A study of access to nutritious and affordable food annotated bibliography

              rJON 29 1
USDA A Study of Access to
Nutritious and Affordable
Food
United State*
Department of
Agriculture
Food and
Nutrition
Service
Office of
Analysis and
Evaluation Annotated Bibliography
April 1998
S# ?3-q£>iss-
A Study ofAccess to Nutritious and
Affordable Food
April, 1998
Annotated Bibliography
Submitted by:
CRP, Incorporated
4201 Connecticut Avenue, NW
Suite 503
Washington, DC 20008
Submitted to:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Food and Nutrition Service
Contract Management Branch
Room 914
3101 Park Center Drive
Alexandria, VA 22302
Project Director: Carolyn R. Pegram Project Officers: Sharon Cristofar
Kilolo Kijakazi
This study was conducted under Contract Number FNS 53-3198-5-048 with the Food and Nutrition Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, under the authority of the Food Sump Act of 1977, as amended. Points of
view or opinions stated in this report do not necessarily represent the official position of the Food and Nutrition
Service.
Or
USDA non-discrimination Statement:
"The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and
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To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-
W, Whitten Building. 14,h and Independence Avenue, S.W.. Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call
(202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer."
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, there has been concern that some communities do not have sufficient access
to quality food at reasonable prices. The Food and Nutrition Service (FNS). which administers
the Federal food assistance programs, is particularly concerned with food access for households
that have limited resources. In these households, access plays an important role in obtaining a
nutritious diet.
As a means of providing more information on this subject. FNS contracted with CRP.
Incorporated to compile an annotated bibliography. This document is intended to serve as a guide
to the literature on food access strategies, issues and developments. It has been written to assist
those who want to learn more about the issue, as well as those who are actually planning or
implementing strategies. The broad range of documents summarized can help individuals or
organizations better understand the issues and challenges associated with developing food access
solutions. Over 300 printed materials are annotated in this bibliography. While this bibliography
is extensive, it is not exhaustive. There may be relevant documents that are not included. This
is due solely to resource limitations.
SUBJECT INDEX
PutVQSt Qf Subject Index
This index serves two important purposes. First, it organizes each print item (for which an annotated summary was prepared) by type offood access
strategy or technique: farmers' market, food cooperative, food police council, grocery store or supermarket, home shopping/delivery, public market,
transportation option and urban agriculture. Second, within each food access category, print items are identified by four-digit numbers which enable
the reader or user to locate materials of interest by subject.
Subject Index Number
Farmers' Markets
0002, 0008, 0010, 0015, 0025, 0035, 0037, 0046
9022, 9023,
9069, 9070
2001, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2017
3001
4006
5001, 5003, 5005, 5018, 5024, 5025, 5029, 5032, 5033, 5035, 5041, 5045
7032
8021
9001, 9002, 9003, 9004, 9006, 9007, 9008, 9011, 9014, 9017, 9018, 9019, 9020, 9021,
9025, 9026, 9030, 9040, 9041, 9042, 9044, 9046, 9048, 9053, 9057, 9062, 9064, 9066,
Food Co-Ops
0019, 0020, 0042, 0045
2002, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2015, 2018
4007
5003, 5004, 5007, 5008, 5015, 5018, 5022
7043
9013, 9049, 9050, 9052, 9055, 9059, 9060, 9061, 9065
Food Policy Councils
2017
5003, 5010, 5011, 5012, 5013, 5014, 5016, 5025
9034
1/
Subject Index Number
Grocery Stores and
Supermarkets
0004, 0006, 0007, 0009, 0011, 0012, 0013, 0016, 0017, 0018, 0021, 0022, 0023, 0030, 0031, 0033,
0034, 0036, 0038, 0039, 0040
2005, 2008, 2009, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020
3002
4002, 4003, 4011, 4016, 4017, 4020, 4021, 4022
5002, 5003, 5005, 5009, 5017, 5018, 5025, 5026, 5028, 5030, 5031, 5034, 5037, 5038, 5039, 5040,
5042, 5043, 5044
7001, 7003, 7004, 7005, 7007, 7008, 7009, 7010, 7011, 7012, 7013, 7014, 7015, 7016, 7017, 7018,
7019, 7020, 7021, 7022, 7023, 7024, 7026, 7027, 7028, 7029, 7030, 7033, 7034, 7035, 7036, 7039,
7040, 7041, 7042, 7044, 7045, 7046
8001, 8002, 8005, 8006, 8007, 8008, 8012, 8013, 8014, 8017, 8018, 8020, 8025, 8027, 8032, 8034,
8035, 8038, 8039, 8040, 8042, 8043, 8044, 8045, 8046, 8047
9016, 9024, 9027, 9028, 9031, 9035, 9036, 9038, 9043, 9063, 9067, 9068, 9071
Home Shopping/Delivery
0001,0003,0024,0032
4001, 4009, 4010, 4012, 4013, 4014, 4015, 4018, 4024
5023, 5027
7025,7031, 7038
8003, 8009, 8010, 8011, 8015, 8016, 8019, 8022, 8023, 8024, 8026, 8028, 8029, 8030, 8031, 8033,
8037, 8041
Public Markets
0026, 0027, 0028, 0029
2003
5003,5020,5021,5035,5036
7006, 7037
9058
V
Subject Index Number
Transportation Options
0017,2017
4005
5003, 5005
Urban Agriculture
0005, 0010, 0014, 0041
3001
4004,4019
5003, 5006, 5019
7002
8004,8036
9005, 9008, 9009, 9010, 9011, 9012, 9015, 9025, 9029, 9030, 9033, 9037, 9039, 9051, 9054, 9056
Miscellaneous
0042, 0043, 0044
4008, 4023
9032, 9045, 9047
H CTiuSCUJiNNMII <CS*M
Vf
Annotated Bibliography
PUBLICATIONS/BOOKS
[2001]
Baharanyi, Ntam; Tackie, N.; Pierce, A.; and Woolery. C. The Participation of Small Farmers
and Low Income Consumers in the Montgomery State Farmers Market. Tuskegee University.
Reports the methodology and results of a study designed to: (1) determine the level and
nature of participation in the Montgomery State Farmers' Market (MSFM) by small
farmers and selected consumers in low-income areas in and near Montgomery; (2)
understand the reasons for patronizing the market or not. particularly among low-income
consumers; and (3) develop and assess a program intended to increase participation at the
market by low-income consumers. Among the study's principal conclusions were that
utilization of the MSFM could be increased by providing more accessible transportation
for low-income residents.
[2002]
Bandy. Dewey. The Economic Status of California Food Cooperatives. (1992.)
Assesses how well and in what ways the remaining food cooperatives in California have
weathered the previous decade.
[2003]
Baum. Hilary and Spitzer. Theodore. Public Markets and Community Revitalization. Project for
Public Spaces, Inc. and the Urban Land Institute. 1995. (116 pp.)
This book addresses two fundamental questions of interest to individuals concerned about
local economic development, urban and regional planning, the vitality of cities and nearby
agriculture: (1) How can public markets offer an effective strategy for revitalizing a
community? (2) What is involved in planning, establishing and operating a public market?
[2004]
Burns. Arthur F., and Johnson. Denny N. Farmers' Market Survey Report. United States
Department of Agriculture, AgricuHural Marketing Service. Transportation and Marketing
Division, (June 3, 1996.)
Report highlights results of a national survey of 805 active farmers' markets in all regions
of the United States. The major goal of the survey was to measure the participation of
farmers and consumers in farmers' markets that primarily engage in direct sales. The
survey was conducted in response to growing interest by both farmers and consumers in
the ability of farmers' markets to provide direct access to fresh fruit and vegetables.
Publications/Books (continued)
[2005]
Cities and SupermarKets: Partners in Progress - Case Studies of Successful Collaborative
Programs. National League of Cities and the Food Marketing Institute. 1995.
Booklet provides profiles of programs submitted in the 1995 Neighborhood Partnership
Awards competition which recognizes and encourages diverse public-private partnership
initiatives undertaken by supermarkets and local governments to strengthen the economic
fabric of neighborhoods. Urban store development initiatives described are Smart and
Final. Inc. and the City of Los Angeles. CA; Pathmark Stores. Inc. and the City of
Newark. NJ; Tidyman*s and the City of Kalispell. MT; and Finast Supermarkets and the
City of Cleveland. OH
[2006]
Colter. Carolee. Evolution and Revolution - Organizational Growth and Change at Mississippi
Market Cooperative. Cooperative Grocer. (August 1993.)
Explores the evolution of organizational structure in one cooperative, Mississippi Market
of St. Paul. Minnesota.
[2007]
Cooper. Donald A.; and Mohn, Paul O. The Greenbelt Co-operative: Success and Decline.
University of California. Center for Cooperatives. 1992 (258 pp.)
Chronicles the history of Greenbelt Cooperative Services or GCS. particularly its growth,
philosophies, planning, decision-making and leadership. The book is intended to serve as
a guide to assist others in avoiding some of the mistakes and pitfalls experienced by the
GCS. The authors are two former Board members of the GCS, but neither served on the
Board at the same time.
[2008]
Economic Development in EZ/EC Communities. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development.
As part of an ongoing effort to provide information and resources, the U.S. Department
of Housing and Urban Development hosted a satellite broadcast on June 19, 1996, focusing
on economic development in the Empowerment Zones and Enterprise Communities. A
panel of noted experts discussed economic levelopment, with an emphasis on supermarkets
and shopping centers. Over 70 communities across the country tuned into the broadcast,
which provided viewers with an opportunity to phone in specific questions.
Publications/Books (continued)
[2009]
Fairclough. Pamela and Herman. Shelly. Developing Successful Neighborhood Supermarkets in
New York City. Community Food Resource Center, Inc. (1994) (73 pp.)
An informative guide on how community groups can play an active role in improving
existing food stores or getting new supermarkets developed in their neighborhoods.
(2010]
Fullerton, Michael. What Happened to the Berkeley Co-op? The Regents of the University of
California; (1992.)
Raises and comments on many of the issues needed to assess the role of cooperatives in the
twenty First century.
[2011]
Hall, Charles R. Handbook for Establishing and Operating Farmers' Markets. College Station.
TX: Texas A&M University System.
Provides detailed guidelines on how to establish a farmers' market and advice on how to
operate the market once it is established.
[2012]
How to Start a Cooperative. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Report No.7, (1985).
Outlines the process of organizing and financing a cooperative form of business.
[2013]
Johnson, Denny N. 1994 National Farmers' Market Directory. Agricultural Marketing Service.
Wholesale Market Development Branch Transportation and Marketing Division, (March 1994.)
Lists reported farmers' markets operating in the United States at the end of 1993.
[2014]
Johnson, Denny N. 1996 National Farmers' Market Directory. Agricultural ..marketing Service.
Wholesale Market Development Branch, Transportation and Marketing Division. (May 1996.)
Documents 2,410 farmers' markets operating in the United States during the 1995 calendar
year, an increase of 655 markets over the number reported in the 1994 Directory.
[2015]
Miller, Sandra. A Guide to Building Consumer Cooperatives. Madison, WI: University Center
for Cooperatives, University of Wisconsin-Extension. (April 1983.)
Describes operational aspects of a consumer cooperative.
Publications/Books (continued)
[2016]
San Diego Mercado.
San Diego Mercado Associates (SDMA) has executed a Disposition and Development
Agreement with the City of San Diego, and the City has already completed acquisition of
the land parcel necessary for the development of the Mercado Retail Center which will be
anchored by a supermarket.
[2017]
Select Committee on Hunger. House of Representatives. 100th Congress, First Session. Obtaining
Food: Shopping Constraints on the Poor Hearing. U.S. Government Printing Office, (December.
1987) (28 pp.)
Reports on the Select Committee on Hunger's examination of issues surrounding low-income
individuals' attempts to purchase quality foods at competitive prices. Report
concludes that equity of access to competitive food markets for low-income households in
rural and urban America is essential to any efforts working toward eradicating hunger in
the United States.
[2018]
Select Committee on Hunger. House of Representatives. 102'd Congress, Second Session. Urban
Grocery Gap Hearing. U.S. Government Printing Office, (September 30, 1992) (232 pp.)
Presents testimony (accompanied by prepared statements, letters, supplemental material,
etc.) which describes efforts by community-based organizations and food advocates to
improve tccessibility of low-income, inner-city residents to quality and affordable foods.
Hearing report extensively documents the nature, magnitude and effects of the food access
problem.
[2019]
Singerman, K. Jesse. Starting Out Right-Guidelines for Organizing a New Retail Cooperative. Iowa
City. IA: Blooming Prairie Warehouse. (1986). (79 pp.)
Manual provides guidance for pre-order groups/pre-order cooperatives and others
considering opening a retail food cooperative. The author emphasizes that retail cooperatives
are business organizations that require planning, financial projections, good management and
assessment of member and community needs. Among the key areas covered are getting
organized, capitalizing the cooperative, legal issues and making a business plan. This
informative publication should assist groups in determining what information they need, how
to find it and when to get more help as they decide whether to evolve from a preorder food
co-op to a retail food cooperative.
Publications/Books (continued)
(2020]
U.S. Department of Agriculture. Food and Nutrition Service. (February. 1996). Authorized Food
Retailer Characteristics Study, Technical Report III: Geographic Analysis of Retailer Access -
Summary. Calverton. MD: Richard Mantovani and James Welsh.
The ability of food stamp participants to obtain a nutritious and healthful diet depends, in
part, on their proximity to food stores that carry a full-line of food and are authorized to
accept food stamps. This report explores the distance (in terms of miles) between Food
Stamp Program participants and such food retailers. The analysis calculates the distance to
all authorized retailers but focuses on larger retailers (supermarkets and grocery stores with
over $500,000 in annual sales) because they are more likely to carry a full-line of food than
are smaller retailers. Among the study's key findings are:
• In the three highly urban sites studied, over ninety percent of food
stamp households live within a half mile of a larger retailer: a
majority are within a half mile of a supermarket.
