons Disabled Persons No Disabled Persons Income Source Gross Income No Gross Income Net Income No Net Income Earned Income No Earned Income Unearned Income No Unearned Income .... TANF Income No TANF Income GA Income No GA Income TANF or GA Income .... No TANF or GA lOCOfTJC ssi No SSI Social Security Income No Social Security Income Food Stamp Benefit Minimum Benefit.... Maximum Benefit ... 7.335 3.955 3.036 2.055 3.380 1342 5.793 2.017 5.317 6.717 617 5.857 1.477 1.993 5.342 5.775 1.560 1.891 5.444 395 6.940 1274 5.060 2,324 5.010 1.870 5.464 801 1.481 41 70 74 75 6 3 51 10 52 44 0 49 6 150 0 24 104 31 44 5 43 27 47 8 56 6 52 15 6 150 162 168 167 74 89 151 98 156 150 0 162 47 150 0 130 172 124 158 95 150 123 159 99 155 89 154 120 47 9 8 12 0 0 6 2 6 5 1 5 4 16 I 3 11 3 6 0 5 2 6 1 7 1 6 125 122 128 121 221 260 124 197 121 125 126 119 166 124 134 127 122 103 130 126 125 104 130 195 121 182 122 119 166 111 104 105 » 119 123 107 125 105 114 80 94 179 94 117 115 95 103 113 130 110 108 112 124 105 113 110 20 179 186 177 180 172 197 20* 180 203 180 185 209 163 263 173 191 188 182 172 191 185 187 175 192 202 179 194 184 83 263 1 1 0 II 15 3 9 4 6 0 5 9 3 6 7 0 1 7 I 6 1 8 5 6 19 1 124 89 90 67 129 HI 148 142 112 124 546 90 572 307 110 124 288 127 124 171 124 136 123 133 121 122 145 67 569 2 3 3 1 0 2 I 2 162 169 176 174 141 142 163 123 178 160 257 151 235 186 131 157 173 149 164 74 163 1 144 2 166 1 124 2 172 1 116 2 173 0 60 2 235 Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample 43 Table A-ll. Distribution of Participating Households by Selected Household Characteristics and Amount of Deduction Total Households Households With: Household Characteristic Number (000) Percent Children Elderly Disabled Earned Income TANForGA Income Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Total Total Deduction $118-133 7.335 2 1.904 220 662 698 697 645 539 857 306 804 5.345 335 334 381 386 272 156 125 7,044 78 75 47 44 46 7.008 110 47 33 23 35 27 20 32 7.256 18 15 14 994 II 2.977 657 680 644 500 420 188 1000 0.0 26.0 3.0 9.0 9.5 9.5 88 7.3 11.7 4.2 11.0 72.9 46 4.6 5.2 5.3 3.7 2.1 1.7 96.0 1.1 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 95.6 IJ 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 98.9 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 40.6 9.0 9.3 8.8 6.8 $.7 2.6 3.955 1 799 95 306 337 388 408 330 587 200 504 2.249 208 261 331 361 267 154 124 3.671 76 73 47 44 43 3.915 22 3333 312 3.896 12 II 10 67 3 8 1.634 345 354 342 263 212 96 1000 00 20.2 2.4 7.7 8.5 98 10.3 8.3 14.8 SI 12.8 569 5.3 6.6 8.4 9.1 6.8 3.9 3.1 92.8 1.9 1.9 1.2 1.1 1.1 99.0 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 98.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 41.3 8.7 8.9 86 6.7 5.4 2.4 1.542 1 511 69 174 161 122 104 101 76 53 171 1.488 22 14 67211 1.539 01 1 1.330 64 33 25 18 26 18 13 IS 1.538 20010 1 633 153 146 124 103 93 38 100.0 00 33.2 4.5 11.3 10.4 7.9 6.7 6.5 5.0 3.4 11.1 96.5 1.4 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 99.8 0.0 0.1 0.1 86.2 4.2 2.1 1.6 1.1 1.7 1.2 0.8 1.0 99.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 41.1 9.9 95 8.0 6.7 6.0 2.5 2.017 0 609 74 218 214 198 160 135 120 72 218 1.818 76 46 29 21 13 8 5 2,001 43216 1.884 53 19 10 6 10 98 18 1.994 6 770 186 200 192 149 130 65 100 00 30.2 3.7 108 10.6 98 7.9 6.7 5.9 3.6 10.8 90.1 3.8 2.3 1.5 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.3 99.