The Carolinian [March 26, 1954]

              7%e Q^o€i/ucui
Woman's College—"Distinguished for Its Democracy"
VOLUME XXXIV ZS11 WOMAN'S COLLEGE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA. GREENSBORO. N. C. MARCH 26. 1954 NUMBER 20
'Europe Views US' Opens Harsch Types The US
WC Social Science Forum As "Historical Morons"
"The European View of the
United States" opened the Social
Science Forum Thursday night,
with Mario Einaudl. Alex Inkeles.
and Ernest A. Gross participating
in the analysis
Einaudl. professor of Govern-ment
at Cornell University, and
expert in fields of political theorv
and comparative governments, pre-sented
the basic attitudes in West-em
Europe, while Inkeles. Senior
Fellow at Harvard's Russian Re-search
Center, presented the at-titude
of Eastern Europe.
Pointing oul that there are Ihreu
basic attitudes in Western Europe
Einaudl identified the mas Com-munistic.
pro-American, and those
of a group of Intellectual political
leaders who are critical of Ameri-can
policies. The latter group, said
Einaudl. Is the one that is decisive
in the formation of European ideas
since the others are silent or afraid
to express approval and have be-come
neutral.
There are four U. S. policies.
Elnaudi stated, that the Europeans
dislike. These concern American
military policies, our lack of co-herence
In the EDC. the interna-tional
economic policy, and Ameri-can
procedures to guarantee do-mestic
security.
US POLICY "DANGEROUS"
Europeans think the "instant re-taliation"
policy in regard to
atomic weapons is dangerous and
dislike the imperalistic attitude
the Americans have and our de-pendence
on nuclear weapons, he
asserted. This Is not coherent wllh
EDC he continued, and Is a con-tradiction
to the Insistence of the
need for a land army, which ren-ders
EDC obsolete Europeans he
added, resent the American insist-ence
on military improvement-when
they consider economic con-ditions
more important.
European objection to United
States international economic poli-cy
has heightened since the Mar-shall
Plan. Since EDC Is to create
a common economic market within
five years. Elnaudi explained It
should first concentrate on creat-ing
equality between Germany and
France before a common market
will be successful. Americana
should remember that it was I In-
American contributions to the itMl
market that made possible the Coal
and Steel Agreement, he stated,
and they should be encouraged by
this and should consider Interven-ing
in the future to create equality
between Germany and France.
The Europeans scrutinize care-fully
the most trivial action of
Americans and do not allow them
to make a mistake, stated Mr.
Einaudl They have thought that
America is Immune to Commun-ism
he continued, and object to
recent American policy in regard
to procedures to guarantee do-mestic
security against Communist
espionage. This policy has affected
even the consulates in Europe, he
said and is thus damaging the
United States' reputation there.
They feel that the communist prob-lem
is a police problem, not a
psychological problem as it is be-ing
dealt with. Consequently, they
(Continued on Page Two)
"The Present Position of the
United States as a World Leader"
was examined by panelists Einaudl.
Gross. Inkeles, and Harsch, at the
second session of the Seventh An-nual
Harriet Elliott Social Science
Forum.
Mr. Harsch, as chairman, opened
with the statement that the United
States Is now faced with becoming
either a world power or a world
leader, a world power being one
that is "concerned more about it-self
than about the community".
the current example of which is
Soviet Russia. The United States,
as the current leader of the com-munity
of free nations, slated Mr
Harsch, finds itself faced by sev-eral
obstacles of Its own which
Strawberries, Cream Illustrate
Marxian Concept of History
"Now only the rich bourgeoisie • Forum, leaned forward over his
eat strawberries and cream for'coffee to speak with vitality, even
breakfast. Comes the Revolution, after two panels and a round table
we'll all eat strawberries and discussion The Marxist sees his-cream."
harangued the street cor- tory, he said, as an Inevitable
ner orator in Moscow. "But." ob- process in the evolution of pro-jected
one In the crowd of Us- determined stages. The prophet
teners. "I don't like strawberries Marx saw what today's Russians
and cream. When then?" "Comes call Communism as the next of
the Revolution, comrade." exclaim- these inevitable stages.
ed the agitator, "you'll like straw- [ „ ,. .. . ., , . .