• In the three smaller Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs). most food
stamp households live within two miles of a larger retailer.
• In the three sparsely-populated study sites, a majority of food stamp
households live within two miles of a larger retailer.
Annotated Bibliography
PROPOSALS
[3001J
Fisher. Andy and Gottlieb. Robert. A Community Food Security Act: A Proposal for New Food
System Legislation as Part of the 1995 Farm Bill. The Community Food Security Coalition.
(October. 1994).
This document has multiple purposes. In articulating a common vision for food system and
sustainable agriculture advocates, it elaborates on the concept of developing sustainable food
systems through community food security planning. As a legislative and policy document,
it spells out the specific legislative components to be incorporated into the Community Food
Security Act. And. as a community organization document, it calls for a strategic alliance
between the sustainable agriculture movement and urban food and environmental advocates.
[3002]
Fisher. Andy. Community Food Security: A Food System Approach to the 1995 Farm Bill and
Beyond. Presented to the Working Meeting on Community Food Security. Chicago. IL. August 25.
1994.
This paper presents a conceptual framework for food security in the inner city, including the
need for comprehensive food planning efforts. The writer argues that food security in the
inner city is linked to larger food system issues, including sustainability and equity concerns
in food production and distribution. A series of policy options available to address food
security problems and concerns is presented in six topics: (1) community food planning: (2)
direct marketing; (3) community gardening; (4) farmland protection; (5) inner-city
supermarket strategics; and (6) community and economic development initiatives.
Annotated Bibliography
JOURNAL ARTICLES
[9001]
Anliker. Jean Ann; Winne. Mark; and Drake. Linda T. An Evaluation of the Connecticut Farmers'
Market Coupon Program. Journal ofNutrition Education (July/August 1992).
Reports on a study conducted to evaluate the Connecticut Farmers' Market Project.
Hypotheses were that the distribution of Farmers' Market coupons would lead to increased
use of farmers' markets and increased frequency of consumption of fresh fruits and
vegetables. Participants who received Farmers' Market coupons were significantly more
likely to go to farmers' markets, but the use of coupons was not significantly associated u ith
differences in the overall consumption of fresh produce. However, treatment subjects who
spent their own money or food stamps in addition to coupons at the farmers' markets and/or
went back to the farmers' markets after using their Farmers' Market coupons showed
significantly greater increases in the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables than
treatment subjects who did not.
[9002]
Association Meets to Discuss Farmers' Markets. Nutrition Week: (October 7. 1994).
An association of officials running programs linking federal food assistance efforts and
farmers* markets convene for a conference to discuss expanding the Farmers* Market
Nutrition Program (FMNP).
[9003]
Baharanyi, N.; Tackie. N.; Pierce. A.; Woolery. C; Zabawa. R.; and Hopkinson. R. Increasing
Low-Income Family Participation in the Montgomery State Farmers Market, Tuskegee Horizons:
(Spring/Summer 1992).
A descriptive study of the Montgomery State Farmers* Market (MSFM) designed to gain
information about the black residents of several local public housing projects, their socio-economic
characteristics and attitudes about the market. Study results indicate that low-income
consumers did not participate in the MSFM because of existing grocery stores in
their neighborhoods and lack of transportation. However, when provided means to
participate (i.e..transportation and $10 produce coupons), they expressed great satisfaction
with the MSFM and stated that they would use it more often.
[9004]
Baharanyi. Ntam. Marketing a Market, Tuskegee Horizons (Fall, 1991).
Discusses a legislative move led by Albert McDonald to establish a market in Central
Alabama. Two strategies were developed to ensure that the market be of value to as many
limited-acreage farmers as possible and consumers from all economic levels: The Small
Farm Demonstration Project and the Consumer Education Outreach Program. The Small
Farm Demonstration Project informs farmers about the market and establishes at least 60
demonstration farms in the southern half of the state. The Consumer Education Outreach
Journal Articles (continued)
Program was designed to educate consumers about the unique offerings of the market.
[9005]
Bonham Jr.. J. Blaine Philadelphia Green. The Public Garden: (April. 1990).
Describes Philadelphia Green, the community outreach program operated by the
Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. The program works with residents in Philadelphia's low
and moderate income neighborhoods developing a wide array of greening projects. Article
describes the aims, strategies, and status of two greening projects.
[9006]
Cain. Janis L. (and others). Planning for the Retail Farm Market. Journal of Food Distribution
Research: (February 1995).
This article underscores the planning process and steps necessary to establish a successful
farm retail market or improve an existing one. Farm retail marketing is commonly referred
to as farmer-to-consumer direct marketing, particularly in geographic locations near large
population centers. Two farm retail market development techniques are highlighted: (1) the
marketing plan: and (2) the management audit.
[9007]
Columbia. Mo. Farmers" Market Gets Community's Full Support. Rural Enterprise: (Winter, 1987).
Outlines the importance of community support to the success of farmers' markets in
Columbia. Mo. The Central Missouri Direct Marketing Association, founder of the
Columbia Farmers' Market, gained support from local consumers, government agencies, the
University of Missouri, growers, and other businesses. Direct marketing through outlets like
a farmers' market allows the farmer to receive a greater share of the consumers' grocery
dollars which can make the difference in whether or not lower output farmers remain in
business. Author also describes the process by which the market was organized.
[9008]
Communities Experiment to Address Food Security. Nutrition Week: (September 22, 1995).
Development projects in low-income neighborhoods seek to provide sustainable community
food security means of access to a nutritious affordable diet.
[9009]
Community Farm Links Urban & Rural Neighbors. Nutrition Week: (June 24).
The article makes the distinction between community gardens and community gardens,
noting that the former are smaller and tend to be centered around a particular neighborhood
while the latter are larger and involve more participants.
8
Journal Articles (continued)
[9010]
Community Farming Unites Farmers and Consumers. Nutrition Week: (October 30. 1992).
Farmers and consumers learn that through community supported agriculture (CSA). a new
concept, they can unite to gain a financial strength in community farming. CSA enables
consumers (families or individuals) to purchase shares in a farming project, usually at the
beginning of a growing season. The farmer is guaranteed a market for fresh, local organic
produce which is either delivered to shareholders or collected by them at the farm. Article
notes that the number of community supported farms grew from zero to between 300 and
400 during the 1980s.
[9011]
Community Food Planning: The Hartford Food System. Nutrition Week: (September 23. 1994).
Article documents some of HFS's significant and pioneering contributions in improving
access of low-income households to nutritious and affordable food. These accomplishments
include: establishment of Connecticut's first farmers' market; development of food
production activities such as community gardens, solar greenhouses and community
supported agriculture farming; implementation of a series of food buying clubs;
development of a supermarket cooperative: and establishment of Hartford's food bank.
[90121
Community Food Security: Advocates Meets To Assess Challenges and Opportunities. Nutrition
Week.(February 9. 1996).
Through community food security, organizers of urban greening projects join with low-income
communities and create community gardens. Related challenges and opportunities
to overcome in accessing safe, healthy, and affordable foods are described.
[9013]
Cotterill. Ronald. Economies of Size and Performance in Preorder Food Cooperatives, Journal of
Retailing: (Spring 1981; Volume 57, No. 1).
Develops a theory of participatory cooperation to predict wnen consumers will join a
preorder food cooperative. The decision-theory approach hypothesizes that as conditions
both endogenous and exogenous to the cooperative change, the number of members change.
Author believes preorder cooperatives may be the first step toward a new retailing format
based upon low-cost computer technology and changes in the social and economic fabric of
many communities. Also suggests that preorders may be the precursor of a new catalog-based
retailing format with substantial system economies. A review of previous empirical
research on preorder cooperatives is provided.
Journal Articles (continued)
[9014]
Degner. Robert L. Outlook for the Florida State Farmers" Market System Florida Food and
Resource Economics: (May-June, 1993; No. 112).
A study of the Florida State Farmers' Market System conducted to examine the forces
shaping the future of agriculture in each of the 15 geographic areas served by state-owned
farmers* markets. Brief market summaries are provided for each area market in addition to
statewide analyses of major issues (philosophical, operational, environmental, and trade).
Concludes that the potential for agriculture in the major production regions of the state
remains bright. The biggest threat to the long term viability of the State Farmers* Market
System appears to be the lack of funding to adequately maintain and improve its physical
facilities.
[9015]
Dickhut. Kathleen. The Changing Political Environment. Journal of Community Gardening: (1989;
Vol. 7. No. 3).
Focuses on initiatives by several cities (Chicago. Boston. New York and Milwaukee) to
change real estate laws and policies to benefit communities desiring to start community
gardens, playgrounds, housing or other neighborhood assets. Vacant, city-owned land can
be an untapped resource for community revitalization.
[9016]
Doing Well: Finast Finds Challenges and Surprising Profits in Urban Markets, The Wall Street
Journal: (June 8. 1992).
Details the success of First National Supermarkets (Finast) and shows that money can be
made in the inner-city grocery market.
[9017]
Estes. Edmond A. Community Farmers' Markets in North Carolina - A Survey of Consumers and
Sellers in 1981. The Xorth Carolina Agricultural Research Service. North Carolina State
University: (June 1985).
This article reports on a survey research project (of farmers' market participants) of which
the objectives were three-fold: (1) to collect and analyze participant data concerning practices
and procedures in direct farmer-to-consumer marketing; (2) to identify opportunities,
constraints and consequences of direct marketing; and (3) to determine the extent of direct
marketing activities in North Carolina in 1981. Survey results indicated that consumers at
community farmers' markets were primarily quality conscious shoppers who sought produce
items harvested the same day as they consumed them. While a substantial number of
consumers believed that market prices were lower than in neighboring grocery stores, the
convenience of one-stop shopping at grocery stores was perceived by many patrons as a
major impediment to growth. Additional factors limiting future growth were identified
including the seasonal availability of crops, competing demand for land near urban
10
I
Journal Articles (continued)
areas as well as the need for improved product selection and more conveniently located
markets.
[9018]
Farmers* Market Nutrition Program to Gain Status. Nutrition Week: (March 13. 1992).
The Farmers* Market Nutrition Demonstration Project was the predecessor to the Farmers'
Market Nutrition Program. This article reports on the favorable prospects of the
demonstration initiative becoming a federal program as a result of enabling Congressional
legislation under active consideration by the House committees on Agriculture and Education
and Labor.
[9019]
Farmers" Market Program Boosts Food Stamp Use. Nutrition Week: (March 26. 1993).
The Farmers" Market Nutrition Program is seeking to promote the increased use of food
stamps at farmers" markets.
[9020]
Farmers' Market Program Fulfilling Its Dual Mission, National Survey Indicates. Nutrition Week:
(April 28. 1995).
This article documents the significance and success of the FMNP as a food access
programmatic strategy.
[9021]
Farmers* Market Program Sees State Double in 1994. Nutrition Week: ( July 15. 1994).
The number of states participating in FMNP (linking low-income households to farmers'
markets) doubled from 11 in 1993 to 26 in 1994. The FMNP has stimulated positive
changes including increased farmers* market sales, increased fresh produce consumption
among participants and on increase in the number of participating state farmers" markets.
[9022]
Farmers' Markets Shut Out of EBT Delivery Systems. Nutrition Week: (December 8, 1995).
The Electronic Benefits Transfer (EBT) System may deter farmers* markets from
participating in the Food Stamp Program. This may reduce recipients' access to fresh fruits
and vegetables.
[9023]
Field, C.R., and Sommer, R. Regional-Seasonal Patterns in Produce Consumption at Farmers'
Markets and Supermarkets. Journal ofEcology ofFood and Nutrition: (1982; Vol. 12).
Regional/seasonal eating of fresh fruits and vegetables is still a common practice in
developing nations and is growing through farmers' markets and other direct marketing
operations. The intake frequency for ten fresh fruit and vegetable items was studied in
11
Journal Articles (continued)
matched samples of California supermarket and farmers' market shoppers. The implications
of these findings for seasonal/regional agriculture are discussed.
[9024]
Food Empowerment Zones Would Spur Development of Inner-City Supermarkets. Nutrition Week:
(March 8. 1996).
Urban supermarkets can succeed in low-income areas if they are aided by government and
private initiatives, including the grocery industry, community development organizations and
investors.
[9025]
Food Security Act Would Support Local Initiatives. Nutrition Week: (April 28. 1995).
Representatives from organizations across the country unite in Chicago to discuss the
possibility of developing a federal legislative strategy pertaining to the 1995 Farm Bill.
[9026]
Food Stamp Recipients Are Near Retailers. Report Says. Nutrition Week: (May 10. 1996).
A recent study found that Food Stamp recipients in large cities live closer to large authorized
retailers than do participants in smaller, more rural areas.
[9027]
Fund to Revitalize Inner-Cites With Supermarkets. Nutrition Week: (January 20. 1995).
A new corporate-funded initiative is seeking to revitalize inner-city neighborhoods by
constructing supermarket-based shopping centers.
[9028]
Gaiter. Dorothy J. Profits With Honor: More Community-Based Development Organizations Create
Businesses to Serve the Urban Poor. The Wall Street Journal: (October 16, 1992).
This article documents the importance of community development corporations in
revitalizing low-income inner city neighborhoods.
[9029]
Goosman, G. Community Gardening in Cincinnati. The Public Garden: (April, 1990).
Describes the Neighborhood Gardens program which was started in 1980 in Cincinnati, OH.
The program assists in the development of independently- operated community gardens in
low- and fixed-income neighborhoods. It also serves as a support mechanism assisting with
many aspects such as providing start-up money, information, a community garden operator's
manual, and assistance with planning the garden.