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 93.4 2.6 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.9 98.9 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 38.2 92 9.9 9.5 7.4 6.4 3.2 1.993 00 34 134 175 233 279 226 240 195 478 3 335 334 381 386 272 156 125 1.730 68 70 45 40 41 1.970 53 212227 1.948 7 895 638 907 169 172 161 117 105 46 100.0 0.0 00 1.7 6.7 8.8 11.7 14.0 11.3 12.0 98 24.0 0.1 16.8 168 19.1 19.4 13.7 7.8 6.3 86.8 3.4 3.5 2.2 2.0 2.1 98.9 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 97.8 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.4 45.5 8.5 8.6 8.1 5.9 53 2.3 2.274 1 570 80 235 263 257 199 152 339 59 120 1.777 108 no 110 93 42 18 16 2.221 23 14 5 66 2058 82211101 2J60 7220002 864 221 215 226 160 117 57 100.0 0.0 134 25.0 135-150 3.5 151-200 10.3 201-250 ... 11.6 251-300 . 11.3 301-350 8.7 351-400 6.7 401-450 14.9 451-500 ... 2.6 501+ 5.3 Earned Income None .... 78.1 $1-50 4.8 51-100 4.8 101-150 4.8 151-200 4.1 201-250 ... 1.9 251-300 .. 0.8 301+ 0.7 Dependent Care None 97.6 $1-50 1.0 51-100 0.6 101-150 0.2 151-200 0.3 201+ 0.3 Medical None 99.3 $1-25 0.3 26-50 0.1 51-75 0.1 76-100 0.0 101-150 0.0 151-200 ... 0.1 201-300 0.0 301+ 0.0 CbM Support None 99.4 $1-50 0.3 51-100 0.1 101-150 ... 0.1 151-200 0.0 201-250 0.0 251-300 0.0 301+ 0.1 Excess Shelter None 38.0 $1-50 9.7 51-100 ... 9.4 101-150 ... 9.9 151-200 7.0 201-250 5.2 251-274 Z5 See footnotes at end of table. 44 Table A-ll. Distribution of Participating Households by Selected Household Characteristics and Amount of Deduction — Continued Household Characteristic Total Households Number (000) Percent Households With: Children Number (000) Percent Elderly Number (000) Percent Disabled Number (000) Percent Earned Income Number (000) Percent TANForGA Income Number (000) Percent Exceai Shelter 275 276-300 301+ None Less Than Cap ... Equal to Cap Benefit < Max Benefit^ Max .. Greater Than Cap 731 10.0 585 79 1.1 18 456 6.2 106 2.977 40.6 1.634 3.096 42.2 1.615 735 10.0 588 384 5.2 354 351 4.8 234 526 7.2 118 14.8 0.5 2.7 413 40.8 14.9 90 5.9 3.0 3 32 216 633 659 3 21 247 0.2 2.0 14.0 41.1 42.7 0.2 0.1 0.0 16.0 3 53 268 770 924 3 30 320 0.1 2.6 13.3 38.2 45.8 0.1 0.1 0.0 15.9 283 5 28 907 772 285 202 82 30 14.2 0.2 14 45.5 38.7 14.3 10.2 4.1 1.5 319 14 81 864 998 321 191 131 90 14.0 06 3.6 38.0 43.9 14.1 8.4 5.8 4.0 " No sample households in this category Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample. 45 Table A-12. Average Total Deduction for Participating Households by Amount of Gross Income and Household Size Gross Income Average Total Deduction by Household Size (Dollars) All Households 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8+ (Dollars) Total 267 192 214 244 259 285 288 262 305 293 356 422 650 292 233 248 229 249 276 303 278 289 268 338 351 398 325 260 239 265 251 278 274 300 302 311 335 365 422 343 270 262 302 256 268 287 311 324 302 318 358 412 348 287 252 308 236 275 277 272 304 278 295 339 410 352 300 322 284 258 224 267 289 301 266 317 303 404 340 2% 213 247 236 280 278 274 251 266 269 308 386 400 304 3% 279 354 180 291 277 242 387 279 450 298 SO 217 1 -99 230 100- 199 250 200-299 253 300-399 279 400-499 289 500-599 268 