. , ,„ Believing that history destroys
berries and cream! I.. . . ,. . .,,.... _
those who fall behind It, the Corn-
Using this anecdote to Illustrate munlst ls constantly striv|nK „,
the Marxist's concept of history. keep up witn hlstory He sees him-
Alex Inkeles, come from Harvard's I self „ a man wl|n a mlsslon Tnc
Russian Research Center to be a mlsslon ,s the further|ng of hls-panellst
for the Social Science, tory.s inev|table process In tlu
spread of Communism. Similarly
to Hitler, who claimed that his
purpose in life was to help achieve
the "German Destiny," the Com-munist
regards himself as merely
, an instrument of history, put on
' earth to help man live out his
destiny, which, again, he see- M
Communism
It's this notion, continued the
Russian scholar, that motivates
Communist Imperialism, the desire
to be In the vanguard of history,
not the desire to spread the "good
life." The Communist Is "saving"
mankind only In that he is further-
[ Ing the development of what is
mankind's inevitable destiny. In
fact, misery is essential In the
1 short run for the achievement of
the socialist stage.
Commenting on the general mis-
Mr. Inkeles (OonUmart on I'aw 'iicoj
it must overcome if it is to be a
successful world leader.
The first problem that the
United States has Is that its people
have not learned "it Is unsafe to
mix domestic politics with foreign
affairs", and the resulting hard
teelings and Internal friction "make
objectivity In foreign policy hard '
"We are a nation of historical
morons," declared Harsch. Our dis-inclination
to study our back-ground,
he believes, hampers us
considerably In wisely determining
foreign policy.
SNAKE-OIL DEVOTEES
The third difficulty standing In
the way of the United States he-coming
a world leader Mr Harsih
attributes to the rapid growth of
our country from a minor to a
major power. He compared the
United States to a fifteen-year-old
who wants to get back to the se-curity
and dependence of child-hood.
We "have an extraordinary
confidence in snake-oil" and are
[ constantly searching for "the sov-
■I-eiitn panacea." We thought that
we had found it in the United
Nations, expected wonders of that
organization, and now are furious
at it because it has not accom-plished
all that we hoped for
Mr. Harsch tnen proceeded to
s.i> |hat the Republican adminis-tration,
despite "twenty years In
i the wilderness", is MM beginning
to "grasp reality", although wi
are now guilty of hilling out at
countries which have been oui
allies for years.
There Is a "continuity in Ameri-can
foreign policy" observed Eln-audi,
saying that only our way
of expression makes us seem hos-tile.
"We need belter control over
public ansouncemenl," he said, to
which Mr. Harsch added that we
must do "the right thine cheerfully
instead of reluctantly."
RED CHINA
The recognition of Red China
came up for debale on a sludent
question. Einaudl described the
European view on the problem as
"a readiness to go along with rec-ognition
of China and Its admis-sion
to the D N" He said that
the topic of lied China was un-likely
to stir as hot a controversy
in Europe as it would in the United
States.
As "man must declare himself
against sin", so non-recognition of
Red China sooths the American
(Continued on Paoe Tuioj
Gross Calls Disarmament and Domestic
Jurisdiction The Real Issues Facing UN
"We may be getting rid of all
our Communists one by one In
our own nation, but the Soviet
Government may at the same time
have gotten all the countries of
Asia one by one," exclaimed Mr.
Alex Inkeles at the final panel of
the Social Science Forum on Fri-day
evening. "The Future of United
States Leadership."
Leading the discussion, Mr Ern-est
Gross declared "There are no
detours on the road to security
The best we can hope for ls at
least a generation of tension." as-serted
Mr. Gross, "and we had bet-ter
be prepared to be sustained
over that long a period In our
fortitude."
Joining the optimistic forces
Mr Mario Einaudi stated. "So far
the optimistic and positive ele-ments
of the picture greatly out-weigh
the negative elements and
the negative elements can be set
aside If we gather enough strength
to deal with them."