12
Journal Articles (continued)
[9030]
Grantmakers Shift Toward Community Food Security. Nutrition Week: (May 3. 1996).
Focuses on public and private funding sources for food access projects. Farmers' markets
and community gardens were two food access strategies identified in this article.
[9031]
How the Community Development Corporation Works. Corporate Report: (October 1986. 34).
Provides a descriptive chronology and history of the Kansas City Community Development
Corporation which, since 1969. has evolved from a business incubator to a developer of
community infrastructure and revitalization efforts including the supermarket-anchored
Linwood Shopping Center and low-income housing projects. Article suggests that a CDC"s
inherent self-help mission can provide impetus to the creation of food access-related joint
ventures.
[9032]
Local Farm Project Grows Food Security Solutions. Nutrition Week: (September 1. 1995).
Article describes community supported agriculture efforts of a Washington, DC-based
organization to address local food access issues. From the Ground Up. a community farm
project, distributes fresh, locally-grown produce to area low-income residents through
neighborhood-based farm stands and introduces youths to the farms that grow the food.
[9033]
Local Food Policy Initiative Launched; Hopes to Spark Sustainable Food Systems. Nutrition Week:
(August 19, 1994).
Discusses efforts of a group of food policy advocates and academics to encourage a
systematic look at how food is produced, distributed, and consumed at the local level. The
group launched a project to assist cities and counties to form food policy councils. This
initiative will offer technical assistance, in the form of workshops and a technical assistance
team, to pass along knowledge gained in earlier, ongoing efforts in other parts of the country.
[9034]
Local Initiatives Support Corporation (April, 1996).
Outlines the purpose and aims of the Local Initiatives Support Corporation (LISC) and its
national fund, the Retail Initiative (TRI). LISC's latest strategy is to funnel corporate and
individual investments to local non-profit CDCs engaged in retail ventures.
[9035]
Low-Income Urban Grocery Gap Documented; Costs Programs Up To $1 Billion. Nutrition
Week: (May 19, 1995).
This article reports results of a study conducted jointly by Public Voice for Food and
13
Journal Articles (continued)
Health Policy and the University of Connecticut's Food Marketing Policy Center. The
study documented an unacceptable grocery store gap in low-income areas. The study
found that households with the highest percentage on public assistance had the fewest
stores and the least number of vehicles (making it more difficult for these shoppers to reach
a supermarket.)
[9036]
Magnello. Dennis Kansas City Pitches in to Recycle Outfield. Journal ofCommunity Gardening
(Vol. 7, No. 2).
Focuses on the development of a community garden jointly operated by Kansas City
Community Gardens (KCCG) and the University of Missouri Extension Service.
[9037]
Major Changes on the Horizon for Supermarket Industry. Jonessee Supermarket Food Service
Journal: (June 5. 1995).
A recent study by the International Dairy Deli Bakery Association asserts that while it is
doubtful that the supermarket industry will be wiped out. it stands to reason that there are
major changes ahead. As consumers change their buying habits, retailers must adjust the
way they do business. Notes a small threat coupled with a significant opportunity.
[9038]
Malakoff. David. Final Harvest? Community Greening Review: (1994; Vol. 4).
Discusses how the federal government's Urban Gardening Program, which served 23 of
America's poorest inner-cities, flourished -- then faltered.
[9039]
Market Outlook is Bright for Farm-Fresh Produce. Rural Enterprise: (Winter. 1987).
Discusses how growers are expanding operations and increasing profits by meeting
consumers' demand for high-quality produce and specialty crops.
[9040]
Mauldrew, Linzi. Steps in Organizing a Small Farmers' Market Strategy for Survival of Small
Farmers; Professional Agricultural Workers Conference - Proceeding, 1984, (December 8-10,1985).
Outlines steps to organizing a farmers' market which includes building support, gaining
farmers' participation and reaching the growers.
14
Journal Articles (continued)
[9041]
Merrill-Corum. Vance. California Farmers Apply Fun and Quality in Direct Marketing. Rural
Enterprise: (Fall, 1987).
Focuses on a California farmer with a pick-your-own operation and farmers* market who
pursued diversified promotions focusing on fun at the farm. The entertainment farming
program holds a loyal group of customers while successfully attracting new customers. The
farmer believes in using all forms of advertising to attract and keep customers including
newspaper ads. television spots, radio, and direct mailings. Article suggests developing a
comprehensive farm promotional strategy for any roadside stand.
[9042]
Mobley. Jane. We Will Find a Way. Corporate Report: (1986).
Examines a successful community development corporation in Kansas City. MO. The
nonprofit organization has established several businesses in the inner-city including a
shopping center. Provides background on the development of the community development
corporation and its director, Don Maxwell.
[9043]
Myers. Claudia. What's Ahead for Farmers* Markets? Small Farm News: (March/April 1991).
Discusses California's certified farmers' markets (CFMs) and changes in funding and
regulations that may affect the future of the markets. Describes the history of the CFMs.
benefits to growers (i.e. direct marketing), and benefits to consumers (i.e., fresh produce.
price savings).
[9044]
New Coalition Proposes to Recast Farm Policy Around Community Food Security. Nutrition Week:
(January 27, 1995).
Article provides background information on the rationale, importance and key provisions
of the Community Food Security Act.
[9045]
New Farmers' Market Planned for Atlanta's Auburn Avenue, Rural Enterprise: (Fall, 1988).
Focuses on the 1990 opening of the Georgia Market Center in Atlanta. The complex will
include a group of enclosed and open air markets that provides retailing opportunities for
farmers, merchants, grocers, artist, crafts people, food service, antique dealers and
community groups. Also cites the economic benefits the proposed market will provide.
[9046]
New States Are Shut Out of Farmers' Market Program. Nutrition Week: (January 19, 1996).
This article reports that the lack of increased Federal funding for the Farmers' vlarket
Nutrition Program in 1996 will adversely affect program expansion and replication.
15
Journal Articles (continued)
Therefore, states wishing to join the program will not be able to participate in it.
[9047]
Noller. John and Ratchford. C.B. Essential Elements of Managing a Food Cooperative. University
of Missouri-Columbia Extension Division. University of Missouri and Lincoln University.
Columbia. MO.
Looks at the challenges a food cooperative must effectively meet in order to survive.
Several levels of management are discussed along with various ways to effectively handle
common tasks. Importance and methods of planning and monitoring, organizing and
leading, and coordinating were also discussed.
[9048]
Peck. Kathleen (and others). Popularity Has Spawned Diversity and Rules at Certified Farmers'
Markets. California Agriculture, 47(2): (March-April 1993).
Although farmers' markets have become an established part of many California
communities, an undercurrent of dissatisfaction has been expressed by some small and/or
seasonal growers who feel excluded from farmers' markets due to a combination of factors
such as fees, rules and regulations, reservations and competition from larger, more
diversified growers. This article reports on a survey, conducted in the summer of 1992.
which was designed to identify factors restricting and encouraging mini-farmer
participation in farmers' markets.
[9049]
Rabinovich. Sophian. Long Term Lease Protection. Journal ofCommunity Gardening: (Summer
1985).
Focuses on the development of a policy for long-term open space leasing by New York City
Department of General Services Green Thumb, the City's Division of Real Property and the
Trust for Public Land in New York City. The leasing program will help to secure successful
community gardening projects. An outline of the long- term leasing policy is provided.
[9050]
Ratchford, C.B., Noller, J., & Mahfood, B. Introduction to Consumer Food Cooperatives.
University ofMissouri-Columbia Extension Division. University of Missouri and Lincoln University.
Columbia, MO. (March. 1981).
Focuses on the National Consumer Cooperative Bank and proposal to make available loan
capital to establish food cooperatives. Article describes cooperatives and different types of
food cooperatives, how to incorporate, important issues to consider when starting and
organizing a cooperative.
16
Journal Articles (continued)
[9051]
Roseman. J.I. Massachusetts Sponsors the First Statewide Farmers' Market Coupon Program for
Elders. Journal ofNutritionfor the Elderly■: (1989; Vol. 9-2).
The Executive Office of Elder Affairs and the Department of Food and Agriculture in
Massachusetts sponsored the first statewide Farmers' Market Coupon Program for elders in
the summer of 1988. This innovative program provided fresh fruits and vegetables to over
nine thousand elders across the Commonwealth. Coupons were targeted towards low-income
elders by thirteen local nutrition projects. Special nutrition education materials were
designed to enhance the program.
[9052]
Schantz. Faith. Grass Roots: A Sense of Communit} Grows with Collective Gardening. The
Neighborhood Works Journal: (February/March 1994).
Discusses an example of a community food garden, an alternative to supermarkets in
providing food access.
[9053]
Schiferl, E.A. and Boynton. R.D. A Comparative Performance Analysis of New Wave Food
Cooperatives and Private Food Stores. The Journal ofConsumer Affairs: (Winter, 1983).
Study tries to determine what new storefront food cooperatives offer their patrons, relative
to private grocery stores. Identifies a new kind of food cooperative shopper, the minor user.
Price was the most important store choice criterion for this consumer.
[9054]
Schrieber. Patricia. Making Philadelphia Green. Journal of Community Gardening: (Summer
1986).
Philadelphia Green is the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society's community outreach
horticultural program that works with organized blocks in the city's low and moderate
income neighborhoods to plan and implement greening projects.
[9055]
Shelby. N.C. Revives Uptown With Indoor Farmers' Market. Rural Enterprise: (Summer 1987).
Focuses on the development of a city-owned, year-round indoor farmers' market located in
Shelby, North Carolina. The Shelby Economic Development Commission recognized the
farmers' market as a potential economic opportunity. The commission informed local
farmers of the availability of a market for their products and offered a special arrangement
for farmers who were selling produce at a farmers' market on the county fairgrounds to
consolidate at the uptown site.
17
Journal Articles (continued)
[9056]
Smith. Doug. Creating a Lively Splash \mid the Towers. Charlotte Observer: (November 13.
1994).
This article discusses a vision developed by Project for Public Spaces/Public Market
Collaborative. The vision was for a public market with food, crafts, and lively people-oriented
public spaces in Uptown Charlotte. North Carolina.
[9057]
Sommer. R. More Than Cheap Cheese: The Food Co-op Movement in the United States. Research
in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change: (1984; Vol. 7).
Food cooperatives are organizations associated with the consumer cooperative movement
intended to lower prices, raise consciousness on food and nutrition issues, and increase
consumer control in the marketplace. The three main types of food co-ops (buying clubs,
participator} co-ops. and supermarket co-ops) are identified and discussed with refe;.nce to
both internal dynamics and external constraints. The survival and expansion of food
cooperatives are linked to increased government assistance and merger or affiliation with
organizations .vith whom there is ideological affinity.
[9058]
Sommer. R.: Becker. F.; John. W.; and Warholic. J. Customer Characteristics and Attitudes at
Participatory and Supermarket Cooperatives. The Journal of Consumer Affairs: (1983: Vol. 17. No.
1).
Reports on a study which investigated the characteristics and motives of food co-op shoppers
at large supermarket cooperatives with paid staff and a full product range and small
participatory co-ops with volunteer workers and selective merchandising policies. Customer
counts and interviews were conducted at participator)' and supermarket co-ops and nearby
commercial supermarkets in Northern California and in New York State. Results contrast
customers at participator)' and supermarket co-ops and nearby commercial supermarkets.
The implications of the different customer populations and motives for the future of food co-ops
are discussed.
[9059]
Sommer. R.; John, W.E.; and Tyburczy, J. (1981) Motivation of Food Cooperative Members:
Reply to Curhan and Wertheim. Journal ofRetailing: (Winter, 1981).
Article takes issue with Curhan and Wertheim's conclusion that the major source of
motivation for co-op members is involvement in primary group relationships. Authors
believe this conclusion is at variance with other studies of food co-ops that show price
savings to be the primary motivator. The authors underscore the importance of economic
motivation among co-op members.
18
Journal Articles (continued)
(9060]
Sommer. Robert. Price Savings to Consumers at Farmers" Marker; The Journal of Consumer
Affairs.'(Winter 1980).
Study determines the price savings to be realized b> consumers shopp'n" at 15 certified
farmers* markets in California during the summer and fall of 1979 Substantial savings were
found compared to local supermarket prices and the c pp<. ired in cities of different
sizes and during different seasons of the year.
[9061]
Special Report: The Inner-City Supermarket - Opportunities and Obstacles. News & Views,
American Planning Association. (April 1996).
This article offers an insightful examination of the impediments to inner-city supermarket
development and how they can be addressed. Some of the barriers cited are: (1) flight of
urban grocery marketers to the suburbs; and (2) prevalence of high-priced convenience
stores and small mom-and-pop grocery stores in low-income areas.
[9062]
Stegelin. Forrest E. Using Sense Appeal in Direct Marketing. Rural Enterprise
(1989; Vol.3. No. 3).
States that the most basic of the senses to be applied in direct marketing is common sense.
[9063]
Stegelin, Forrest and Williamson. Lionel. Cooperative Food Buying Organizations, The Farmers
C ooperathi Yardstick.
Article describes the advantages and disadvantages of food buying clubs and food
cooperatives.
[9064]
Stock Sales Help Finance Market in James City, VA. Rural Enterprise: (Fall 1988).
The James City County Farmers Market in Toana. Virginia, is one of the first cooperatively-owned
farmers* markets in the nation. Community support, particularly county government
funding, has been critical to the success of the farmers" market, established in 1988. More
than 40 vegetables and 25 fruit and nut crops are locally grown and sold through the market.
[9065]
Successful Urban Center Supermarkets - How Do They Do It? Economic Development Division
News & Views: (April 1996).