600 - 699 303 700-799 288 800-899 332 900-999 358 1000+ 416 No sample households in this category. Source. Fiscal Year 2000 Food Sump Program Quility Control sample 46 BLANK PAGE Table A-13. Distribution of Participating Households by Selected Household Characteristics and Food Stamp Benefit Amount, Food Stamp Benefit as a Percentage of the Maximum Benefit, and Certification Period 5 Housriio.d Characteristic Total Food Stamp Benefit $10 or less... 11-25 26-50 51 -75 76 - 100 101 -150 151-200 201-300 301 or more I2 3 45 67 8• 10 II 12 13+ Unknown Toul Households Benefit as a Percentage of the Maximum Minimum <25%" 25-50 51-75 76-99 Maximum Months ir Certification Number (000) 7,335 449 543 490 516 1,563 590 1,233 1,143 801 921 1.373 1.501 1.258 1.481 35 83 1.240 332 139 935 156 52 41 43 126 3.506 619 29 Percent 1000 M.0 6.i 7.4 6.7 7.0 21.3 8.0 16.8 15.6 10.9 12.6 18.7 20.5 17.2 20.2 0.5 1.1 16.9 4.5 19 12.8 2.1 0.7 0.6 0.6 1.7 47.8 8.4 0.4 Households With: Children Number (000) 3,955 65 40 111 156 209 544 534 1,156 1,139 59 337 845 1.063 960 690 18 56 953 230 99 701 114 35 24 22 48 1.521 124 10 Percent 100.0 1.7 1.0 2.8 3.9 5.3 13.8 13.5 29.2 28.8 1.5 8.5 21.4 26.9 24.3 17.5 0.5 1.4 24.1 5.8 2.5 17.7 2.9 0.9 0.6 0.5 1.2 38.5 3.1 0.3 Elderly Number (000) 1.542 459 223 236 157 144 223 37 45 17 459 342 292 219 95 135 1 2 41 18 8 84 9 5 6 9 38 1.043 267 II Percent 1000 29 8 14.5 15.3 10.2 9.4 14.5 2.4 2.9 1.1 29.8 22.2 18.9 14.2 6.1 8.7 0.1 0.2 2.7 I.I 0.5 5.5 06 03 0.4 0.6 2.5 67.6 17.3 0.7 Disabled Number (000) 2.017 339 236 264 232 214 311 131 173 117 337 421 546 419 187 109 3 7 128 46 27 254 39 II II 14 45 1.129 291 II Percent 100.0 16.8 11.7 13.1 IIS 10.6 15.4 6.5 8.6 5.8 16.7 20.9 27.1 20.8 9.3 5.4 0.1 0.3 6.4 2.3 1.3 12.6 1.9 0.6 0.5 0.7 2.2 55.9 14.4 0.6 Earned Income Number (000) 1,993 106 39 94 117 146 367 280 464 380 102 256 577 538 314 205 10 37 682 144 45 265 43 13 10 8 19 656 55 4 Percent 100 0 53 2.0 4.7 5.9 7.3 18.4 14.0 23.3 190 5.1 12.8 29.0 27.0 15.8 10.3 0.5 1.8 34.2 7.2 2.3 13.3 2.2 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.9 32.9 2.8 0.2 TANF Income Number (000) 1.891 36 21 48 73 97 284 269 569 494 32 135 355 573 577 219 6 14 199 58 45 389 67 23 14 IS 30 942 81 8 Percent 1000 19 II 2.5 3.9 5.1 150 14.2 30 1 26.2 1.7 7.1 188 30.3 30.5 11.6 0.3 0.7 105 3.1 2.4 20.6 3.6 12 0.8 0.8 1.6 49.8 4.3 0.4 1 Does not include households with the minimum benefit Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Sump Program Quality Control sample. fl Table A-14 Wnrib»ik>« of Partldpatlag HoMcfcoMi by I Perceatage of the MaxiasM at a Percentage of Poverty GakteUae aad Food Stamp Beaeflt •• a Groat Income a* a Percentage of Poverty Guideline Total Households Number (000) Percent Benefit u a Percentage of the Maximum Benefit Minimum Number (000) Percent <25» Number (000) Percent 25-50 Number (000) Percenl 51-75 Number (000) Percent 76-99 Number (000) Percent Maximum Number (000) Percent All Households Total No Income . >0-50H.... 51 - 100 101-130 ... 131+ Hs—aslds With Children Total No Income >0-50% 51 -100 101 - 130 131+ Households With Elderly Total No Income >0-50S 51 -100 101-130 131+ Hoasehalds With Disabled Total No Income =■0-50% 51-100 101 - 130 131+ Households With Earned laconic Total >0-50S 51 -100 101 - 130 131+ Ho.KhoW.Wha TANFI Total >0-50H 51 -100 . 