Interjecting a warning, Mr. Jo-seph
Harsch listed pessimistic fac-tors
in the picture as "1. A reckless
inclination to Insist on reduced tax-es
and expenditures regardless of
consequences; 2. Another reckless
1 inclination to allow people to be-
' lleve that (he alternative to taxes
and large defense spending Is the
atomic bomb; and 3 Feelings o(
revulsion against the U. N. and
against basic alliances of the
United States, and suspicion at
home that serves Moscow's pur-
Gross Voices Opinion
On Current Live Issues
After more lhan six consecutive
hours of constant questioning and
discussion of the issues involved
In this years Social Science Forum
(not to mention the numerous
tunes the debate deviated from
the main topic). Ernest A. Gross
readily agreed to talk about him-self
and to answer more questions
for the benefit of Cary readers
Amiable and completely approach-able.
Mr. Gross Is an international
lawyer, who In the past few years
has served In such various capaci-ties
as Assistant Secretary of State
for Congressional Relations, Co-ordinator
of Foreign Assistance
Programs in the Department of
State, and Deputy United States
Repesentatlve to the United Na-ions,
with the rank of Ambassador
At present, he Is devoting most
of his time to his law practice in
New York City and as legal ad-visor
to the United Nations.
In reply to several of our ques-tions,
Mr. Gross gladly gave his
opinions on such different subjects
as the admission of Communist
China to the UN, to the chances
of a perspective graduate acquir-ing
a position with the UN this
coming June. In answer to the
question of whether or not he
believed Soviet Russia would real-ly
like to see the admission of Red
China Into the UN, thereby making
the Chinese Communists independ-
Mr. Gross
ent of the Kremlin as a spokes-man,
the diplomat replied that
Russia was committed to make the
effort to secure her admission, and
lhat It was immaterial as to wheth-er
she really desired the change
In status Mr. Gross further stated
the real question, of course, was
not the admission of China, bu
who should represent her. the
Communists or the Nationalists
since China has from the outset
been a member of the Security
Council. Communist representation
(Continued on page Two)
Round Tables Reveal Individual Ideas o f Speakers
Dr. Mario Einaudi Attitude To UN Reflects Commentator Harsch
| Outlines Power War
In Forum Roundlable
Analyzes Problems
Of Foreign Policy Feelings Toward Nations
Amplifying his opinions on the
European Defense Community. Dr
Mario Einaudl opened his round
table discussion with an analysis
of America's foreign policy prob-lems.
Elnaudi stated that, in the ma-jority
of Instances. American pol-icies
agree with those of the Euro-pean
nations. There Is a necessity
of a policy of alliance; give and
take ls Mill required, he said "No
foreign policy has ever developed
In a vacumn."
Of the Issues of concern li
Europe, Einaudl views the Euro-pean
Defense Community as hav-ing
first priority. The EDC is mil
yet a political union, but only a
supranational defense organization
Even without political ties, It
would "alter entirely the struc-ture
of national status."
Also administered by EDC would
be a common budget for this mili-tary
organization, and the regula-tion
of the manufacture, design
and procurement of arms.
EDC
France has not yet accepted the
EDC plan "The French posr
increasingly hesitant." Four expla-nations
given by Dr Einaudi (of
this hesitancy are (1) the balance
of power In France and Germany
fConlinwd on I',
"The U. N. was over-labeled, not;
over-sold," stated Mr. Ernest A. i
Gross, in explaining the great dis
llluslonment experienced by the
U. S. citizens concerning the U. N.
and Its handling of the Korean
War. He spoke to studenls, visitors
and faculty at the Friday after-noon
round-table In the Home
Economics Auditorium.
He continued that "the attitude
of U. S. cltUens toward the U. N
reflects their feeling toward other
countries in the world," and that,
in order to talk about these atti-tudes
one must understand the dif-ferences
betwen these feelings of
today and those held in 1946.