Community Development Corporations (CDCs) and supermarkets are emerging as natural
partners in getting stores built in the inner city. Over the last ten years, they have been
working together increasingly to build stores in densely populated, underserved areas
throughout the country.
19
Journal Articles (continued)
[9066]
Supermarkets in the Year 2000: Fresh Food Marts with Services. Rural Enterprise: (Winter 1992).
Indicates that as consumers become more health-conscious, fresh food departments are
expected to expand resulting in shrinking meat and dairy sales.
[9067]
Texas Expands Programs on Rural Diversification. Rural Enterprise: (Summer. 1987).
Farmers' markets are an important part of the Texas Department of Agriculture's (TDA)
rural diversification program. Farmers are selling fresh fruits and vegetables directly to
consumers at the state's 58 farmers' markets. By the end of 1987. the TDA officials were
expected to have developed 70 farmers' markets in the state.
[9068]
Torrence. Nancy. How Lynchburg. Virginia Renewed Its Farmers' Market. Rural Ent '-prise: (1989;
Vol. 3. No. 3).'
A craftsman and farmer has sold produce at Lynchburg's Community Market in Virginia
since the early 1930s. Since the market's renovation in 1985. he has been selling something
other than produce at the market: hand-carved cars and musical instruments.
[9069]
Traub. James. The Political Supermarket. The New Yorker: (May 29. 1995).
Notes that when a grocery chain offered to open a store in an area of Harlem that was devoid
of major businesses, the politicians became involved. Examines the decision by the
Pathmark grocery chain, which has made a business out of operating stores in the inner city,
to develop a large store at 125th Street and Lexington Avenue.
[9070]
Urban Agriculture Can Reduce Hunger. Poverty. Nutrition Week: (May 21. 1993).
Urban agriculture is a powerful and sustainable tool for reducing hunger and poverty by
providing the poor with the capacity to feed themselves and to generate income.
[9071]
Zimmerman. Stephanie and Robin Fields. Food Store Survey Finds Poor Pay More.
A contrast in grocery stores shows that those who can least afford it often pay the most for
food.
20
Annotated Bibliography
REPORTS
[5001]
Anderson, Jim: Bragg. Errol R.; Morris. James N.; Smoley, Raymond A. Regional Farmers' Market
A Marketing and Design Study Conducted for Springfield and Columbia, MO. USDA Agricultural
Marketing Service, Washington, DC. 1995. (13 pp.)
Reports results of an empirical analysis which indicated a need for additional farmers'
market facilities, particularly in the Columbia and Springfield areas. A two-phased design
effort for a new farmers' market is also proposed. Study demonstrates that the support of the
buying public, the small farmer and the cooperation of local government are essential if the
benefits of farmers' markets are to be realized.
[5002]
Annual Report. City ofHartford Connecticut Advisory C 'ommission on Food Policy. The Hartford
Food System. Hartford. CT. October. 1995. (5 pp.)
Summarizes activities of the Hartford Food Policy Commission implemented during the
1994-95 program year. Activities summarized include school nutrition programs.
supermarket development and advocacy. Appendices include a copy of the city's 1995
hungei eport and a sample advocacy letter.
[5003]
Ashman. Linda; de la Vega. Jaime: Dohan. Marc; Fisher. Andy; Gottlieb, Robert; Hippler. Rosa:
Romain. Billi: and Sinsheimer. Peter. Seeds ofChange: Strategies for Food Security for the Inner
City. Southern California Interfaith Coalition. Los Angeles. CA. 1993. (379 pp.)
A comprehensive examination of the need for a systematic, integrated and coordinated food
policy paradigm for providing direction to long term structural solutions to the city's current
food crisis. The report is organized into five sections: (1) food security at the national level,
including hunger and nutrition issues; (2) an overview of the food industry with special
attention to the role of supermarket chains; (3) a case study of residents and their daily food
issues in an area of South Central Los Angeles; (4) strategies for change in the food system,
including urban agriculture, farmers' markets and new transportation initiatives; and (5) a
new policy framework for food issues. The report grew out of concerns over food security
disparities which were brought to the forefront of public attention during the local civil
disturbances of 1992.
[5004]
Awareness and Image of Business Cooperatives: A Survey of the American Public. The Gallup
Organization. Princeton, NJ. July, 1994. (23 pp.)
Reports results of a national Gallup telephone survey which investigated the American
public's awareness of and attitudes toward business cooperatives. A key finding related to
food access was that two-thirds of those surveyed indicated they would be either somewhat
or much more likely to purchase food products from cooperatives. Narrative is accompanied
21
Reports (continued)
by charts and graphs which illustrate selected findings.
[5005]
Becker. Geoffrey S. Food Marketing in the Inner City: Trends and Options. CRS Report for
Congress. Library of Congress. Washington, DC. September 24, 1992. (6 pp.)
Becker provides an overview of the long-term migration of supermarkets from the inner
cities to the suburbs and gives examples of recent industry developments which suggest that
a few supermarkets are returning to the inner city. A wide range of public policy options
used to develop supermarkets and other food access strategies in the inner city are briefly
delineated. These include joint ventures, site acquisition assistance, technical assistance,
transportation services for residents and farmers' markets.
[5006]
Brown. Allison. Extension Urban Gardening: The 16 Cities Experience. (6 pp.)
The author, a National 4-H intern, describes her evaluation of the largest and most innovative
community gardening initiative ever undertaken by the Cooperative Extension Service. The
evaluation examined activities of the Cooperative Extension Service in the development of
community gardens and their possible effects on participating project sites. The author
suggests that community gardening can play an important role in urban-based self-sufficiency.
Note: Study's reliability and validity are questioned and document does not
contain full report.
[5007]
Brown, E. Evan; Burnette, William D.; and Thompson, Jack C. Reducing Food Costs With
cooperatives. University of Georgia College of Agriculture Experiment Stations, Research Report
No. 411, Athens, GA. December, 1982. (17 pp.)
Explores cooperative-type retail food stores and their role in the food distribution system,
with particular emphasis on the potential of food cooperatives to reduce food costs to
members. A basic assumption of the study was that while retail grocery firms tend to
provide the variety of goods and services preferred by the majority of their patrons,
consumer services cost more than some customers want or wish to pay for. Consequently,
the study sought to determine the potential of food cooperatives to reduce the basic costs
of food by offering a limited variety of goods and substantially restricted services.
22
Reports (continued)
[5008]
Burnstein, Emily; Lynch, Lori; and Sommer, Robert. Economic Impact of California's Consumer
Cooperatives.. University of California (Davis), Center for Consumer Research. 1986. (72 pp.)
Presents an analysis of the 1985 economic activity of California consumer cooperatives.
Five major areas of cooperative activity are highlighted: food (stores and buying clubs);
finance (credit unions); housing cooperatives; child care (preschool and babysitting
cooperatives); and funeral societies. The chapter on food cooperatives emphasizes both
computerized and non-computerized buying clubs. The authors note that while non-computerized
buying clubs in California tend to generate less economic activity per
household compared to computerized buying clubs, the latter are not necessarily seen as
the wave of the future for the food co-op.
[5009)
Cotterill, Ronald W. and Franklin. Andrew W. The Urban Grocery Store Gap. Food Marketing
Policy Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT. April, 1995. (76 pp.)
This Food Marketing Policy Issue Paper addresses the paucity of supermarkets in inner-city
neighborhoods of America's largest cities. Report documents the existence of an
"urban grocery store gap" based on zip code level demographic analyses (from 1990
Population Census data) and a complete census of all supermarkets in the nation's 21
largest metropolitan areas.
[5010]
Dahlberg. Kenneth A. Report and Recommendation on the Knoxville, Tennessee Food System.
Western Michigan University, Department of Political Science. Kalamazoo, MI. October, 1992.
(15 pp.)
The first of a series of four reports on the challenges and potential of food policy councils,
written as part of a program of work supported by the National Science Foundation. The
author, currently project director of the Local Food System Project (LSFP), provides an
incisive portrait of the Knoxville Food Policy Council's inception, structure, operation and
major accomplishments. Additional information includes existing and future challenges
as well as recommendations followed by a brief summary and conclusions statement. The
three remaining reports which constitute this series describe food policy councils in St.
Paul (Minnesota), Onondaga County (New York) and Philadelphia (Pennsylvania).
[5011]
Dahlberg, Kenneth A. Report and Recommendations on the Saint Paul, Minnesota Food System.
Western Michigan University, Department of Political Science. Kalamazoo, MI. March, 1993a.
(17 pp.)
The second of a series of four reports on the challenges and potential of food policy
councils, written as part of a program of work supported by the National Science
Foundation.
23
Reports (continued)
[5012]
Dahlberg, Kenneth A. Report and Recommendations on the Onondaga County, New York Food
System. Western Michigan University, Department of Political Science. Kalamazoo, MI.
September, 1993a. (17 pp.)
The third of a series of four reports addressing food policy councils.
[5013]
Dahlberg, Kenneth A. Report and Recommendations on the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Food
System. Western Michigan University. Department of Political Science. Kalamazoo, MI. January,
1995. (17 pp.)
The fourth of a series of four reports on the challenges and potential of food policy
councils, written under the auspices of the National Science Foundation.
[5014]
Dahlberg. Kenneth A. and Jon O'Donnell. Program Report on the Local Food Systems Project.
(2 pp.)
Provides an overview of the Local Food System Project (LFSP). a three-year initiative
funded by the W.K. Kellogg Foundation which seeks to strengthen local food systems by
developing food policy structures. Six policy development sites were chosen to receive
technical assistance in making structural changes in their food system through the
formation of food policy formats (policy councils, task forces, networks, etc.) rather than
short term responses to food system problems. Information is also included on how to
contact the authors, who are also project team leaders.
[5015]
Evans, Ann M.; Lytle, Alice Al; and Spohn, Richard B. How to Form a Pre-Order Co-op.
California Department of Consumer Affairs, Cooperative Development Program. Sacramento,
CA. 1982. (49 pp.)
This publication describes a step-by-step approach to organizing and sustaining a pre-order
cooperative in California. Document is targeted to consumer groups wishing to form or
expand a pre-order co-op; public or private agencies that receive requests fin information
on all types of food co-ops; and individuals who are professionally involved m i '-operative
development, but lack previous exposure to the cooperative method of purchasing food.
Laying the groundwork is initially discussed, followed by practical information on
organizing, operating and continuing a pre-order cooperative. Appendices include lists of
technical assistance providers, suggested periodicals, books and additional publications of
interest.
24
Reports (continued)
[5016]
Fisher, Andrew and Gottlieb, Robert. Homeward Bound: Food-Related Transportation Strategies
in Low Income and Transit-Dependent Communities. Los Angeles, CA: The UCLA Pollution
Prevention Education and Research Center and the Community Food Security Coalition, 1996.
(77 pp.)
The first comprehensive examination of the relationship between food access and transit
dependency in low-income communities. The study provides: (1) a broad review of
research on food access deficiencies, its health and nutritional implications; (2) an analysis
of policy initiatives related to food access transportation programs; (3) case studies of 15
innovative food access-related transportations programs; (4) several models for improving
food access; (5) an examination of the supermarket industry's response to food access
problems; and (6) policy recommendations.
[5017]
A Food System That Serves All Citizens: A Values Frameworkfor Minnesota State Food Policy.
Minnesota Food Forum Citizens' Panel. Minnesota Food Association. St. Paul, MN. January,
1995.
Reports the results of the Minnesota Food Forum organized in the summer of 1993 to
develop a comprehensive, future-oriented food and agriculture policy which reflects the
wide range of community needs and interests in Minnesota and provides an effective
agenda for action.
[5018]
Food Marketing Institute. Joint Venture in the Inner City - Supermarkets General Corporation
and New Community Corporation. (11 pp.)
Offers an informative case study description of the Pathmark/New Community Corporation
(NCC) partnership. Using NCC as a model, the Food Marketing Institute outlines factors
which make community development corporations (CDCs) excellent partners for inner-city
supermarket development. Sources of information on supermarket/CDC partnerships are
also presented.
[5019]
Food Marketing Alternatives For The Inner City - A Guide to Community-Based Solutions for
Urban Food Problems. Community Nutrition Institute. The Consumer Division. Washington,
DC. 1982. (89 pp.)
An informative, "how-to" manual designed to inform and instruct community- based
organizations on developing community-based solutions or strategies to address urban food
access. A grounding in food access problems is initially provided followed by a
framework for assessing how and what food access solutions might work in a consumer's
community. A case study approach is used to describe a number of exemplary food
access-related initiatives encompassing joint venture supermarkets, supermarket
25
Reports (continued)
cooperatives, farmers' markets, food buying clubs and comprehensive strategies.
[5020]
Frohardt, Katherine Elsom. Case Studies of Entrepreneurial Community Greening Projects.
American Community Gardening Association. February, 1993. (13 pp.)
Examines five programs that are operated by nonprofit organizations. These programs
demonstrate a range of possibilities for linking inner-city plant production with
employment and revenue generation. As the author makes clear, these programs have
achieved modest but impressive success in generating inner-city jobs. Although the
programs struggle to be self-supporting, and depend to some extent on government and
philanthropic funding, each one demonstrates an exciting potential for urban agriculture
to make a difference in the lives of inner-city youth and adults.
[5021]
Future of Public Markets in Philadelphia. David O'Neil. Project of Public Spaces, Inc. / Public
Market Collaborative. New York, NY. 1996. (40 pp.)
Report presents a compelling picture of how and why neighborhood public markets work
in Philadelphia and recommends appropriate actions the city should take to sustain existing
markets and advance the future development potential of new ones. The study
methodology included an analysis of four neighborhood public markets; a market interest
survey of community groups; an investigation of markets in other cities as potential models
for Philadelphia; and a comparative analysis of covered market sheds in Richmond (VA)
and Toledo (OH). A series of policy and program recommendations are made including
an implementation strategy for a proposed Philadelphia Neighborhood Public Market
Program. Appendices include neighborhood public market user survey results,
comparative market demographics and the detailed proposed implementation strategy.