101-130 131+ 7.335 617 1.804 4.076 761 76 3.955 250 1.394 1.860 433 17 1,542 17 70 1.232 198 24 2.017 4 141 1.619 215 39 1.993 395 1.125 439 34 1.891 847 926 105 14 100.0 S.4 24.6 55.6 10.4 1.0 100.0 6.3 35.2 47.0 11.0 0.4 100.0 I.I 4.5 79.9 12.9 1.6 100.0 0.2 7.0 80.2 10.6 1.9 100.0 19.8 56.5 22.0 1.7 100.0 44.8 49.0 5.5 0.7 801 495 251 54 59 10 36 13 459 314 129 16 337 207 103 27 102 20 55 27 32 7 14 II 100.0 61.8 31.4 6.8 1000 16.2 61.9 21.8 100.0 68.4 28.1 3.5 100.0 61.6 30.5 7.9 100.0 19.4 54.4 26.3 100.0 21.0 43.2 35.8 921 653 260 I 337 112 222 3 342 314 26 2 421 354 62 4 256 49 202 4 135 69 64 2 100.0 70.9 28.3 0.8 I00.C 33.1 659 1.0 100.0 91.9 7.6 0.5 100.0 84.1 14.8 1.0 100.0 19.3 79.1 1.6 100.0 50.9 47.7 1.4 1.373 3 1.170 196 5 845 3 688 154 I 292 267 24 2 546 0 510 33 4 577 423 154 I 355 3 328 24 0 100.0 0.2 85.2 14.2 0.4 100.0 0.3 81.3 18.2 0.1 100.0 91.3 8.2 0.5 100.0 0.0 93.4 6.0 0.7 100.0 73.2 26.6 0.2 100.0 0.8 92.4 6.7 0.1 1.501 297 1.161 39 3 1.063 251 793 20 219 19 186 12 2 419 58 348 II 1 538 50 466 22 0 573 171 399 2 100.0 19.8 77.4 2.6 0.2 100.0 23.6 74.6 1.8 100.0 8.6 85.1 5.5 0.8 100.0 13.8 83.1 2.7 0.3 100.0 9.2 86.5 4.2 0.1 100.0 29.9 69.7 0.4 1.258 836 413 8 2 960 720 239 I 95 19 71 4 1 187 58 126 2I 314 168 143 3 577 461 116 I 100.0 66.4 32.8 0.6 0.2 100.0 75.0 24.9 0.1 100.0 19.6 74.6 4.4 1.5 10C.0 31.0 67.3 1.3 0.5 100.0 53.6 45.5 0.9 100.0 79.8 20.0 0.1 1.481 617 669 184 7 3 690 250 420 20 0 135 17 33 80 3 I 109 4 25 74 3 2 205 177 25 2 I 219 212 7 0 100.0 41.7 45.2 12.4 0.5 02 1000 36.2 60.8 2.9 0.1 100.0 12.9 24.3 59.5 2J 0.9 100.0 3.4 23.4 682 3.1 18 I0C.0 86.1 12.0 1.2 0.7 100.0 966 3.3 0.1 * Doe* not include households with the minimum benefit. " No sample houaeholds in this category Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample 48 Table A-15. Avenge Food Stamp Benefit of Participating Households by Amount of Gross Income and Household Size Gross Income Average Food Sump Benefn by Household Size (Dollars) All Househe Ids 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8+ (Dollars) Average Food Stamp Benefit Per Household 65 128 128 127 118 102 76 45 38 24 22 30 23 144 235 234 231 220 205 186 157 126 88 81 60 36 221 336 335 333 321 306 284 262 233 203 183 161 103 273 428 427 424 414 395 375 351 333 293 270 249 159 310 506 507 507 489 480 456 421 404 367 347 324 205 375 612 607 606 596 571 548 527 502 471 445 424 275 424 6,5 671 678 667 644 613 601 558 537 499 483 327 510 815 791 808 810 701 781 713 673 660 611 422 158 SO 209 1-99 222 100- 199 235 200-299 236 300-399 207 400-499 209 500-599 93 600-699 133 700-799 143 800-899 164 900-999 174 1000* 162 | No sample households in this category. Source Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample 49 Table A-14. Distribution of Participating Households by Type of Most Recent Action and Expedited Service Total Households Entrants Other Households Most Recent Action and Expedited Service Number (000» Percent Number (000) Percent Number (000) Percent Total 7.335 1.692 297 1.395 4.291 158 4.133 1000 23 1 4.0 19.0 585 2.2 564 401 401 131 270 1000 100.0 32.7 673 6,934 1.291 166 1.125 4.291 158 4.133 100.0 186 24 16.2 61 9 2.3 No Expedited Service 59.6 ~ By definition these are mutually exclusive categories: therefore, no households