In '46. he said. I S. citizen
expected a prompt settlement of
treaties with Germany, Japan,
and Austria. They thought the
Soviets had learned the value:
of cooperation on a self-Interest'
basis. "Even then," Mr Gross add-1
I ed, "there was no illusion con-'
| cerning the Soviets" He called
the I' S (ecling for Russia at that
time a "quiet loathing."
The U. S, he said, felt that the'
economic picture called for coop-'
eratlon In order to deal with a re-construction
policy.
Mr. Gross referred to the Mar-shall
plan as "an offer to unify
; and to restore the Continent of
[ Europe,' and spoke of the Cold |
War and the frustration of the
American people In relation to the
change in feeling toward Ihe U. N
"June 25, 1950 put the U N. on
the map," Mr. Gross said, and add-ed
that the U. N. received more
mail during the following weeks
than it had ever received before
He said, "The U. N. was the first
casualty when the Chinese Com-munists
entered Ihe Korean War."
Mr. Gross said that many people
talked about and thought about
the reviewing and reviving of the
U. N. Charter. "But; he said,
"don't forget that the U. N. can-not
be regarded as something torn
out of human context. All our
problems are part of a problem of
which the U. N. Is a part."
When questioned concerning the
Russians' boycotting the Security
Council at the time when the
Council was to make Its decision
on the Korean War, Mr. Gross
replied that the absence was not
a coincidence, that they had "mis-judged
and decided they would
throw the U. N into a tallspln"
by walking out "The Soviets boy-cotted
rather than be there and
veto."
Mr. Gross referred to the U. N
as a collecting point for Interna-tional
diseases—a place to diag-nose
and to work out treatment
fitutued on I'nu- Two)
Comparing the relative strengths
of Russia and the United States,
noted correspondent and commen-tator
Joseph C Harsch held forth
for two hours at his Friday ailer-noon
roundlable on the fluctua-tion
of the East-West power bal-ance.
Harsch declared lhat here was a
time when, atomic developments In
the two countries being equal, Raja.
sla could have marched, virtually
unopposed, to the English Channel
This, he said. Illustrated the tre-mendous
effect day-to-day events
can have on the delicate power
scale.
He mentioned the uprising last
summer In Eastern Germany as an
example of this. The riots, accord-ing
to Mr Harsch, were a tre-mendous
boost for allied morale;
the uprising made it obvious that
the east Germans were not in-doctrinated,
and were capable ol
rising against their Russian task-masters
when an opportunity of-fered.
The foreign correspondent also
(ommented on the great power
which REAS, Allied radio station
in Berlin, has over the Germans
in the eastern •• ordlnj
to him. It was within the BOWW
of REAS to make the ui i
■ nlinurd on I
Inkeles Poses Question:
Is Our Eye On The Ball
The critical question today is
"whether we have our eye on tin
ball," reported Alex Inkeles, Sen-ior
Fellow of the Russian Research
Center at Harvard, in a discussion
he led In the Elliott Hall bfJCMJ
Friday, March 19. The great need
today, he continued. Is the stab-ilization
of those areas of the
world where seeds of communism
can lie sown or are being sown.
We must keep our eye on Soviet
Russia and Its effect In the back-ward
areas of the world, he ex-plained,
because Russia is Intent
on exploitation of these areas
Without economic, social, and po-!
litical stability, they are easy prey i
Russian peace propaganda Is!
meant to split the Allies and to
encourage disarmament, this au-thority
on internal Russia stated
He told listeners that many Euro-peans
today mistakenly think of
the United States as favoring war
because Ihe US says that It Is
against Soviet peace propaganda.
He asserted that Russian peace
propaganda Is meant to accomp-lish
certain political policies.
Control of American propaganda
in Voice of America In Russia is i
not hard to achieve because their i
radio system Is organized llki
a telephone network with a cen-'
tral receiving station beaming only !
nine ' to i idio" owners !
Inkeles pointed out that the Voice
of America can reach only 2C
per cent of Russia's people, but
he emphasized that this segment
Is an important one He explained
that he believes the American mes-sage
they get gives them live con-tact
with the world.