[5022]
Grove Arcade Public Market Foundation. The Grove Arcade Public Market Foundation - New
Life for the Historic Grove Arcade, 1995. (8 pp.)
Presents the case for support for the Grove Arcade Public Market, a $1.3 million campaign
which seeks to transform downtown Asheville, North Carolina's largest historic building
into a public market which will facilitate food distribution, encourage entrepreneurial
development, create new employment opportunities, stimulate community revitalization
and promote rural development. Funds were sought for the project's lease-up phase, after
which it is anticipated to become operationally self-sufficient.
[5023]
How to Organize a Cooperative. National Cooperative Business Association. Washington, DC.
1987. (47 pp.)
A useful guide to the process of organizing and financing a cooperative form of business.
26
Reports (continued)
A cooperative business is initially defined followed by a description of suggested steps to
start a cooperative which usually begins with a small group of individuals discussing a
compelling problem or need and developing an idea of how to solve it. General rules for
success are cited which include effective use of advisors and committees, keeping members
informed and involved, maintaining proper board management relations, following sound
business practices and forging links with other cooperatives.
[5024]
Koralek, Robin D. Conference on Access to Food, September 18-19, 1995; Report of the
Proceedings. Silver Spring, MD: KRA Corporation. November 1996. (15 pp.)
Describes activities conducted during the U.S. Department of Agriculture/Food and
Nutrition Service's first national conference on food access. The conference addressed
issues of access to food in urban rural underserved areas and provided a forum for
discussing successful strategics for increasing access to food through the development of
full-line, affordable food stores and alternative means such as food cooperatives, urban
agriculture, farmers' markets, public markets, small and moderate independent stores and
transportation options. The plenary sessions and the series of concurrent workshops
during which these and related topics were discussed are addressed.
[5025]
Linneman, Robert E.; Kirschiling, Patrick; and Kocherperger, Richard. Home Delivery: Are There
Solid Gains Or Are Payoffs Yet to Come? St. Joseph's University. Philadelphia, PA. 1995. (14
PP)
This report highlights analytical results of a study of home delivery issues, trends and
opportunities based upon secondary data sources, a census of selected supermarket
operators, a survey of consumer households and personal interviews with supermarket
operators, third-party providers, consultants and other industry experts. Utilization of
home delivery services by small and large supermarkets is described and attitudes of
shoppers toward home delivery are outlined. Report concludes with "lessons learned" and
implications for the future of home shopping.
[5026]
Mongelli, Robert C. Proposed Farmers' Marketfor Northern Kentucky. July, 1991. (88 pp.)
This report, based primarily on secondary sources, reports the findings of a study by the
Agricultural Marketing Service which assessed the feasibility of establishing a regional
fanners' market which would serve an eight-county area in northern Kentucky.
[5027]
Morris, Patricia McGrath. Gaining Ground: A Food Policy Agenda For the Rural Poor. Public
Voice for Food and Health Policy. Washington, DC. 1989. (56 pp.)
An insightful examination of several program and policy options designed to assist the
27
Reports (continued)
rural poor in gaining fair and equitable access to food. Three community food access
program initiatives are highlighted: SHARE, the Farmers' Market Nutrition Program and
Food Policy Councils. A number of national food policy options are recommended. These
include improving access to competitively priced and quality food markets, expanded
support of direct marketing of farm produce and improving access to Federal assistance
programs.
[5028]
Morris, Patricia McGrath. Higher Prices, Fewer Choices: Shopping for Food in Rural America.
Public Voice for Food and Health Policy. Washington, DC. 1990. (63 pp.)
This study reports the results of a nationwide examination of the rural poor's access to an
affordable and nutritious food supply. The study specifically measures (a) the cost and
availability of food in persistently poor regions of rural America and (b) access to
supermarkets in rural areas. The study calls for improved food stamp participation in rural
America and rural development initiatives designed to strengthen small/medium food
markets.
[5029]
New Competitor or New Frontier? MasterCard International. 1996. (19 pp.)
A special research report which explores why people shop for and purchase items over the
Internet and the barriers needed to be overcome to encourage more widespread commerce
over it. The study, which has implications for the future of retailing, also examines the
potential threat that the Internet or PC-based shopping could pose to traditional retailers.
Note: Document only contains sections of the full report related to electronic grocery
shopping.
[5030]
O'Connor, James J. and Abell, Barbara. Successful Supermarkets in Low-Income Inner Cities.
O'Connor - Abell, Inc. Arlington, VA. August 15, 1992. (61 pp.)
This study describes 14 supermarkets in 10 cities, selected from a nationwide group of 250
supermarkets identified as successfully doing business in large city, low-income areas.
The results of the study show that there are some thriving supermarkets within large city
low-income areas. The study offers documented evidence that the normal channels of
retail food trade - modern supermarkets - can serve to meet the evident need for better
access to quality food by many residents of the inner cities.
[5031]
Pelsue, Neil H. Consumers at Farmers' Markets and Roadside Stands in Vermont. University of
Vermont Agriculture Experiment Station,, Research Report No. 41. October, 1984. (19 pp.)
The author, an agricultural economist, reports on the characteristics, attitudes and opinions
of consumers at fanners' markets and vegetable roadside stands in Vermont. His study
28
Reports (continued)
builds and expands upon previous work he has reported on in prior publications. Chi-square
analysis is used to determine significant variations in customer responses that might
be helpful to operators of farmers' markets as they develop merchandising and advertising
strategies.
[5032]
The Poor Pay More: Food Shopping in Hartford. Citizens' Research Education Network,
Hartford Food System, Church of the Good Shephard, Department of Agricultural Economics,
University of Connecticut. Hartford, CT. 1984.
This reports highlights the results of a survey of 44 grocery stores in the Greater Hartford
area which explored two areas of inquiry: (1) whether the least expensive food was more
easily available to suburban residents than to less affluent or less mobile residents; and (2)
whether those who can least afford it p^y the highest prices for food. The authors had
hypothesized that those least able to afford it pay more for their groceries because they
have the least access to suburban stores which offer lower prices. This hypothesis was
validated Creative alternatives such as food cooperatives and buying clubs are
recommended in addition to increased efforts of independently-owned Hartford stores to
charge reasonable prices for food.
[5033]
The Poor Pay More...For Less. New York City Department of Consumer Affairs. Advocacy
Division, New York City, NY. April, 1991. (43 pp.)
Study explores disparities in food costs and grocery shopping options in New York City
neighborhoods. The focus of the study is whether poor people in New York City pay more
than those who live in middle-class areas and if so, how much more and what can be done
about it. Appendices include price comparisons of supermarkets in poor neighborhoods
and affluent areas, summary comments of community activists on grocery shopping in low-income
neighborhoods and remarks of grocery store executives on serving low-income
communities.
[5034]
Program Impact Report for the 1995 WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program. National
Association of Farmers' Market Nutrition Programs. Washington, DC. April, 1996. (10 pp.)
The third of a series of three annual summary reports on the WIC Farmers' Market
Nutrition Program. This report describes the continuing success of the FMNP based on
growth indicators and participant survey data. By 1995, FMNP had grown to 26 states,
plus three Indian Tribal Organizations and the District of Columbia. These 30 programs
issued coupons to 1,020,696 recipients which were redeemed by 8,047 farmers at 1,143
farmers' markets. The report also notes that by late 1995, FMNP programs were in
development stages in at least six additional states.
29
Reports (continued)
[5035]
Report on the 1994 WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program. National Association of Farmers'
Market Nutrition Programs. Washington, DC. March, 1995. (9 pp.)
The second of a series of three annual summary reports on the WIC Farmers' Market
Nutrition Program. During 1994, FMNP coupons were provided to 820,000 nutritionally
at-risk recipients. These coupons were redeemed for fresh produce at 931 participating
farmers' markets which comprised 6,615 farmers. FMNP grew from 11 states in 1993 to
26 in 1994 and was expected to expand to 30 programs in 1995. 1994 FMNP participant
survey findings are also presented. These findings quantitatively show the impact the
program is having on WIC recipients and participating farmers.
[5036]
Richey. Herschel L. Virginia Park Community Shopping Plaza: A Brief History of Project. July
1996.
Describes the history and growth of the Farmer Jack-anchored and Detroit-based Virginia
Park Shopping Center, owned and operated by the Virginia Park Community Investment
Associates.
[5037]
Seyfang. Blanchard; Duket, Porter and Public Market Collaborative in Cooperation with the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service. Toledo Fresh Food Public Market,
A Feasibility Study for Toledo City Parks City of Toledo Department of Natural Resources.
December. 1993. (54 pp.)
This report assessed the market, design, and economic feasibility of operating the former
Toledo Civic Auditorium at 237 South Erie Street, about a half mile south of downtown
in the Warehouse District, as a year-round fresh food market.
[5038]
Stegelin. Forrest. Determining Commercial Production and Marketing Opportunities for Northern
Kentucky Farmers: A Feasibility Study of a Regional Farmers' Market. University of Kentucky
Agricultural Experiment Station. Staff Paper No. 245. June, 1988. (25 pp.)
The author argues that an economic need exists in Northern Kentucky for a regional
farmers' market that would serve an eight-county area. Comparative advantages (i.e.,
population characteristics, transportation accessibility, potential combination of retail,
wholesale and food service marketing activities and consumer demand) are emphasized;
current and possible alternatives are assessed as well. Tables itemizing the farmers'
market projected costs and annual income accompany the narrative.
30
i
Reports (continued)
[5039]
Super-Marketing, The Impact ofNew Supermarket Development on Existing Retail Stores in Sew
York City Neighborhoods. Community Food Resource Center, Inc. (August, 1992).
The Community Food Resource Center (CFRC) is a non-profit organization whose work
focuses on expanding access to food, especially nutritious food at reasonable cost for all New
Yorkers, but particularly for low-income residents. Discusses underlying and relevant issues.
[5040]
Sustainable food Center. Access Denied: An Analysis of Problems Facing East Austin Residents
in Their Attempt to obtain Affordable, Nutritious Food. March, 1995. (21 pp.)
Examines food access disparities in East Austin, one of the most impoverished sections of
Travis County, Texas. The study found systemic and structural barriers, which combined
with poverty, prevent low-income families from regularly accessing affordable, nutritious
food. The report is intended to provide a useful blueprint for Central Texas and other
communities across the country striving to develop more secure and sustainable food
systems.
[5041]
Troutt, David Dante. The Thin Red Line: How the Poor Still Pay More. Oakland, CA: Consumers
Union of the United States, Inc., West Coast Office, Oakland, CA. June, 1993. (88 pp.)
Study focuses on the importance of improving the consumer infrastructure in low- income
neighborhoods. Where low- income consumers go for their basic needs are described as
well as how they get there and what they pay relative to middle income households in the
same city. Gross disparities between low and middle-income areas in Los Angeles and
Oakland are highlighted across five basic needs: neighborhood goods and services, food,
housing, health care, and banking and credit services.
[5042]
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service. (February, 1997). Food Retailers
in the Food Stamp Program: Characteristics and Service to Program Participants. Calverton,
MD: Lynn Daft, Katherine Hoffman, Theodore F. Macaluso, and Richard E. Mantovani.
This report indicates that proximity to supermarkets and large groceries that sell a wide
range of reasonably-priced food is about the same for the population in poverty as the
general population. The study finds that in most parts of the country, the low-income
population can find supermarkets and large groceries that stock a wide selection of food
that meets the quality standards at reasonable prices. Other kinds of stores fill market
niches when needed. Findings are based on analyses of a market basket of foods from a
nationally representative sample of almost 2,400 retailers authorized by the FSP. In
addition, the complete national listing of all 200,000 food retailers authorized by the FSP
was analyzed by location.
31
Reports (continued)
A number of observers have focused on access to food in poor urban neighborhoods. The
study finds that the number of supermarkets and large grocery stores is slightly lower in
high-poverty urban areas than in other urban areas and supermarkets offer fewer full-service
departments or nonfood product lines. This study shows that there appears to be
little effect on the cost, selection or quality of food. It also indicates that the mix of stores
in high-poverty urban areas is characterized by an extraordinarily high abundance of small
groceries with less variety and higher prices than supermarkets. However, supermarkets
exist in those same high-poverty urban areas and. based on actual food stamp redemption
data, food stamp participants spend the vast bulk of their benefits at supermarkets and the
prices they pay to purchase a market basket are comparable to prices at supermarkets in
low-poverty urban areas.
An additional concern has been access to food in rural areas. About 40 percent of the rural
population reside in localities without supermarkets or large groceries. However, this
appears to reflect the economics of food retailing and there are few differences between
high-poverty and low-poverty rural areas in either the cost or availability of food.
[5043]
Weinberg, Zy. No Place to Shop: Challenges and Opportunities Facing the Development of
Supermarkets in Urban America. Public Voice for Food and Health Policy. Washington. DC.
1996.
The author. Director of Public Voice for Food and Health Policy's Inner City Food Access
Program, examines the need, advantages and opportunities for supermarkets in
underserved areas and describes factors that have discouraged inner-city supermarket
development. In Chapters 1 and 2, Weinberg assesses the extent of the supermarket access
problem nationwide and outlines the complexities of inner-city supermarket development.
Chapters 3 and 4 outline inner-city store operations and community as well as consumer
issues that affect a supermarket. Two final chapters summarize conclusions and offer
recommendations that can enhance access to supermarkets and increase their availability
in inner-city areas. Appendices contain a list of local, regional and national experts who
provided information for and direction to the study and a list of selected bibliographic
citations.