will be found in these categories Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample 50 Table A-17. Distribution of Participating Households, Persons, and Benefits by Household Composition Household Cofnposi tron** Food Sump Households Number (000) Percent Participants tn Households With Household Characteristic Number (000) Percent Monthly Food Stamp Benefits Dollars (000) Percent Tots** Chtldria Single-Adult Household Multiple Adult Household Married Couple Household Other Multiple-Adult Household Children Only Unknown EM"* Living Alone Not Living Alone Living Alone Not Living Alone Other HoauaoW Single-Person Household Mulu -Person Household 7.335 3.9J5 2.704 167 573 294 3(2 I 1.542 1.226 316 2.017 1.154 863 837 774 64 100.0 53.9 369 11.8 7.8 40 5.2 0.0 21.0 16.7 4.3 27.5 15.7 118 114 10.5 0.9 17.091 13.294 8341 3.939 2.652 1.286 812 2 1.987 1.226 762 4.005 1.154 2.851 909 774 135 100.0 77.8 500 23.0 15.5 7.5 4.7 0.0 116 7.2 4.5 23.4 6.8 16.7 5.3 4.5 0.8 1.159.008 925J73 623J15 235.231 153.882 81.349 66.637 191 90.364 53.697 36.666 200.247 54.333 145.914 101.634 89.614 12.021 100.0 79.8 538 203 13.3 7.0 5.7 0.0 7.8 4.6 3.2 17.3 4.7 12.6 8.8 7.7 1.0 ' Household composition categories are based on characteristics of participating individuals only, and do not factor in characteristics of nonparticipanu who may live in the same household with the participants. For example, single-adult households have exactly one participating adult and at least one participating child, but may have one or more nonpamcipaung atbUt or an adult participating in a separate case not included in the FSPQC sample. b The sum of ;.Kii»~u«l categories does not match the table total because a household can have more than one of the characw.iucs in the table. c Households not containing children, elderly persons, or disabled persons. Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample. 51 Table A-18. Avenge Grow and Net Income, Total Deduction, Countable Resources, Food Stamp Benefit, Household Size, and Certification Period of Participating Households by Household Composition Total Households Avenge Monthly Values Household Composition* Number (000) Gross Income (Dollars) Net Income (Dollars) Total Deduction (Dollars) Countable Resources (Dollars) Food Stamp Benefit (Dollars) Household Size (Persons) Certification Period (Months) Total 7.335 3.953 2.704 867 573 294 382 1342 1.226 316 2.017 1.154 863 837 774 64 100.0 539 36.9 11.8 7.8 4.0 5.2 00 21.0 16.7 4.3 27.5 15.7 11.8 11.4 10.5 0.9 620 727 667 1031 1081 933 465 675 617 564 821 711 565 906 192 170 462 355 436 387 678 715 606 233 399 356 308 546 440 294 635 57 45 202 298 321 309 376 392 345 281 276 277 272 298 282 283 280 245 238 335 156 133 III 235 280 •46 59 19 275 275 274 150 146 155 64 58 126 158 234 230 271 269 276 174 333 59 44 116 99 47 169 121 116 189 13 3.4 3.2 4.5 4.6 4.4 2.1 4.3 1.3 1.0 14 2.0 1.0 3.3 II 1.0 2.1 9.6 rMMron 7.9 Single-Adult Household Multiple-Adult Household ... Mathed Couple Household Other Multiple-Adult Household 7.8 7.5 7.3 7.7 Children Only 9.4 59 119 13.3 11.2 Disabled 111 13.4 9.0 Other Households6 7.2 Single-Person Household Multi-Person Household 7.2 7.3 * Household composition categories are based on characteristics of participating individuals only, and do not factor in characteristics of nonparucrpants who may live in the same household with the participants. For example, single-adult households have exactly one participating adult and at least one participating child, but may have one or more nonparticipating adult or an adult participating in a separate case not included in the FSPQC sample. k Households not containing children, elderly persons, or disabled persons. Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample. 52 Table A-l9. Distribulioa of Participating Households by Income Type an! Household Composition Household Composition* Tool Households Number (000) Percent Income Type Earned Income Number (000) Percent Unearned Income Number (000) Percent TANF Income Number (000) Percent CA Income Number (000) Percent SSI Number (000) Percent Social Security Income Number (000) Percent Tata*. Single-Adult Household Muluple-Aduli Household Married Couple Household Other Mulupic-Adult Household Children Only Unknown Elderly Living Alone Not Living Alone . Disabled Living Alone Not Living Alone .. Other Households' Single-Person Multi-Person 7.335 3.955 2.704 867 573 294 382 I 1342 1.226 316 2.017 1.154 863 837 774 64 1000 53.9 36.9 11.8 7.8 4.0 5.2 0.0 21.0 16.7 4.3 27.5 15.7 11.8 11.4 10.5 0.9 1.993 1.707 1.049 525 371 154 132 0 54 23 30 202 71 131 167 136 31 100.0 85.6 52.7 26.3 18.6 7.7 6.6 0.0 2.7 1.2 1.5 10.1 35 6.6 8.4 6.8 1.6 5.775 2.912 2.075 569 343 227 267 0 1.511 1.204 308 2.012 1.151 861 350 323 27 100.0 50.4 35.9 9.9 5.9 3.9 4.6 0.0 26.2 20.8 5.3 34.8 19.9 14.9 6.1 5.6 0.5 1.891 1.842 1.332 290 162 128 220 0 49 I 48 379 2 377 38 28 9 100.0 97.4 70.4 15 3 8.6 6.7 11.6 0.0 2.6 0.1 2.5 20.1 0.1 19.9 2.0 1.5 0.5 395 37 24 12 8 79 62 17 79 55 24 232 225 7 100.0 9.3 6.0 2.9 2.0 1.0 04 19.9 15.7 4.2 20.0 139 6.0 58.6 56.9 1.8 2.324 622 421 192 113 79 10 0 914 723 191 1.634 895 740 1000 26.8 18.1 8.3 4.9 3.4 0.4 0.0 39.3 31 1 8.2 70.3 38.5 31.8 0.0 0.0 1.870 360 239 112 71 42 I 1.068 866 202 836 536 300 100.0 19.3 12.8 6.0 3.8 2.2 0.5 57.1 46.3 10.8 44.7 28.6 16.1 0.0 0.0 * Household composition categories are based on characteristics of participating individuals only, and do not factor in characteristics of nonpwticipants who may live in the same household with the participants For example, single-adult households hive exactly one participating adult and at least one participating child, but may have one or more nonparucipating adult or an adult parucipaung in a separate case not included in the FSPQC simple. b The sum of individual categories does not match the table total because a household can have more than one of the characteristics in the table. c Households not containing children, elderly persons, or disabled persons ™ No sample households in this category. Source: Fiscal Year 2000 Food Stamp Program Quality Control sample 53 Table A-2*. Distribution of Partkipntint Households With Children, Elderly Persons, and Dis. led Persons by Selected Characteristics Household Characteristic Gross Income No Gross Income Net Income No Net Income Earned Income Unearned Income TANF Income GA Income SSI Social Security Income Countable Resources Deductions Tool Deduction Earned Income Deduction Dependent Deduction Excess Shelter Deduction Medical Deduction Child Support Ded |
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