AVERAGE SOVIET CITIZEN
He pointed out that the degree
of thought control Is not so real
as It Is apparent In Soviet Russia
Emphasis on political terror ls
detested by the average Russian.
Although the average Russian
doesn't have the desire for ab-solutism,
Mr Inkeles explainer'
that many of them do not mind
the authoritarianism of the Rus
slan government. In fact, Uses**
people feel that the government
Is not worthy of respect If It doe
not provide protection against un
employment and disease, for exam-ple;
however, these same people
draw the line of governments
power at their private lives, for
they feel that the governmen
should not Interfere.
"Communist power or power by
unlsm Is indistinguishable,"
declared Mr Inkeles, saying that
Soviet leaders are devoted to max-imizing
their power Hi
that Russian leaders tested the
limits of aggression the US would
pose by spreading division at
home."
DISEASES OF NATIONS
"The great diseases of nations
which beset our own nation and
all nations to some extent." de-clared
Gross, "are escapism, fear,
and oversimplification. The basic
challenges to our future leader-ship,"
continued Gross, "rest on
three major facts of International
life. 1. Most obvious fact, th<
threat of Communist Imperialism
2 The pressures of the hundreds
of millions In large areas of the
world for relief from the ancient
enemies of man, hunger, disease,
and poverty, and coupled with it
nationalist aspirations. 3. The leg-acy
left to man as a result of two
world wars and numerous local
wars with the result that many
people doubt that democracy is
ansuced a permanent and safe
sanction anywhere."
"If they had a choice between
four sandwiches and the four free-doms,"
exclaimed Gross, "most
people would choose the four sand-wiches
We must realize that there
are many areas In which there Is
a feeling that our conception ot
democracy Is unreal, one-dlmen-sion.
il. because we unconsciousl>
think of a second dimension. We
think of freedom with responsi-bility,
of freedom with justice.
"We tend to assume," continued
Gross." that a way of life is a
standard of living because we have
both and have become accustomed
to having both. But for hundreds
of millions of people, freedom is
an abstract conception because
they do not have national inde-pendence
or any assurance of jus-tice.
They do not have a concept
of freedom because to them it
lacks the other essential dimen-sion."
THE WAITING WORLD
"I think the world Is waiting for
a program which assures peace and
dignity between nations,' declared
Inkeles. "The problem the United
States has now Is not an Inability
to do planning for an era, but
Inability to do planning for the
next decade. In this area," contin-ued
Inkeles. "the Soviets liave
stolen the march on us and we
should do something to recapture
the Initiative, a kind of initiative
which Is a peculiar combination of
very long-range vision with the
practicality of organizing available
materials toward our goals. We
have failed to provide this com-bination
neither up to our potent-iality
or as far as we should as a
world leader."
"Until such a document provid-ing
for long-range reform meas-ures
Is released." declared Gross,
perhaps the UN charter will do
for a while."
"This Is my definition of collec-tive
security." asserted Gross," "an
effort to share equally the bur-dens
of common defense, which
includes defense against all the
indent enemies of man, hunger,
disease, and Illiteracy, as well as
against aggression. The UN pro-vides
the means." Gross declared
The UN Charter ls an attempt
to lay out the general elements
ivhlch establish a community sense,
an attempt to spell out the com-mon
objectives of mankind. The
UN provides the means for fur-thering
those common Interest:
collectively "
I am at heart a world federal-ist,"
explained Gross, "but that
can wait. You scare those people
members of the thirteen new na-tions
which have been born since
World War III to death when you
talk of giving up sovereignties
which they have Just won. We
had better get the problem of
sovereignties straight at home be-fore
we carry It to debate outside
the United States."
AGAINST CHARTER
REVISION
"My own sense of the UN." ex-claimed
Harsch. "always has been
of a means to provide a neutral
forum where men could come to-gether
and reduce the inhumanity
of what man Is doing to man. If
vou wipe out the UN." warned
Harsch. "the need for a neutral
forum will still be present In the
(Continued on Page T*»J