[5044]
Weinberg, Zy. No Place to Shop: The Lack of Supermarkets in Low-Income Neighborhoods.
Public Voice for Food and Health Policy. Washington, DC. (7 pp.)
Report presents an analysis of data complied by the University of Connecticut's Food
Marketing Center which shows that inner city residents have more restricted options,
including fewer stores, less shopping space, and more limited opportunities to shop
elsewhere.
32
Reports (continued)
[5045]
WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program: Report to Congress. Food and Nutrition Service.
United States Department of Agriculture. Washington, DC. June, 1994. (14 pp.)
The first of a series of three annual summary reports on the WIC Farmers' Market
Nutrition Program (FMNP). As required by Public Law 102-314, each report provides
information on the number and type of recipients served, the number of authorized farmers
and farmers' markets that participated in the FMNP and the effects of the program on the
use of farmers' markets and other related information. FMNP projects are designed to:
(1) provide fresh, nutritious, unprepared foods (such as fruits and vegetables) from
farmers' markets to persons at nutritional risk; and (2) expand the awareness and use of
farmers' markets. During 1993, an estimated 341,00 individuals, 4,600 farmers and 668
farmers' markets participated in the FMNP, which encompassed 11 states.
33
Annotated Bibliography
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
[7001]
Allen, J. Linn. Inner-City Food Stores Plans Goal. Chicago Tribune, September 22. 1994.
The group. Local Initiatives Support Corporation, is attempting to team up supermarket
companies with community development corporations (CDCs.) CDCs are grassroots
organizations whose role in inner-city development has been expanding over the last 20
years.
[7002]
Britt, Donna. These Teens Growing Food For Thought. The Washington Post. August 26. 1994.
A student-owned-and-operated business tills an overgrown patch of land planting vegetables
and herbs for distribution to the needy.
[7003]
Diesenhouse. Susan. As Suburbs Slow, Supermarkets Return to Cities. New York Times. June 27.
1996.
Describes examples of cities where supermarket chains are now building or have recently
opened large new stores in inner-city neighborhoods. Cities noted are Austin, Atlanta.
Boston. Dallas. Oakland. Los Angeles. Charlotte. Cleveland. New York City and Newark.
[7004]
Doerr. Barbara. Borman's Opens Store in City. The Detroit News, March 25. 1982.
Paui Borman. President and Chief Executive Officer of Borman's Inc. opened a supermarket
which will also include other stores in a shopping center. This development was the first
neighborhood-owned shopping center in the city of Detroit.
[7005]
Elderly and Poor are Victims of Flight of the Supermarkets. The Washington Times. November 16,
1992.
This article describes the widespread departure of supermarkets from inner city
neighborhoods and this phenomenon's effect on the elderly and poor. As an example, in
Boston, 34 of 50 chain supermarkets have closed since 1970, which has caused the elderly
and poor populations to travel to inconvenient supermarkets in other neighborhoods.
[7006]
Forgey, Benjamin. America's Bullish on the Market. The Washington Post, February 24. 1996.
The decline, resurgence and popularity of public markets are described with the Reading
Terminal Market and Seattle's Pike Place Market highlighted as exemplary models. In
addition to being efficient channels for food distribution, public markets serve as catalysts
for other public activities including small business development, improved housing and
community revitalization.
34
Newspaper Articles (continued)
[7007]
Hicks. Jonathan P. Council Approves Plans For Pathmark in Queens. The Sew York Times. August
18. 1995.
The City Council approves plans to build a large Pathmark supermarket.
[7008]
Hicks. Jonathan P. Harlem Pathmark is Stalled Awaiting Word From Mayor. The New York Times.
June 23. 1995a.
Citizens expecting to benefit from the new Pathmark Store being developed in Harlem are
waiting for New York City Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani's decision as to whether he supports
or opposes the new store being built. Mr. Giuliani's delayed decision is attributed to several
issues noted in the article.
[7009]
Hicks. Jonathan P. Just Reality. Mayor Says on His Pathmark Decision. The New York Times.
August 3. 1995.
After the Mayor of New York City approved the development of a Pathmark store, in
Harlem, he puts the project on hold in response to concerns raised by Hispanic merchants.
[7010]
Hicks. Jonathan P. Pathmark's Little Neighbors Have Learned to Compete. The New York Times.
August 4. 1996.
This article suggests that the introduction of new and large supermarkets into neighborhoods
does not threaten the viability of existing food stores. This conclusion was supported by
research conducted by the New York City Planning Commission and the Community Food
Resource Center.
[7011]
Hicks. Jonathan P. Queens Store Finds Support in Council. The New York Times. July 18. 1995b.
The site of the proposed Pathmark supermarket in Springfield Gardens. Queens, has caused
some to oppose the project for the increased crime and traffic they fear it will bring. Others
see it as window for more economic development.
[7012]
Hill. Mary. Report Supports Need for Grocery. The Des Maines Register, June 15, 1995.
The scarcity of supermarkets in poor areas is called a national problem because they are
leaving the urban areas where low-income populations often don't have cars and are often
faced with inadequate public transit services to reach suburban locations. Article reports on
analyses conducted by Public Voice, for Food and Health Policy which found that the poor
in inner-cities have limited food shopping options exacerbated by low rates of automobile
ownership.
35
Newspaper Articles (continued)
[7013]
Johnson. Bill. Detroit Hungry for More Black-Owned Supermarkets. Detroit News, May 19. 1995.
The city of Detroit would like for more Blacks to develop a proposal to invest in the food
distribution business and market ownership to promote a greater awareness and
understanding among city residents of those supermarket chain operators who put their
money and lives on the line to turn a small profit.
[7014]
King. Angela G. Merchants' Land of Opportunity. USA Today. February 20. 1995.
Supermarket chains along with other merchants are leading the charge back to cities to
support more businesses.
[7015]
McLaughlin. Abraham. Grocers. Consumers Profit As Shopping Giants Return To Forgotten Inner
City. The Christian Science Monitor, October 19. 1994.
Saturation of suburban markets and new opportunities for profit are enticing many regional
chains and some national giants to consider a move to urban centers.
[7016]
Mitchell. Alison. Where Markets Are Never Super. The Sew York Times.
This article documents some of the problems one might face in attempting to eliminate
barriers to food access in urban areas. It also highlights and defines lack of food access
among poor inner-city residents.
[7017]
Nossiter. Adam. Money Saver. East Harlem Savior. The New York Times, April 30. 1995.
Owners in East Harlem worry that shoppers will be drawn away by a new $12 million
Pathmark supermarket at 125th Street and Third Avenue.
[7018]
Nossiter. Adam. Saving Money and Offering Pride: To East Harlem. More than Just Groceries at
New Pathmark. The New York Times, April 30, 1995.
Indicates tangible results of providing access to food and economic development to a
community. Interviews were conducted with East Harlem residents regarding attitudes
toward the planned Pathmark store. While overwhelming support for the new store was
found, some owners of bodegas and other Hispanic citizens were not as optimistic.
[7019]
Pagan, Antonio. Why Should New York Put Pathmark on the Dole? The New York Times, July 21,
1995.
This article highlights the following issues: 1) whether the Hispanic neighborhood gets the
36
Newspaper Articles (continued)
new megastore in Harlem; and 2) whether City Hall should subsidize big corporations and
special interests at the expense of small-and medium-sized community entrepreneurs.
[7020]
A Pathmark for Queens. The New York Times. July 18, 199c
Pathmark wants to build a store in Springfield Gardens, where people currently have to travel
to Long Island's Nassau County for more attractive grocery shopping options.
[7021]
Pina. Phillip. City Elderly. Needy Worn, Over Loss of Grocery Stores. Press & Sun Bulletin. Mav
19. 1995.
Slowly across the United States, grocery chains have abandoned inner-city customers that
include the elderly, needy and other low-income residents.
[7022]
Pisik. Betsy. Super Marketing: D.C. Residents Often Find It's Difficult to Bring Home the Bacon
(or the Eggs). The Washington Times. 1995.
Most supermarket chains are moving out of the District, causing difficulty for D.C. residents
to be able to shop for groceries in their community.
[7023]
Pressler. Margaret Webb. City Store. Suburban Giant. The Washington Post. February 19, 1996.
The Giant Food. Inc. chain has developed more stores in suburban areas in contrast to
Safeway, which has more stores in the District where it is continuing to expand. This article
describes Safeway's expansion into the District of Columbia over the past 15 years in
contrast to Giant Food's departure from the city. Since 1979. Giant has not built a single
new store in the District while Safeway has opened nine.
[7024]
Pressler. Margaret Webb. Safeway, a Pattern of Privilege on Checks. The Washington Post. March
29. 1995.
At Safeway stores, the most liberal limits on check-cashing policies in neighborhoods are
found in wealthier, predominately white neighborhoods. No stores in the poorest areas offer
shoppers the $50 cash-checking limit.
[7025]
Pressler. Margaret Webb. Shoppers Express Stocks Up on Talent. The Washington Post. October
2, 1995b.
Shoppers Express finds executive talent at some of the country's biggest corporations.
37
Newspaper Articles (continued)
[7026]
Pulley. Brett. In Store Fight, Mayor Got Tough. The New York Times, August 12. 1995.
The Mayor gives the city an ultimatum based on the decision to build the new Pathmark
supermarket in East Harlem. This article chronicles events leading up to Mayor Giuliani's
use of strong-arm tactics to close the deal to build the Pathmark store.
[7027]
Purnick. Joyce. Another Proposed Pathmark and Another Debate. July 17. 1995.
Pathmark wants to build another supermarket in Springfield Gardens, Queens (New York)
and it causes another conflict, similar to the situation of the first new Pathmark store in East
Harlem.
[7028]
Pyatt. Rudolph A. Jr. It's Time to Test Giant's Commitment to the District's Neglected
Communities. The Washington Post, September 21. 1995b.
While Giant has promised to return to neglected local communities with new and improved
supermarket stores, this article suggests that the supermarket chain is not committed to
investing more heavily in Washington, D.C. Article also points out that when supermarket
development is a strong and viable component of economic development, supermarket
chains will be discouraged from leavi" > underserved areas.
[7029]
Pyatt. Rudolph A. Jr. Models of Commitment To Feed a Neighborhood Demand. The Washington
Post. May 22. 1995.
This article provides examples and successful models of partnerships between community
development corporations and supermarket chains in various cities. Insights into the key
roles community development corporations are playing in inner-city supermarket
development are also highlighted.
[7030]
Ransom. Tara. Feeding the Urban Family. The Saginaw News, May 21. 1995.
A study of nearly 6,000 supermarkets found that (a) the number of supermarkets in poor
neighborhoods was 30 percent lower than in upper-income areas; and (b) that groceries cost
more in the inner city, where smaller stores and less variety prevail. The study, conducted
by the University of Connecticut and Public Voice for Food and Health Policy, described this
disparity as a "grocery store gap."
[7031]
Ravo, Nick. The High-Tech Way to Grocery Shop. The New York Times, April 14, 1993.
Brave new shoppers subscribe to a computer grocery service in the Chicago and San
Francisco areas ordering groceries on a personal computer (PC). Peapod. which started the
38
Newspaper Articles (continued)
service in 1990. is believed to be the only company that offers electronic or PC-based grocer,
shopping considered faster, more convenient and easier to organize than calling in an order
by telephone.
[7032]
Reid. S.A. Produce Marketer Asks Churches to Take Role in Distribution. July 13. 1995.
Genesis Fresh Xpress company hopes to get at least 80 churches to become distributors of
produce items from small farms throughout Georgia to customers within their congregations
and communities.
[7033]
Rev kin. Andrew. A Market Scores A Success in Newark. The New York Times. April 30, 1995.
The article describes the success of the New Community Corporation Pathmark store, the
second joint venture partnership undertaken with a community grant by the supermarket
chain. The store, built in 1990. is visited by 50.000 shoppers weekly, serves 93.000 residents
of Newark's Central Ward and employs 250 full- and part-time employees.
[7034]
Robinson. Hammond. Linwood Square is National Model. June 2. 1994.
The Linwood Square Shopping Center, developed by Don Maxwell, is now complete and
v ill be unveiled to the public in a Grand Opening. The supermarket -anchored project is
reportedly the only shopping center in the United States developed, constructed and
controlled by minorities.
[7035]
Rowan. Carl T. Food Store Gap Separates Inner City. Suburbs. Chicago Sim-Times. July 2. 1995.
There is an unacceptable grocery store gap in America between the inner city and suburbs.
[7036]
Schwadel. Francine. Poverty's Cost: Urban Consumers Pay More and Get Less, and Gap May
Widen. Wall Street Journal. My 2. 1996.
The restrictions on savings help create a carpe diem consumerism in the inner city, where the
basic law of supply and demand sometimes seems to break down: there is a tremendous
demand for goods by poor people, but often not enough interested merchants. This article
describes higher costs paid by inner-city residents for items, such as food, which are less
expensive to their suburban counterparts.
[7037]
Snook, Debbi. The Best Markets Put Community First. The Plain Dealer, February 18, 1996.
This article highlights the third International Public Market Conference in Philadelphia and
describes public market development work done in Cleveland's West Side Market and
39
i
1 Newspaper Articles (continued)
Boston's Faneuil Hall Marketplace.
[7038]
South-Central's Garden of Pride. Los Angeles Times. Editorial Page; Monday, January 3, 1994.
Describes the background and success of Food From the Hood which received a $50,000
grant from Rebuild LA to produce and market a salad dressing. Profits from the venture
will be us^d for scholarships and to help others in the community.
[7039]
Spinner, Jackie. Food for Thought: Grocery Shopping From Home. The Washington Post,
August 21, 1995.
Washington area consumers now order groceries from home through, Bethesda. Maryland-based
Shoppers Express and All Things Delivered that brings groceries to their door. The
home shopping and delivery industry is dominated by three players: Shoppers Express.
Shopping Alternatives and Peapod. Article notes that the industry' attracts mostly upscale
customers in major metropolitan areas where many people may have more disposable income
and experience greater hassles in getting to and from a grocery store than residents in smaller
cities.
[7040]
Toy, Vivian S. Council Vote Clears Way For Pathmark. The i..w York Times. July 19. 1996.
Article highlights the City Council's approval of the Pathmark supermarket store being built
in Springfield Gardens. Queens.
[7041]
Vobejda. Barbara and D*Vera Conn. Survey Finds Inner City Grocery Gap. The Washington Post.
May 17. 1995.
Provides documentation of existence of food access problems in Washington. D.C.
[7042]
Walsh. James. When Groceries Aren't Next Door. Minneapolis Star-Tribune. May 31,1995.
Poor inner-city neighborhoods have less access to supermarkets than more affluent areas.
In addition, stores in poorer neighborhoods are much smaller and offer fewer goods and
services. These were the major conclusions from a joint study conducted by the University
of Connecticut and Public Voice for Food and Health Policy.
[7043]
White, George. Ralphs to Cut Prices at Its South Central Supermarkets. Los Angeles Times, June
14, 1995.
This article outlines plans by the Yucaipa Companies, the buyer of Ralphs Grocery
Company, to cut prices by five to ten percent in 25 of its 110 stores planned for conversion
40
Newspaper Articles (continued)
in Southern California, the targeted stores are located in South-Central Los Angeles, an area
in which feu major supermarket competitors have shown interest in operating stores.
[7044]
Wiener. Elizabeth. The Crumbling Co-oo. The Washington Post, July 9. 1992.
This article gives insights regarding those factors which can lead to the failure of a
community food co-op, one of the alternative strategies often suggested to improve food
access. After an exciting and optimistic beginning, the co-op began to loose money and
acquired large debts.
[7045]
Zimmerman. Stephanie. Some Areas Seeing Return of Big Stores. Foodfor Thought.
Some previously barren neighborhoods are seeing supermarket stores sprout up again.
offering high-quality food at lower costs. Several examples of the return of supermarkets to
the inner city are provided including efforts in Boston and Miami as well as work done by
the Local Initiatives Support Corporation.
[7046]
Zimmerman. Stephanie and Fields. Robin. Food Store Survey Finds Poor Pay More. Ft. Lauderdale
Sun Sentinel. June 11. 1995.
Reports results of a grocer)' store survey which identified price disparities in the Ft.
Lauderdale area.
41
Annotated Bibliography
MAGAZINE ARTICLES
[8001]
A&P Opens Superstores in Format Expansion. Supermarket News: (July 10. 1995).
Highlights A&P's entry into the superstore format, noting that the chain's largest superstore
will be opening in Detroit, an Enterprize Zone designation. The superstore, called Farmer
Jack, will offer expanded produce selections, larger drug selections.
[8002]
Alpert. Mark. The Ghetto's Hidden Wealth. Fortune: (July 29, 1991).
Provides a concise and informative examination of husiness opportunities and retail ventures
in the inner city. Example of successful food retailers cited are Smart and Final food
wholesaler outlets in inner-city Los Angeles neighborhoods and the Bronx. New York-based
Concourse Plaza Shopping Center anchored by a Waldbaum supermarket.
[8003]
Andrews. Walter. New Possibilities for Home Delivery.
Main providers of computer shopping services - Shoppers Express. Shopping Alternatives
Inc. and Peapod of Chicago - see growth in home delivery coming largely from computer
rather than telephone orders. More information is available by way of supermarket Internet
sites. Computer usage is easier and less costly for shopping services.
[8004]
Armstrong. Larry. From Riot and Ruin. A Surprising Harvest. Business Week: (May 9. 1994).
Provides details regarding Food From the Hood and describes the organization's growing
national reputation. Briefly describes the history and success of Food From the Hood, a
student-owned-and-operated business whose salad dressing is currently sold in over 2.000
stores in 23 states. Food From the Hood originally started out as an urban agriculture,
community gardening project at Crenshaw High School in South Central. Los Angeles.
While looking for business opportunities, students and advisors working in the garden
decided to sell salad dressing instead of the lettuce, collards and other vegetables they had
been growing. Profits from the salad dressing venture help fund scholarships for students
who work in the business. Places emphasis on the development of the salad dressing and
the work the students did to market their product.
[8005]
Bennett. Stephen. Making it Work in the Inner City. Progressive Grocer: (November, 1991).
Provides important details regarding the success and operations of the Pathmark Store project
in Newark, NJ. The concept of enterprise zones and partnerships between supermarket
chains and local community development corporations is described.
42
Magazine Articles (continued)
[8006]
Bennett. Stephen. Combining Good Business and Good Works. Progressive Grocer (December.
1992).
This article provides examples of inner-city supermarket development in large, urban.
underserved areas and demonstrates how supermarkets* community involvement and
community service can make a difference.
[8007]
Blalock. Cecelia. Commitment Can Spell Success in Urban Grocery Marketing. Grocery
Marketing: (February, 1993).
This article details successful factors involved in operating supermarkets in the inner city and
outlines successful strategies to eliminate food access problems.
[8008]
Bookout, Lloyd W. Inner-City Retail Opportunities. Urban Land: (May, 1993).
Article provides insights into the nature of public sector participation in supermarket retail
development. Higher operating costs of inner-city stores, particularly costs associated with
providing security and very high land costs and few attractive land sites were a few
barriers identified in the article.
[8009]
Chandler, Susan. The Grocery Cart in Your PC. Business Week: (September 11, 1995).
Describes the at-home shopping services provided by Peapod's online food buying service.
[8010]
Click. Clunk, Shop. The Economist: (March 4-10, 1995).
Talks about the likelihood of interactive shopping having a mass market in the next few
years. Debates interactive shopping with regard to costs, competition and the market.
[8011]
Dell, Frank W. Home Delivery Gets a Reality Check. Grocery Marketing: (February, 1996).
This article offers a prediction about how on-line home delivery services will develop.
Areas addressed include applying the sanity test; how big will the market be; pluses and
minuses; blueprint for success; problem categories; service requirements; and store identity
importance.
[8012]
Edwards, Audrey. Let Them Eat Stale Cake. Black Enterprise: (July, 1978).
Presents a detailed and instructive perspective on issues affecting food access. Examines
perils and challenges of operating supermarkets in inner-city communities and proposes
financial incentives as the solution to retain supermarkets in underserved communities.
43
Magazine Articles (continued)
[8013)
Emert, Carol. Partnerships Help Startup: Experts. Supermarket News: (October 16. 1995).
The Food and Nutrition Service's conference on Access to food is summarized in this
article. The writer reports that the conference's overriding message was that a partnership
of local government, bankers, wholesalers, brokers. Federal loan agencies and store
management is critical to successful supermarket development in distressed areas.
[8014]
Epmeier. Jennifer. Sparkling Kessel Store Adds Shine to City Neighborhood. Equipment and
Design: (March 1995).
Kessel Food Markets opened Kessel Premier, the company's largest store, in inner-city
Fiint. Michigan. Boasts quality of fresh foods for inner-city residents and gives detailed
description of the store's amenities.
[8015]
Fox. Bruce. For Peapod. Fulfillment is Key to Success. Chain Store Age Executive: (October
1994).
Describes the growth and success of Peapod. Evanston. III. an online supermarket
shopping service currently operating in the Chicago and San Francisco areas.
[8016]
Francella. Barbara Grondin. Online Shopping: Friend or Foe? Convenience Store News: (February
12. 1996).
Some view home shopping as a value-added service, others are using it to gain a foothold
in electronic marketing. Highlights examples of online shopping impacts.
[8017]
Galen. Michele. How Business is Linking Hands in the Inner Cities. Business Week: (September
26, 1994).
Describes how public-private partnerships can work to solve inner-city problems and
rebuild neighborhoods through philanthropy good public relations, investments and
teamwork. One of the most promising corporate-community partnerships cited is the joint
venture between Pathmark and New Community Corporation which resulted in the
development of supermarket-anchored shopping center. The work of the Local Initiatives
Support corporation is also highlighted.
[8018]
Garry, Michael. Rising From the Ashes. Progressive Grocer. (May, 1993).
This article showcases an alternative to traditional/conventional supermarkets in inner-city,
low-income areas: warehouse stores.
44
Magazine Articles (continued)
[8019]
Garry. Michael. Home Shopping Comes of Age. Progressive Grocer: (September 1995a).
Highlights home shopping as an area which merits further research or closer examination.
particularly, technological implications for issues of food access.
[8020]
Garry, Michael. Back to the Cities. Progressive Grocer: (September 1995a).
The article corroborates food access barriers and strategies identified in other secondary data
sources such as 1) shortage of supermarkets in inner-city communities; and 2) public-partnerships
embracing supermarket chains and community development corporations.
[8021]
Gibson. Eric. Fresh from the Farm. California Grower: (April. 1990).
Discusses Santa Monica's Farmers" Market, selling at a farmers* market and the advantages
of farmers selling directly to the customer.
[8022]
Heufelder. Bill. Finding Ways to Refine. Expand Home Shopping Among Supermarkets. Tri-Siale
Food News: (April, 1996).
Dorothy Lane Markets, in Orlando. FL, outlines why the\ are converting to automated home
shopping. Describes steps to be taken in creating a true interactive home shopping service.
[8023]
Home Shopping. Retail Systems Consulting: (April. 1994).
Harvest Foods, a mail-order grocer company, one of the pioneers in food home delivery, has
been in operation since 1989. The firm's home deliver) system and how it works is
described and a number is provided for more information.
[8024]
Home Shopping. Retail Systems Consulting: (May. 1994).
Identifies who is expanding into the Time Warner Cable's Full Service Network's interactive
television home supermarket shopping system. Gives count of participating households in
the Chicago and San Francisco areas.
[8025]
Ingram. Bob. Blessed are the Righteous ~ Especially in Baltimore. Supermarket Business: (January.
1993).
Demonstrates viable, alternative ways to eliminate barriers to food access, while
simultaneously supporting economic and community development. Describes an alternative
method of providing food access to low-income Baltimore communities, through the
development of food stores by the nation's largest minority-owned food retailer.
45
Magazine Articles (continued)
[8026]
Lenius. Pat Natschke. Computerized Shopping Riches Mined by Jewel. Supermarket News:
(Monday. December 11. 1995).
Customers tapping into Jewel Food Stores' computerized home shopping program are more
loyal and ring up hi^ her average transactions than other shoppers, including those enrolled
in the chain's frequent shopper program. The article describes this program and the
advantages it offers.
[8027]
Miller. Cyndee. Rediscovering the Inner City. Marketing News: (January 17. 1994).
Provides insights into reasons grocery store chains say they are reluctant to serve inner- city,
African American residents. It also documents a trend in the opposite direction. Retailers
of all kinds, including food retailers, are returning to the inner city. Article underscores the
attitudes and thinking of supermarket chain executives and other officials on providing
access to food in low-income inner cities. Good background material
[8028]
Moore. Lisa and Barrett. Patrick. A Hard Day at the Shops? Supennarketing: (January 19. 1996).
This article outlines the London-based Sainsbury Corporation's consideration of home
delivers service for its customers. Competition among U.S.-based home deliver.- providers
is also described. These include Safeway. Shoppers Express and Peapod.
[8029]
Old Idea. New Technology Merge Together: Home Delivery. Store Ecpnpment and Design:
(January. 1995).
Reports on the 1994 Food Marketing Institute's Trends Survey on home shopping. In an
effort to make the world more convenient, interactive shopping and delivery services are
recreating the supermarket experience. A marketing manager with Shoppers Express
explains why interactive ordering is the wave of the future.
[8030]
Peapod Computer Shopping Part II: Benefits for Retail Partners ~ Sales. Customer Service. Help
on Out-of Stocks. Grass Roots (September. 1995).
Focus on the advantages Peapod provides to its retail partners. Peapod is adding sales in
large order sizes that are efficient to handle, enhancing the level of customer service in their
stores, and contributing valuable informati. about out-of-stocks and other operati jns issues.
46
Magazine Articles (continued)
[8031]
Peapod Doesn't Sell Groceries. It Sells Time. National Scope: (February. 1995).
Peapod grocer) shopping and deliver) service based in Evanston. II. is combining interactive
technology and supermarket standards of service and quality to alleviate grocer)' shopping
time for those too time-stressed and physically disabled to take the time to shop.
[8032]
Porter. Michael E. The Rise of the Urban Entrepreneur. Inc.: (1995).
The writer proposes a new model to guide inner-city economic empowerment which
incorporates the unique potential and competitive advantages inner cities offer. Advantages
of inner cities are initially outlined followed by a discussion on how to overcome inner-city
disadvantages such as land assembly, building costs and security - three barriers to food
access. The article concluding with suggested roles for the private and public sectors.
[8033]
Professors Refute Claims that Produce Paces Off-Premises Shopping. Supermarket Business Week:
(July 19. 1996).
Recent survey results and published articles stating that fresh produce heads the list of
supermarket home shopping orders are being questioned by researchers at St. Joseph's
University (Philadelphia).
[8034]
Profitable Hopes Sprout in Inner Cities. Advertising Age: (November 14, 1994).
Describes the development and program priorities of The Retail Initiative (TRI). TRI is an
innovative partnership consisting of 10 national corporations, supermarket chains and
community development corporations, which was formed by the Local Initiative Support
Corporation.
[8035]
Publix Plans 'Urban' Prototype; Cites Record Mid-Year Pace. Supermarket Business Week:
(July 19. 1996).
Publix Supermarkets (Lakeland. FL) is developing a new store prototype designed for use
in high-density, urban market areas that feature premium real estate costs and locations
where the chain seeks to update existing, smaller stores.
[8036]
Ratta, Annu and Smit, Jac. Urban Agriculture: It's About Much More than Food. Why Magazine:
(Summer. 1993).
Describes how urban hunger is more a result of economic incapacity of the poor to purchase
food rather than the absence of food in the market. Focuses on sustainability and
regeneration of degraded/unused land, natural resources and urban ecosystems such as low-
47
Magazine Articles (continued)
income neighborhoods where the effects of environmental degradation are most pronounced.
The authors suggest that urban agriculture can reverse these trends. Urban farming in
American is briefly examined and an agenda for the future is suggested including the
production of fisheries in city sewage and growing vegetables on garbage dumps.
[8037]
Rebinstein. Ed. Peapod Picks, Delivers Groceries Ordered by PC. Retailing on the Internet:
(September 18. 1995).
Advances in technology and the continued influx of home computing has given rise to
alternative home shopping methods outside the domain of cable television and other on-line
services.
[8038]
Robaton. Anna. Retail Helps Revive Nation's Inner Cities. Shopping Centers Today Convention
Daily: (May 8. 1996).
Describes how high production density, a relative dearth of competition and improved
business climates continue to attract a growing number of national retailers and shopping
center developers to inner cities. This is helping to drive the economic rebirth of many urban
areas.
[8039]
A Sip of Something Good. The Economist: (October 10. 1992).
Discusses the successful elimination of barriers to food access with an example from
Newark. NJ. It also contains good statistical data. The important factor here is the New
Community Corporation's strong ties to the community, which helped improve the
probability of success.
[8040]
Stewart. Al. Pathmark to Open Harlem Store. MMR: (May 8. 1995).
Provides details of Pathmark Stores bid to open a supermarket in the East Harlem section of
Manhattan.
[8041]
Targeting Home Delivery: Growth of Shoppers Express Points to Success. Chain Store Age
Executive: (May, 1991).
Offers the premise that home delivery is easier to theorize than to implement.
[8042]
Targue, Bill (and others). Where the Food Isn't. Newsweek: (February 24, 1992).
This article corroborates issues or challenges affecting food access previously identified by
other researchers. Describes barriers to food access in low-income neighborhoods, noting
48
Magazine Articles (continued;
that, since 1970. most major cities have experienced an exodus of supermarkets to suburban
areas.
[8043]
Topp. Mike. On-Line Food Retailing*s Future. News.
Projects that conventional supermarkets are going to lose about one-third of their business
by 2005 and the agent of change will be the computer. However, this article gives reasons
why supermarket retailers are balking at the idea of electronic shopping.
[8044]
Ververka. Mark. New Stores Planned for Inner City. Advertising Age: (July 11. 1994).
Tnis article highlights plans to increase food access in Chicago's West and South Side
neighborhoods and addresses land site acquisition.
[8045]
Zwiebach. Elliot. Food 4 Less Market Helping Rebuild L.A. Supermarket News:
(August 24. 1992).
The opening of a Food 4 Less grocery store in South-Central, Los Angeles is described
in this article, it also documents the role of Rebuild L.A. in inner-city supermarket
development.
[8046]
Zwiebach. Elliot. Lucky Pursues Post-Riot Strategy. Supermarket News: (July 27, 1992b).
Article highlights a noteworthy example of the return of supermarkets to Los Angeles.
[8047]
Zwiebach. Elliot. Vons Plans 10-12 Stores in Inner-City L.A. Supermarket News: (August 3,
1992a).
This article announces plans of Vons Companies to build 10-12 new stores in South Los
Angeles, downtown Los Angeles, Inglewood and Pomona. These are urban areas heavily
populated by low-income Black and Hispanic consumers.
49
Annotated Bibliography
NEWSLETTERS
[4001j
The Advantage of On-Line Grocer) Shopping. Food Institute Report. December 25. 1995.
Discusses the benefits of grocer, shopping via computer (on-line). Customers appear io be
more loyal, product sales can be monitored more closely (hourly, daily, weekly), and out-of-
Stock items are minimized due to product sales prediction capabilities. Promotional tools are
also more effective with the use of on-line coupons, cross-merchandising, and product
promotions not limited by departmental grouping.
[4002]
The Atlanta Project -- An Opportunity for Growth, Communitv Empowerment Urban Initiatives.
October. 1992.
Discusses a belief by former President Jimmy Carter's top executives in the Atlanta Project
that developing grocery operations in urban areas can be a win-win situation for both
community members and supermarkets. Supermarkets can support the Atlanta Project in
several ways, including: acting as either a primary or additional partner to a cluster.
developing a committed volunteer program, and expanding an existing business into urban
areas.
[4003]
Community Development Corporations ~ Natural Partners for Supermarkets. Urban Initiatives.
January. 1993.
Advances the need for high quality food distribution at affordable prices in urban areas which
can mean profitable opportunities for supermarkets. Supermarkets need few competitors,
high demand, and community acceptance for successful market entry. Community
Development Corporations (CDCs) can help with community acceptance by: building a solid
relationship between business and the community, reducing building costs, speeding up the
development process, and coordinating community outreach, including hiring programs.
[4004]
Ellis. David and Johnny Dodd. Salad Days: High Schoolers in South Central L.A. Market Food from
the Hood to Raise Money for College. People Weekly, June 27, 1994.
Focuses on 38 students at Crenshaw High School in South Central Los Angeles whose small
vegetable plot blossomed into a firm, Food from the Hood, that wholesales salad dressing
through more than 2,00 stores in Southern California. Food from the Hood is the country's
first student-run. not-for-profit natural-foods company. The participating students accumulate
points based on academic achievement and volunteer work that can be converted into
scholarship money upon graduation.
50
Newsletters (continued)
[4005]
Fisher. Andy and Gottlieb, Robert. Bringing Home the Broccoli: Innovative Food-Related Transit
Programs. Community Food Security Sews. Winter/Spring. 1996.
Focuses on innovative transit programs designed to bring people and health) affordable food
together. Programs discussed include van services, revised bus routes, and a focus on
targeted transportation services for seniors.
[4006]
FMNP Kept Expanding in 1995. FRESH From the Farmer's Market: A Newsletter of the National
Association of Farmers ' Market Nutrition Programs, May 1996.
Highlights the 1995 fiscal year annual report on the Farmers' Market Nutrition Program
(FMNP). Success was noted in assistance to recipients in the form of coupons, recipient
satisfaction, and funding.
[4007]
Food. Glorious Food...: Saving Money the Co-op Way. Environmental Nutrition Newsletter: A
C onsumer '.v Guide to Survival. May-June. 1979.
Discusses the growing interest in forming a food buying club or a food cooperative as an
alternative for combating increasing food prices. Cites strategies, benefits, and disadvantages
in forming a community food co-op. Informational sources are also cited.
[4008]
Food Banks: New Ideas for the 90s. ('ommunity Food Security News. Fall. 1995.
Discusses a series of factors that have encouraged an increasing number of food banks to
take on projects that are a departure from their usual scope of operations in meeting the
emergency food needs of an increasing number of hungry people. These factors include:
nutrition, reduced donations and burn-out.
[4009]
Groceries Online Launches Supermarkets into Cyberspace. Groceries Online. January 29, 1996.
Focuses on plans of Groceries Online, the leading developer of Internet grocery shopping
systems, to announce its proprietary software which will enable consumers to buy groceries
over the Internet. Groceries Online teamed with the Kroger Co. to provide an Internet
shopping service with in-store pickup and home delivery for customers in the Columbus,
Ohio area. Benefits of online grocery shopping include time savings, convenience, instant
product nutritional information, increased promotional opportunities (e.g., electronic
coupons), an expanded customer base, higher sales volume, and decreased store congestion.
51
Newsletters (continued)
[4010]
Home Shopping More Popular for Hi-Tech Baby Boomers. Food Institute Report. July 8. 1996.
Survey oil 18 supermarkets across the nation which found that most home shoppers are the
older or physically challenged and hi-tech baby boomers. Although these two groups differ,
they agree that the greatest obstacle against home shopping is security concerns.
[4011]
Inner-City Suffers from Grocery Gap. Food Institute Report. May 22. 1995.
Discusses a study. The Urban Grocery Store Gap. by the Washington-DC-based consumer
group. Public Voice for Food and Health Policy. The study found that grocer)' stores are
scarce in the impoverished sections of our nation's cities that are most in need of low-priced
food. The findings of the study are based on data from the 1990 census which does not reflect
rositive efforts underway in the past four years, states Edie Clarke of the Food Marketing
Institute.
[4012]
Internet Interstate Customer Lauded in Newsweek. Net News, Issue II. January 1996.
Cites the December 25th edition of Newsweek which describes Aliza Sherman, an Internet
Interstate network and consulting customer, as one of The 50 people who matter most on the
Internet.
[4013]
News in a Minute: The Kroger Company. Food Institute Report. November 20, 1995.
Notes that the Kroger Company will become the first supermarket in the U.S. to take grocery
orders for home deliver) by way of the Internet.
[4014]
News in a Minute: Shaw's Supermarkets. Inc. Food Institute Report, January 15. 1996.
Notes that Shaw's Supermarkets. Inc. of E. Bridgewater. MA will become the only
supermarket chain in the Northeast to offer home shopping (by way of PC. fax or phone) and
delivery.
[4015]
News in a Minute: Shoppers Express. Food Institute Report, May 13, 1996.
Notes that Shoppers Express, the Bethesda. MD-based grocery deliver)' service, will expand
its services to the Internet through Shopping Link.
[4016]
News in a Minute: Pathmark Stores. Food Institute Report. May 22, 1995.
Notes that Pathmark Stores of Woodbridge, NJ, plans to open seven stores in New York City
within the next several years.
52
Newsletters (continued)
[4017]
Pathmark and New Community Corporation — Joint Venture Helps Revitalize Newark. FMI Issues
Bulletin. January. 1993.
Discusses a successful partnership between a community development corporation. New
Community Corporation (NCC), and a supermarket chain, Pathmark. that brought a much
needed food source to an urban city: Newark, New Jersey's Central Ward.
[4018]
And Peapod is Looking for Them. Food Institute Report, April 8, 1996.
Focuses on the country-wide expansion efforts of Evanston, Illinois-based online shopping
service: Peapod Inc.
[4019]
Planting Seeds. Harvesting Scholarships: Food From the Hood. Newsweek, May 29, 1995.
Focuses on a group of South Central, LA students at Crenshaw high school who developed
a community garden following the 1992 LA riots. This urban agriculture project is designed
to benefit the neighborhood and give students hands-on science experience. The group also
created and sold salad dressing to provide scholarships for the participating students.
[4020]
Private/Public Partnerships Key to More Inner-City Supermarkets. Group Finds. The Consumer
Affairs Letter. March 1996.
Discusses Public Voice for Food and Health Policy's finding that inner-city consumers have
limited access to nutritious foods and pay more for what is available. One idea is to set up
Food Empowerment Zones modeled after inner-city Economic Empowerment Zones.
[4021]
Stevens. Kelli. New Stores in Louisiana and Houston's Inner-City: Pantry Foods Division Makes
Bold Moves. Quarterly Newsletter for Management.
Pantry Foods, in a joint venture with a grassroots group and a bank, are bringing a store to
Houston's inner-city in April.
[4022]
Urban Supermarket Chain to Debut. Food Institute Report, July 18, 1994.
Delray Farms will fill a void in inner-city, low-income urban areas by opening supermarkets.
the first of which will be in Chicago.
[4023]
We're on Our Way! Community Food Security Bill Passes House Subcommittee. Community Food
Security News, Summer 1995.
If enacted, the Community Food Security Act would provide funding for organizations
53
Newsletters (continued)
working on various innovative food access and anti-hunger efforts.
[4024]
Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc. Food Institute Report. December 25. 1995.
Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc. terminated its South Florida home delivery service offered through
Shoppers Express. The company cited that the service v« is not profitable.
54
Annotated Bibliography
OTHER DOCUMENTS
[0001]
Ameritech Invests in Peapoci, A Leading Interactive Grocery Shopping and Delivery Service, and
Outlines Expansion Plans. Chicago, IL: Ameritech News Release. 1994.
This document expands on Ameritech assisting Peapod's reach nationwide.
[0002]
Bardoe, Cheryl. Employment Strategies for Urban Communities: How to Connect Lou-Income
Neighborhoods with GoodJobs. Chicago, IL: Center for Neighborhood Technology, 1996.
Describes the Pittsburgh-based Farmstand Project which links a food bank with local farmers
who operate farmstands on local public housing properties.
[0003]
Big Bear. Inc. Big Bear Introduces Interactive Home Shopping and Home Delivery. (August 17.
1995).
Big Bear offers services in conjunction with Bethesda. Maryland-based Shoppers Express.
Inc.
[0004]
City of Boston and Supervalu. The 1996 NLC-FMI Neighborhood Partnership Awards - Project
Nomination: Wollaston's Market. (February, 1996).
This article provides a project summary profile of the Wollaston's Market.
[0005]
City Gardener's Guide: ...Surviving, and Reaping the Fruits ofOur Labor.
Describes how to start a community garden.
[0006]
Community Food Resource Center. The Supermarket Project, Community Food Resource Center.
(May, 1994).
Excellent example of what is possible on a local level to eliminate barriers to food access
through enhanced inner-city supermarket development in New York City.
[0007]
Dohan, Marc. An Analysis ofChain Supermarkets in Los Angeles County. (January, 1995).
Provides detailed information regarding food access in inner-city Los Angeles, CA.
55
Other Documents (conti